Anticholinesterase, Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Chloroform Extract of Genista carinalis

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease, diabetes has become an increasing public health issues in recent years. On the other hand, synthetic drugs are expensive, could be inadequate to treat diseases, could be cause irritation, and side effects. Therefore, increasingly more researchis being done to plant-derived formulas, bioactive ingredients, which can be an alternative to synthetic drugs for treatments to solve basic health problems. In this study the antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antidiabetic activities of G. carinalis in the chloroform extract were determined. Based on the results, the extract was not observed inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. It showed better activity for acetylcholiesterase activity than the butylrylcholinesterase activity. The antioxidant potential of G. carinalis chloroform extract was determined with different assays. The TEAC value was determined to be 0.484 mmol TE/g, FRAP value was found to be 1023.20 µmol Fe2+/g for G. carinalis chloroform extract. The EC50 value of DPPH assays for extract was found to be 0.101 μg/ml.

Keywords

• Genista
• G. carinalis
• Anticholinesterase activity
• Butyrylcholinesterase activity
• TEAC
• α-Amylase.

References

1. 1. Amarowicz, R., Karamać, M., Weidner, S., Abe, S., Shahidi, F. (2002). Antioxidant activity of wheat caryopses and embryos extracts. Journal of Food Lipids, 9, 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4522.2002.tb00219.x
2. 2. Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Özyürek, M., Karademir, S.E. (2004). Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamin C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC Method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 7970-7981. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048741x
3. 3. Batista, D., Fale, P. L., Serralheiro, M. L., Araujo, M. E., Madeira, P. J. A., Borges, C., Torgal, I., Goulart, M., Justino, J., Martins, A., Rauter, A. P. (2015). New in vitro studies on the bioprofile of Genista tenera antihyperglycemic extract. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 5, 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-015-0077-z
4. 4. Boukaabache, R., Boubekri, N., Boumaza, O., Mekkiou, R., Seghiri, R., Sarri, D., Zama, D., Benayache, F. and Benayache S. (2013). Phytochemical study of ethyl acetate extract and antioxidant activity of Genista quadriflora Munby (Fabaceae). Der Pharmacia Lettre, 5, 56-59.
5. 5. Benzie, I.F.F., Strain, J.J. (1996) The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of antioxidant power, the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239, 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
6. 6. Bontempo, P., Rigano, D., Doto, A., Formisano, C., Conte, M., Nebbioso, A., Carafa, V., Caserta, G., Sica, V., Molinari, A.M., Altucci, L. (2013). Genista sessilifolia DC. extracts induce apoptosis across a range of cancer cell lines. Cell Proliferation, 46, 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpr.12022
7. 7. Craig, W.J. (1999). Health-promoting properties of common herbs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70, 491-499. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/70.3.491s
8. 8. Dorman, H.J.D., Peltoketo, A., Hiltunen, R., Tikkanen, M.J. (2003). Characterisation of the antioxidant properties of deodourised aqueous extracts from selected Lamiaceae herbs. Food Chemistry 83, 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00088-8

9. 9. Ellman, G.L., Courtney, K.D., Andres, V., Featherston, R.M. (1961). A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochemical Pharmacology, 7, 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9
10. 10. Hasan, M.M., Ahmed, Q.U., Soad, S.Z.M., Tunna, T.S. (2001). Animal models and natural products to investigate in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic activity. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 101, 833-841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.137
11. 11. Herbert, L.E., Scherr, P.A., Beckeff, L.A. (1995) Age-specific incidence of Alzheimer’s Disease in a community population. JAMA, 273, 1354-1359. https://doi.org/ 10.1001/jama.1995.03520410048025 12. Jain, C., Khatana, S., Vijayvergia, R. (2019). Bioactivity of secondary metabolites of various plants: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 10, 494-504. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.10(2).494-04
12. 13. Kim, J.S., Kwon, C.S., Son, K.H. (2010). Inhibition of α-glucosidase and amylase by luteolin, a flavonoid. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 64, 2458-2461. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.64.2458
13. 14. Noccioli, C., Meini, L., Loi, C.M., Potenza, D., Pistelli, L. (2011). A new alpinumisoflavone derivative from Genista pichisermolliana. Phytochemistry Letters, 4, 342-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2011.07.005
14. 15. Meriane, D., Genta-Jouve, G., Kaabeche, M., Michel, S., Boutefnouchet, S. (2014). Rapid identification of antioxidant compounds of Genista saharae Coss. & Dur. By combination of DPPH scavenging assay and HPTLC-MS. Molecules, 19, 4369-4379. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19044369
15. 16. Orhan, I., Sener, B., Choudhary, M.I., Khalid, A. (2004). Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of some Turkish medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 91, 57-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.11.016
16. 17. Ozturk, M., Kolak, U., Topçu, G., Oksüz, S., Choudhary, M.I. (2011). Antioxidant and anticholinesterase active constituents from Micromeria cilicica by radical-scavenging activity-guided fractionation. Food Chemistry, 126, 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.050
17. 18. Rainova, L., Nakov, N. (1988). Ulceroprotective activity of the flavonoids of Genista rumelica Vel. Phytotherapy Research, 2, 137-139. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650020307
18. 19. Rauter, A.P., Martins, A., Lopes, R., Ferreira, J., Serralheiro, L.M., Araújo, M., Borges, C., Justinob, J., Silvab, F.V., Goulartb, M., Thomas-Oatesc, J., Rodriguesc, J.A., Edwardsc, E., Noronhad, J.P., Pintoe, R., Mota-Filipe, H. (2009). Bioactivity studies and chemical profile of the antidiabetic plant Genista tenera. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 122, 384-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.011
19. 20. Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26, 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
20. 21. Sabudak, T., Caliskan, H., Orak, H.H., Ozer, M. (2021). Biological activity of new flavonoids and phenolic compounds from Cirsium italicum (Savi) DC. Natural Product Research, 35(10), 1613-1619. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1630121
21. 22. Shaw, J.E., Sicree, R.A., Zimmet, P.Z. (2010). Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 7, 4-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007
22. 23. Talesa, V.N. (2001). Acetylcholinesterase in Alzheimer’s disease. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 122, 1961-1969. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-6374(01)00309-8
23. 24. World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Dementia. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deme