Year 2025,
Issue: 9, 62 - 71, 24.11.2025
Huriye Karadede
,
Duygu Gözen
References
-
1 Hardin AP, Hackell, Jesse M. AA of P. Age limit of pediatrics. Pediatrics 2017;140(3). doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-2151 google scholar
-
2 Zieliński J, Morawska-Kochman M, Zatoński T. Pain assessment and management in children in the postoperative period: A review of the most commonly used postoperative pain assessment tools, new diagnostic methods and the latest guidelines for postoperative pain therapy in children. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2020;29(3):365–74. google scholar
-
3 Rede FM, Goshu EM, Jemal muzien S. Severity and associated factors of postoperative pain in paediatric surgical patients aged 2 months-7 years at selected Addis Ababa Public Hospitals: a multicenter prospective longitudinal study. Ann Med Surg 2024;86:1275–1282. doi: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000001742 google scholar
-
4 Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, Finnerup NB, Flor H, Gibson S, et al. The Revised IASP definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain 2020;161(9):1976. google scholar
-
5 Reisli R, Akkaya ÖT, Arıcan Ş, Can ÖS, Çetingök H, Güleç MS, et al. Akut postoperatif ağrının farmakolojik tedavisi: Türk Algoloji-Ağrı Derneği klinik uygulama kılavuzu. Ağrı (Türk Algoloji Derneği’nin Yayın organıdır). 2021;33(Supp 1):1–51. google scholar
-
6 Okyay RD, Ayoğlu H. Çocuklarda Postoperatif Ağrı Yönetimi. Pediatr Pract Res. 2018;6(2):16–25. google scholar
-
7 Karaarslan D, Ergin D. The effect of the operating room tour watched with a 3D virtual reality headset on children’s fear and anxiety before the surgery – a randomized controlled study. Early Child Dev Care 2024;194(1):147–65. doi: 10.1080/03004430.2023.2299376 google scholar
-
8 Brasher C, Gafsous B, Dugue S, Thiollier A, Kinderf J, Nivoche Y, et al. Postoperative pain management in children and infants: An update. Pediatr Drugs. 2014;16(2):129–40. google scholar
-
9 Moll-Bertó A, López-Rodrigo N, Montoro-Pérez N, Mármol-López MI, Montejano-Lozoya R. A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Non-Pharmacological Therapies Used by Nurses in Children Undergoing Surgery. Pain Manag Nurs. 2024;25(2):195–203. google scholar
-
10 Williams G, Bell G, Buys J, Moriarty T, Patel A, Sunderland R, et al. The prevalence of pain at home and its consequences in children following two types of short stay surgery: A multicenter observational cohort study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2015;25(12):1254–63.google scholar
-
11 Vittinghoff M, Lönnqvist PA, Mossetti V, Heschl S, Simic D, Colovic V, et al. Postoperative pain management in children: Guidance from the pain committee of the European Society for Paediatric Anaesthesiology (ESPA Pain Management Ladder Initiative). Paediatr Anaesth 2018;28(6):493–506.google scholar
-
12 Shahrbabaki RM, Nourian M, Farahani AS, Nasiri M, Heidari A. Effectiveness of listening to music and playing with Lego on children’s postoperative pain. J Pediatr Nurs 2023;69:e7–12. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2022.11.023 google scholar
-
13 Olbrecht VA, O KT, Williams SE, Boehmer CO, Marchant GW, Glynn SM, et al. Guided Relaxation-Based Virtual Reality for Acute Postoperative Pain and Anxiety in a Pediatric Population: Pilot Observational Study. J Med Internet Res 2021;23(7):1–12. google scholar
-
14 Haynes N, Mclean C, Collins J, de Lima J. “Persistent Post-Operative Pain in Children – An Argument for a Transitional Pain Service in Pediatrics.” Pain Manag Nurs 2022;23(6):784–90. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2022.06.004google scholar
-
15 Chou R, Gordon DB, De Leon-Casasola OA, Rosenberg JM, Bickler S, Brennan T, et al. Management of Postoperative Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American Pain Society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists’ Committee on Regional Anesthesia, Executive Commi. J Pain 2016;17(2):131–57.google scholar
-
16 Kudubeş AA, Bektaş İ, Bektaş M. Çocuklarda Ağrı Yönetiminde Hemşirenin Rolü. J Educ Res Nurs / Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Derg 2021;18(1):107–13. doi: 10.5152/jern.2021.91489&crl=c google scholar
-
17 Efe E, Özcan D, Dikmen Ş, Altaş N. Turkish Pediatric Nurses’ Use of NonPharmacological Methods for Postoperative Pain Relief in 6 to 12 Year Old Children. Open Pain J 2017;10:56–64. google scholar
-
18 Orhan E, Gozen D. The Effect of Virtual Reality on Pain Experienced by SchoolAge Children During Venipuncture: A Randomized Controlled Study. Games Health J 2023;12(4):330–9. doi: 10.1089/g4h.2022.0232 google scholar
-
19 Yeniay D, Tamdo.an L, Yucak Ozdemir A, Ak.an LO, Kay.r S uk. Effects of Videos and Therapeutic Music on Preoperative Anxiety and Postoperative Anxiety and Pain Levels in Boys Who Undergo Circumcision. J Perianesthesia Nurs. 2023;38(6):918–24. google scholar
-
20 Karataş P, Çalışır H. Çocuklarda Ameliyat Sonrası Ağrı Yönetiminde Hemşirenin Rolü. In: Efe E, editor. Çocuk Cerrahisi Hemşireliği. 1. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2023. p. 18–24. google scholar
-
21 Düzgün MV, Özdemir C, İşler A, Karazeybek E. Technology‐Based Interventions for Pain in Children Undergoing Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta‐ Analysis. Int J Nurs Pract 2025;31(1):e13322. google scholar
-
22 Topçu SY, Semerci R, Kostak MA, Güray Ö, Sert S, Yavuz G. The effect of an interactive robot on children’s post-operative anxiety, mobilization, and parents’ satisfaction; randomized controlled study. J Pediatr Nurs. 2023;68:e50– 7. google scholar
-
23 Kavlakci M, Ogce F, Yavan T. The effects of playing digital games on children’s pain, fear, and anxiety levels during suturing: A randomized controlled study. Turkish J Emerg Med. 2023;23(3):162–8. google scholar
-
24 Alsaç SY, Coşkun AB. Pediatri Hemşireliğinde Güncel Uygulama ve Yaklaşımlar. Sağlık Bilim 2024;167–80. google scholar
-
25 Plummer K, Adina J, Mitchell AE, Lee-Archer P, Clark J, Keyser J, et al. Digital health interventions for postoperative recovery in children: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth [Internet]. 2024;132(5):886–98. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2024.01.014 google scholar
-
26 Gerich H Von, Moen H, Block LJ, Chu CH, Deforest H, Hobensack M, et al. International Journal of Nursing Studies Artificial Intelligence -based technologies in nursing : A scoping literature review of the evidence. Int J Nurs Stud [Internet]. 2022;127:104153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104153 google scholar
-
27 Kasundra A, Chanchlani R, Lal B, Thanveeru SK, Ratre G, Ahmad R, et al. Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Assessment of Postoperative Pain in the Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2025;17(1):e77074. google scholar
-
28 Aydın Aİ, Özyazıcıoğlu N. Assessment of postoperative pain in children with computer assisted facial expression analysis. J Pediatr Nurs. 2023;71:60–5.google scholar
-
29 Fang J, Wu W, Liu J, Zhang S. Deep learning-guided postoperative pain assessment in children. Pain 2023;164(9):2029–35. google scholar
-
30 Jiménez Moreno C, Aristizábal Nieto JK, Giraldo Salazar OL. Classification of facial expression of post-surgical pain in children. Visión electrónica, 2021;15(1):2. google scholar
-
31 Hunter JF, Kain ZN, Fortier MA. Pain relief in the palm of your hand: Harnessing mobile health to manage pediatric pain. Pediatr Anesth [Internet]. 2019 Feb 1 [cited 2025 Mar 12];29(2):120–4. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/full/10.1111/pan.13547google scholar
-
32 Birnie KA, Campbell F, Nguyen C, Lalloo C, Tsimicalis A, Matava C, et al. iCanCope PostOp: User-Centered Design of a Smartphone-Based App for SelfManagement of Postoperative Pain in Children and Adolescents. J Med Internet Res Form Res [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Mar 12];3(2):1–15. Available from: http:// formative.jmir.org/2019/2/e12028/ google scholar
-
33 Dunsmuir D, Wu H, Sun T, West NC, Lauder GR, Görges M, et al. A Postoperative Pain Management Mobile App (Panda) for Children at Home After Discharge: Usability and Feasibility. J Med Internet Res Perioper Med 2019;3(2):1–15. google scholar
-
34 Tiozzo E, Biagioli V, Brancaccio M, Ricci R, Marchetti A, Dall’Oglio I, et al. Using an App to monitor postoperative pain at home in pediatric patients. J Child Heal Care 2021;25(2):212–24. google scholar
-
35 Kerimaa H, Hakala M, Haapea M, Vähänikkilä H, Serlo W, He H-G, et al. Effectiveness of a Mobile App Intervention for Preparing Preschool Children and Parents for Day Surgery: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:1–20. google scholar
-
36 Bozkul G, Karakul A, Düzkaya DS, Dilşen Ş. Effect of short film video and videobased education on fear, pain, and satisfaction of children undergoing day surgery. J Pediatr Nurs. 2024;75:49–56. google scholar
-
37 Akan İ, Tayfun Bacaksız ·, Muhammet Bozoğlan ·, Melikşah Uzakgider ·, Miraç ·, Turhan K, et al. Animated video reduces pain and anxiety during pin removal in children with supracondylar humerus fractures: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2024;144:4293–301. doi: 10.1007/s00402-024-05527-8 google scholar
-
38 Leroux A, Rzasa-Lynn R, Crainiceanu C, Sharma T. Wearable Devices: Current Status and Opportunities in Pain Assessment and Management. Digit Biomarkers 2021;5(1):89–102. doi: 10.1159/000515576google scholar
-
39 Alberts NM, Leisenring WM, Flynn JS, Whitton J, Gibson TM, Jibb L, et al. Wearable Respiratory Monitoring and Feedback for Chronic Pain in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial From the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. JCO Clin Cancer Informatics 2020;(4):1014– 26. doi/10.1200/CCI.20.00070 google scholar
-
40 De Boer C, Ghomrawi H, Many B, Bouchard ME, Linton S, Figueroa A, et al. Utility of Wearable Sensors to Assess Postoperative Recovery in Pediatric Patients After Appendectomy. J Surg Res 2021;263:160–6.google scholar
-
41 Jibb LA, Birnie KA, Nathan PC, Beran TN, Hum V, Victor JC, et al. Using the MEDiPORT humanoid robot to reduce procedural pain and distress in children with cancer: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018;65(9):1–9. doi: 10.1002/pbc.27242 google scholar
-
42 Smakman MHJ, Smit K, Buser L, Monshouwer T, van Putten N, Trip T, et al. Mitigating children’s pain and anxiety during blood draw using social robots. Electron. 2021;10(10):1–16. google scholar
-
43 Pavithra A, Kowsalya J, Jayasree G, Nandhini TK. An Emerging Immersive Technology-A Survey Int J Innov Res Growth 2020;6(8). google scholar
-
44 Alqudimat M, Mesaroli G, Lalloo C, Stinson J, Matava C. State of the Art: Immersive Technologies for Perioperative Anxiety, Acute, and Chronic Pain Management in Pediatric Patients. Curr Anesthesiol Rep 2021;11:265–74. doi: 10.1007/s40140-021-00472-3google scholar
-
45 Malik A, Elshazly T, Pokuri K, Apai C, Rothkrug A, Hasoon J, et al. Virtual Reality for Postoperative Pain Management: A Review of Current Evidence. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2024;28(12):1307–19. google scholar
-
46 Yaz ŞB, Bal Yilmaz H. The Effects of Designing an Educational Animation Movie in Virtual Reality on Preoperative Fear and Postoperative Pain in Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Perianesthesia Nurs. 2022;37(3):357– 64. google scholar
-
47 Eijlers R, Dierckx B, Staals LM, Berghmans JM, Van Der Schroeff MP, Strabbing EM, et al. Virtual reality exposure before elective day care surgery to reduce anxiety and pain in children: A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2019;36(10):728–37. google scholar
-
48 Buyuk ET, Odabasoglu E, Uzsen H, Koyun M. The effect of virtual reality on Children’s anxiety, fear, and pain levels before circumcision. J Pediatr Urol 2021;17(4):567.e1-567.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2021.04.008google scholar
-
49 Miftah R, Tilahun W, Fantahun A, Adulkadir S, Gebrekirstos K. Knowledge and factors associated with pain management for hospitalized children among nurses working in public hospitals in Mekelle City, North Ethiopia: cross sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:122. google scholar
-
50 Berihun B, Fentahun N, Asmare L, Anteneh Z, Id Y. Practice and factors associated with pediatrics pain management among nurses working in Bahir Dar city public hospitals: A mixed method study. 2024 [cited 2025 Mar 7]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300853 google scholar
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51 Basit G. Guide to Care: Nursing Process. J Gen Heal Sci. 2020;2(2):77–90. google scholar
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52 Seipajærvi AL, Simonsen GR, Börner F, Smeland AH. Nurses’ Knowledge and Attitudes About Pain Management in Pediatric Surgical Wards: An Educational Intervention Study. Pain Manag Nurs. 2024;26:42–9. google scholar
Postoperative Pain Management in Children and Technolog-based Nursing Approaches
Year 2025,
Issue: 9, 62 - 71, 24.11.2025
Huriye Karadede
,
Duygu Gözen
Abstract
Pain is the most common postoperative complication in pediatric surgical patients. Ineffective pain management negatively affects the developmental process of the child in many physiological, biological, psychological and behavioural aspects. Therefore, pediatric nurses, who are responsible for the care of the postoperative care, need to provide pain management by evaluating children’s pain with objective tools and by using the evidence-based and effective pharmacological and complementary nonpharmacological methods. In recent years, advances in technology have led to the increased use of technology-based applications incorporating non-pharmacological methods in pediatric surgical patients. The aim of this article is to present literature information about technology-based nursing practices that pediatric nurses can use in the management of postoperative pain in children.
References
-
1 Hardin AP, Hackell, Jesse M. AA of P. Age limit of pediatrics. Pediatrics 2017;140(3). doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-2151 google scholar
-
2 Zieliński J, Morawska-Kochman M, Zatoński T. Pain assessment and management in children in the postoperative period: A review of the most commonly used postoperative pain assessment tools, new diagnostic methods and the latest guidelines for postoperative pain therapy in children. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2020;29(3):365–74. google scholar
-
3 Rede FM, Goshu EM, Jemal muzien S. Severity and associated factors of postoperative pain in paediatric surgical patients aged 2 months-7 years at selected Addis Ababa Public Hospitals: a multicenter prospective longitudinal study. Ann Med Surg 2024;86:1275–1282. doi: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000001742 google scholar
-
4 Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, Finnerup NB, Flor H, Gibson S, et al. The Revised IASP definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain 2020;161(9):1976. google scholar
-
5 Reisli R, Akkaya ÖT, Arıcan Ş, Can ÖS, Çetingök H, Güleç MS, et al. Akut postoperatif ağrının farmakolojik tedavisi: Türk Algoloji-Ağrı Derneği klinik uygulama kılavuzu. Ağrı (Türk Algoloji Derneği’nin Yayın organıdır). 2021;33(Supp 1):1–51. google scholar
-
6 Okyay RD, Ayoğlu H. Çocuklarda Postoperatif Ağrı Yönetimi. Pediatr Pract Res. 2018;6(2):16–25. google scholar
-
7 Karaarslan D, Ergin D. The effect of the operating room tour watched with a 3D virtual reality headset on children’s fear and anxiety before the surgery – a randomized controlled study. Early Child Dev Care 2024;194(1):147–65. doi: 10.1080/03004430.2023.2299376 google scholar
-
8 Brasher C, Gafsous B, Dugue S, Thiollier A, Kinderf J, Nivoche Y, et al. Postoperative pain management in children and infants: An update. Pediatr Drugs. 2014;16(2):129–40. google scholar
-
9 Moll-Bertó A, López-Rodrigo N, Montoro-Pérez N, Mármol-López MI, Montejano-Lozoya R. A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Non-Pharmacological Therapies Used by Nurses in Children Undergoing Surgery. Pain Manag Nurs. 2024;25(2):195–203. google scholar
-
10 Williams G, Bell G, Buys J, Moriarty T, Patel A, Sunderland R, et al. The prevalence of pain at home and its consequences in children following two types of short stay surgery: A multicenter observational cohort study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2015;25(12):1254–63.google scholar
-
11 Vittinghoff M, Lönnqvist PA, Mossetti V, Heschl S, Simic D, Colovic V, et al. Postoperative pain management in children: Guidance from the pain committee of the European Society for Paediatric Anaesthesiology (ESPA Pain Management Ladder Initiative). Paediatr Anaesth 2018;28(6):493–506.google scholar
-
12 Shahrbabaki RM, Nourian M, Farahani AS, Nasiri M, Heidari A. Effectiveness of listening to music and playing with Lego on children’s postoperative pain. J Pediatr Nurs 2023;69:e7–12. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2022.11.023 google scholar
-
13 Olbrecht VA, O KT, Williams SE, Boehmer CO, Marchant GW, Glynn SM, et al. Guided Relaxation-Based Virtual Reality for Acute Postoperative Pain and Anxiety in a Pediatric Population: Pilot Observational Study. J Med Internet Res 2021;23(7):1–12. google scholar
-
14 Haynes N, Mclean C, Collins J, de Lima J. “Persistent Post-Operative Pain in Children – An Argument for a Transitional Pain Service in Pediatrics.” Pain Manag Nurs 2022;23(6):784–90. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2022.06.004google scholar
-
15 Chou R, Gordon DB, De Leon-Casasola OA, Rosenberg JM, Bickler S, Brennan T, et al. Management of Postoperative Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American Pain Society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists’ Committee on Regional Anesthesia, Executive Commi. J Pain 2016;17(2):131–57.google scholar
-
16 Kudubeş AA, Bektaş İ, Bektaş M. Çocuklarda Ağrı Yönetiminde Hemşirenin Rolü. J Educ Res Nurs / Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Derg 2021;18(1):107–13. doi: 10.5152/jern.2021.91489&crl=c google scholar
-
17 Efe E, Özcan D, Dikmen Ş, Altaş N. Turkish Pediatric Nurses’ Use of NonPharmacological Methods for Postoperative Pain Relief in 6 to 12 Year Old Children. Open Pain J 2017;10:56–64. google scholar
-
18 Orhan E, Gozen D. The Effect of Virtual Reality on Pain Experienced by SchoolAge Children During Venipuncture: A Randomized Controlled Study. Games Health J 2023;12(4):330–9. doi: 10.1089/g4h.2022.0232 google scholar
-
19 Yeniay D, Tamdo.an L, Yucak Ozdemir A, Ak.an LO, Kay.r S uk. Effects of Videos and Therapeutic Music on Preoperative Anxiety and Postoperative Anxiety and Pain Levels in Boys Who Undergo Circumcision. J Perianesthesia Nurs. 2023;38(6):918–24. google scholar
-
20 Karataş P, Çalışır H. Çocuklarda Ameliyat Sonrası Ağrı Yönetiminde Hemşirenin Rolü. In: Efe E, editor. Çocuk Cerrahisi Hemşireliği. 1. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2023. p. 18–24. google scholar
-
21 Düzgün MV, Özdemir C, İşler A, Karazeybek E. Technology‐Based Interventions for Pain in Children Undergoing Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta‐ Analysis. Int J Nurs Pract 2025;31(1):e13322. google scholar
-
22 Topçu SY, Semerci R, Kostak MA, Güray Ö, Sert S, Yavuz G. The effect of an interactive robot on children’s post-operative anxiety, mobilization, and parents’ satisfaction; randomized controlled study. J Pediatr Nurs. 2023;68:e50– 7. google scholar
-
23 Kavlakci M, Ogce F, Yavan T. The effects of playing digital games on children’s pain, fear, and anxiety levels during suturing: A randomized controlled study. Turkish J Emerg Med. 2023;23(3):162–8. google scholar
-
24 Alsaç SY, Coşkun AB. Pediatri Hemşireliğinde Güncel Uygulama ve Yaklaşımlar. Sağlık Bilim 2024;167–80. google scholar
-
25 Plummer K, Adina J, Mitchell AE, Lee-Archer P, Clark J, Keyser J, et al. Digital health interventions for postoperative recovery in children: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth [Internet]. 2024;132(5):886–98. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2024.01.014 google scholar
-
26 Gerich H Von, Moen H, Block LJ, Chu CH, Deforest H, Hobensack M, et al. International Journal of Nursing Studies Artificial Intelligence -based technologies in nursing : A scoping literature review of the evidence. Int J Nurs Stud [Internet]. 2022;127:104153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104153 google scholar
-
27 Kasundra A, Chanchlani R, Lal B, Thanveeru SK, Ratre G, Ahmad R, et al. Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Assessment of Postoperative Pain in the Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2025;17(1):e77074. google scholar
-
28 Aydın Aİ, Özyazıcıoğlu N. Assessment of postoperative pain in children with computer assisted facial expression analysis. J Pediatr Nurs. 2023;71:60–5.google scholar
-
29 Fang J, Wu W, Liu J, Zhang S. Deep learning-guided postoperative pain assessment in children. Pain 2023;164(9):2029–35. google scholar
-
30 Jiménez Moreno C, Aristizábal Nieto JK, Giraldo Salazar OL. Classification of facial expression of post-surgical pain in children. Visión electrónica, 2021;15(1):2. google scholar
-
31 Hunter JF, Kain ZN, Fortier MA. Pain relief in the palm of your hand: Harnessing mobile health to manage pediatric pain. Pediatr Anesth [Internet]. 2019 Feb 1 [cited 2025 Mar 12];29(2):120–4. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/full/10.1111/pan.13547google scholar
-
32 Birnie KA, Campbell F, Nguyen C, Lalloo C, Tsimicalis A, Matava C, et al. iCanCope PostOp: User-Centered Design of a Smartphone-Based App for SelfManagement of Postoperative Pain in Children and Adolescents. J Med Internet Res Form Res [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Mar 12];3(2):1–15. Available from: http:// formative.jmir.org/2019/2/e12028/ google scholar
-
33 Dunsmuir D, Wu H, Sun T, West NC, Lauder GR, Görges M, et al. A Postoperative Pain Management Mobile App (Panda) for Children at Home After Discharge: Usability and Feasibility. J Med Internet Res Perioper Med 2019;3(2):1–15. google scholar
-
34 Tiozzo E, Biagioli V, Brancaccio M, Ricci R, Marchetti A, Dall’Oglio I, et al. Using an App to monitor postoperative pain at home in pediatric patients. J Child Heal Care 2021;25(2):212–24. google scholar
-
35 Kerimaa H, Hakala M, Haapea M, Vähänikkilä H, Serlo W, He H-G, et al. Effectiveness of a Mobile App Intervention for Preparing Preschool Children and Parents for Day Surgery: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:1–20. google scholar
-
36 Bozkul G, Karakul A, Düzkaya DS, Dilşen Ş. Effect of short film video and videobased education on fear, pain, and satisfaction of children undergoing day surgery. J Pediatr Nurs. 2024;75:49–56. google scholar
-
37 Akan İ, Tayfun Bacaksız ·, Muhammet Bozoğlan ·, Melikşah Uzakgider ·, Miraç ·, Turhan K, et al. Animated video reduces pain and anxiety during pin removal in children with supracondylar humerus fractures: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2024;144:4293–301. doi: 10.1007/s00402-024-05527-8 google scholar
-
38 Leroux A, Rzasa-Lynn R, Crainiceanu C, Sharma T. Wearable Devices: Current Status and Opportunities in Pain Assessment and Management. Digit Biomarkers 2021;5(1):89–102. doi: 10.1159/000515576google scholar
-
39 Alberts NM, Leisenring WM, Flynn JS, Whitton J, Gibson TM, Jibb L, et al. Wearable Respiratory Monitoring and Feedback for Chronic Pain in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial From the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. JCO Clin Cancer Informatics 2020;(4):1014– 26. doi/10.1200/CCI.20.00070 google scholar
-
40 De Boer C, Ghomrawi H, Many B, Bouchard ME, Linton S, Figueroa A, et al. Utility of Wearable Sensors to Assess Postoperative Recovery in Pediatric Patients After Appendectomy. J Surg Res 2021;263:160–6.google scholar
-
41 Jibb LA, Birnie KA, Nathan PC, Beran TN, Hum V, Victor JC, et al. Using the MEDiPORT humanoid robot to reduce procedural pain and distress in children with cancer: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018;65(9):1–9. doi: 10.1002/pbc.27242 google scholar
-
42 Smakman MHJ, Smit K, Buser L, Monshouwer T, van Putten N, Trip T, et al. Mitigating children’s pain and anxiety during blood draw using social robots. Electron. 2021;10(10):1–16. google scholar
-
43 Pavithra A, Kowsalya J, Jayasree G, Nandhini TK. An Emerging Immersive Technology-A Survey Int J Innov Res Growth 2020;6(8). google scholar
-
44 Alqudimat M, Mesaroli G, Lalloo C, Stinson J, Matava C. State of the Art: Immersive Technologies for Perioperative Anxiety, Acute, and Chronic Pain Management in Pediatric Patients. Curr Anesthesiol Rep 2021;11:265–74. doi: 10.1007/s40140-021-00472-3google scholar
-
45 Malik A, Elshazly T, Pokuri K, Apai C, Rothkrug A, Hasoon J, et al. Virtual Reality for Postoperative Pain Management: A Review of Current Evidence. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2024;28(12):1307–19. google scholar
-
46 Yaz ŞB, Bal Yilmaz H. The Effects of Designing an Educational Animation Movie in Virtual Reality on Preoperative Fear and Postoperative Pain in Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Perianesthesia Nurs. 2022;37(3):357– 64. google scholar
-
47 Eijlers R, Dierckx B, Staals LM, Berghmans JM, Van Der Schroeff MP, Strabbing EM, et al. Virtual reality exposure before elective day care surgery to reduce anxiety and pain in children: A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2019;36(10):728–37. google scholar
-
48 Buyuk ET, Odabasoglu E, Uzsen H, Koyun M. The effect of virtual reality on Children’s anxiety, fear, and pain levels before circumcision. J Pediatr Urol 2021;17(4):567.e1-567.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2021.04.008google scholar
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