Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Chemical Constituents of the Unripe Fruits of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz. from Nepal

Abstract

Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz.(Anacardiaceae) is widely used as food and for medicinal properties. This study aims to disclose the free radical scavenging potential, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and phytochemical constituents of 70% methanol extract of unripe fruits of S. pinnata collected from Kaski district, Nepal. The free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay method. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were estimated by using Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. S. pinnata fruits extract showed potent free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value 2.75±0.23 μg/ml. TPC and TFC values were found to be 229.24±0.46 mg GAE/g and 192.58±3.81 mg QE/g, respectively. Detailed chemical isolation of the extract afforded caffeic acid methyl ester (1) and rhamnetin 3-O-sophoroside (2). In conclusion, S. pinnata fruits were found to be rich source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and possessed strong free radical scavenging property. However, further study is needed to explore its potential health benefits and bioassay guided chemical analysis should be performed to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds.

Keywords

• Spondias pinnata,DPPH,total phenolic content,total flavonoid content,isolation

References

1. 1. Adhikari-Devkota, A., Elbashir, S. M. I., Watanabe, T., & Devkota, H. P. (2018). Chemical constituents from the flowers of Satsuma mandarin and their free radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Natural Product Research, 1–4.
2. 2. Atanasov, A. G., Waltenberger, B., Pferschy-Wenzig, E.-M., Linder, T., Wawrosch, C., Uhrin, P., Temml, V., Wang, L., Schwaiger, S., & Heiss, E. H. (2015). Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotechnology Advances, 33(8), 1582–1614.
3. 3. Attanayake, A. P., Jayatilaka, K. A. P. W., Pathirana, C., & Mudduwa, L. K. B. (2014). Antihyperglycaemic, antihyperlipidaemic and β cell regenerative effects of Spondias pinnata (Linn. f.) Kurz. bark extract on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 6(5), 588–596.
4. 4. Ayaz, M., Ullah, F., Sadiq, A., Ullah, F., Ovais, M., Ahmed, J., & Devkota, H. P. (2019). Synergistic interactions of phytochemicals with antimicrobial agents: Potential strategy to counteract drug resistance. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 308, 294–303.
5. 5. Bora, N. S., Kakoti, B. B., Gogoi, B., & Goswami, A. K. (2014). Ethno-medicinal claims, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Spondias pinnata: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(4), 1138.
6. 6. Dash, G. K., & Mondal, S. (2009). Hypoglycemic activity of the bark of Spondias pinnata Linn. kurz. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 5(19), 42–45. 7. Devkota, H. P., Joshi, K. R., Malla, K. J., Watanabe, T., & Yahara, S. (2014). Phenolic compounds from the leaves and twigs of Heynea trijuga. The Japanese Journal of Pharmacognosy, 68, 97–98.
7. 8. Dirar, A. I., Alsaadi, D. H. M., Wada, M., Mohamed, M. A., Watanabe, T., & Devkota, H. P. (2019). Effects of extraction solvents on total phenolic and flavonoid contents and biological activities of extracts from Sudanese medicinal plants. South African Journal of Botany, 120, 261–267.
8. 9. Fujioka, T., Furumi, K., Fujii, H., Okabe, H., Mihashi, K., Nakano, Y., Matsunaga, H., Katano, M., & Mori, M. (1999). Antiproliferative constituents from umbelliferae plants. V. A new furanocoumarin and falcarindiol furanocoumarin ethers from the root of Angelica japonica. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 47(1), 96–100.

9. 10. Ghate, N. B., Hazra, B., Sarkar, R., & Mandal, N. (2014). In vitro anticancer activity of Spondias pinnata bark on human lung and breast carcinoma. Cytotechnology, 66(2), 209–218.
10. 11. Goda, Y., Hoshino, K., Akiyama, H., Ishikawa, T., Abe, Y., Nakamura, T., Otsuka, H., Takeda, Y., Tanimura, A., & Toyoda, M. (1999). Constituents in watercress: Inhibitors of histamine release from RBL-2H3 cells induced by antigen stimulation. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 22(12), 1319–1326.
11. 12. Hazra, B., Biswas, S., & Mandal, N. (2008). Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Spondias pinnata. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 8.
12. 13. Iwashina, T., & Kitajima, J. (2009). Flavonol glycosides from the monotypic genus Ranzania endemic to Japan. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 37(2), 122–123.
13. 14. John, B., Sulaiman, C. T., George, S., & Reddy, V. R. K. (2014). Total phenolics and flavonoids in selected medicinal plants from Kerala. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(1), 406–408.
14. 15. Joseph, B., & Jini, D. (2013). Antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 3(2), 93–102.
15. 16. Khan, H., Sureda, A., Belwal, T., Çetinkaya, S., Süntar, İ., Tejada, S., Devkota, H. P., Ullah, H., & Aschner, M. (2019). Polyphenols in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In Autoimmunity Reviews, 18(7), 647-657.
16. 17. Kim, H. P., Mani, I., Iversen, L., & Ziboh, V. A. (1998). Effects of naturally-occurring flavonoids and biflavonoids on epidermal cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase from guinea-pigs. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 58(1), 17–24. 18. Manandhar, N. P. (2002). Plants and People of Nepal. Timber Press, Inc.
17. 19. Pietta, P.-G. (2000). Flavonoids as antioxidants. Journal of Natural Products, 63(7), 1035–1042.
18. 20. Sai, K., Thapa, R., Devkota, H. P., & Joshi, K. R. (2019). Phytochemical Screening, Free Radical Scavenging and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants from Western Nepal. Medicines, 6(2), 70.
19. 21. Sameh, S., Al-Sayed, E., Labib, R. M., & Singab, A. N. (2018). Genus Spondias: A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018, 1–13.
20. 22. Satpathy, G., Tyagi, Y. K., & Gupta, R. K. (2011). Preliminary evaluation of nutraceutical and therapeutic potential of raw Spondias pinnata K., an exotic fruit of India. Food Research International, 44(7), 2076–2087.
21. 23. Sujarwo, W., & Keim, A. P. (2019). Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz.(Anacardiaceae): Profiles and applications to diabetes. In Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Diabetes (pp. 395–405). Elsevier.
22. 24. Ursini, F., Maiorino, M., Morazzoni, P., Roveri, A., & Pifferi, G. (1994). A novel antioxidant flavonoid (IdB 1031) affecting molecular mechanisms of cellular activation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 16(5), 547–553.
23. 25. Vessal, M., Hemmati, M., & Vasei, M. (2003). Antidiabetic effects of quercetin in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 135(3), 357–364.
24. 26. Watanabe, M., Watanabe, T., & Devkota, H. P. (2018). Phenolic compounds from the leaves of Phegopteris decursivepinnata (H.C. Hall) Fée. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 78, 81–83.
25. 27. Yeung, A. W. K., Aggarwal, B. B., Barreca, D., Battino, M., Belwal, T., Horbańczuk, O. K., Berindan-Neagoe, I., Bishayee, A., Daglia, M., Devkota, H. P., Echeverría, J., El-Demerdash, A., Orhan, I. E., Godfrey, K. M., Gupta, V. K., Horbańczuk, J. O., Modliński, J. A., Huber, L. A., Huminiecki, L., … Atanasov, A. G. (2019). Dietary natural products and their potential to influence health and disease including animal model studies. Animal Science Papers and Reports, 36(4), 345–358.