Kültürleşmenin Kişisel İyi Oluşla İlişkisi: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Yaşayan Türklerden Bulgular

Abstract

Günümüzde uluslararası göç, birçok etnik grubun kültürel olarak farklı toplumlarda yaşamasına neden olmuştur. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki yaşayan Türk göçmenler sayısı giderek artan bu etnik gruplardan birisidir. Artan Türk nüfusuna rağmen, kültürleşmenin Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde yaşayan Türk göçmenlerin kişisel iyi oluşlarını nasıl etkileyebileceğine dair pek az araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde ikamet eden Türk göçmenlerin kişisel iyi oluşları, miras kültürleri ile ev sahibi kültürün ne ölçüde ilişkili olduğunu incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmaya yaşları 19 ile 69 arasında değişen (ort. = 39.39) Amerikan vatandaşı 306 Türk dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcılar, Vancouver Kültürleşme İndeksi, Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği, Pozitif ve Negatif Duygulanım Ölçeği Kısa Formu ve demografik özellikleri kapsayan anket formlarını tamamlamıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, katılımcıların daha yüksek düzeyde miras kültür ve ev sahibi kültüre katılım sağladıkları ve kültürleştikleri, yaşamlarından memnun ve olumlu duygulanım puanlarının yüksek olduğu ve daha düşük düzeyde de olumsuz duygulanım puanlarına sahip oldukları anlaşılmaktadır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre değişkenler arasında herhangi bir cinsiyet farkı bulunmamıştır. Bu çalışmada kültürleşme; yaşam doyumu ve olumlu duygulanımla olumlu olarak ilişkili iken olumsuz duygulanımla da olumsuz ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Ev sahibi kültürü ile kültürleşme, demografik özellikleri kontrol ettikten sonra yaşamdan memnuniyet, olumlu ve olumsuz duygulanımı özgün bir şekilde açıklamaktadır. Bu bulgular, Türk göçmenler için kişisel iyi oluşu artırmada ve gelecekteki araştırmaları ilerletmede ev sahibi kültürü ile kültürleşmenin özgün önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Keywords

• Kültürleşme
• Yaşam doyumu
• Olumlu duygulanım
• Olumsuz duygulanım
• Türk göçmenler

How is Acculturation Linked to Subjective Wellbeing: Evidence from Turkish Immigrants in the United States

Abstract

Today, international migration has caused many ethnic groups to live in culturally diverse societies. Turkish immigrants in the United States is one of those ethnic groups whose population is growing. Despite the growing Turkish population, there is currently little research on how acculturation can influence the subjective wellbeing of Turkish immigrants living in the United States. This study sought to examine to what extent heritage and host acculturations were associated with the subjective wellbeing of Turkish immigrants residing in the United States. The study included 306 foreign-born Turkish Americans who are between 19 to 69 years old (mean = 39.39). They completed the Vancouver Index of Acculturation, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Short-Form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. The results showed that participants reported higher levels of heritage and host acculturation, satisfaction with life and positive affect, and lower levels of negative affect. No gender differences were reported across these variables. Acculturation was positively related to satisfaction with life and positive affect and negatively related with negative affect. Host acculturation uniquely predicted satisfaction with life, positive affect, and negative affect after controlling for demographic characteristics. These findings highlight the unique importance of host acculturation in enhancing subjective wellbeing for Turkish immigrants and advance future research in this area.

Keywords

• Acculturation
• Satisfaction with life
• Positive affect
• Negative affect
• Turkish immigrants

References

1. Abu-Rayya, H., & Sam, D. L. (2017). Is integration the best way to acculturate? A reexamination of the bicultural-adaptation relationship in the “ICSEY dataset” using the bilineal method. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(3), 287-293. Doi: 10.1177/0022022116685846
2. Akgün, B. (2000). The Turkish diaspora in the United States and its role in promoting Turkish-American relations. The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, (31), 99-117. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tyir/issue/50036/641467
3. Alba, R., Reitz, J.G., and Simon, P. (2012). National conceptions of assimilation, integration, and cohesion. In M. Crul & J. Mollenkopf (Eds.), The changing face of world cities: Young adult children of immigrants in Europe and the United States (pp. 41-61). Russell Sage Foundation.
4. Altschiller, D. (1995). Turkish Americans. In J. Galens, A. Sheets, & R. V. Young (Ed.), Gale encyclopedia of multicultural America (pp. 1364-1368). Gale Research.
5. Amer, M. M., & Hovey, J. D. (2007). Socio-demographic differences in acculturation and mental health for a sample of 2nd generation/early immigrant Arab Americans. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 9(4), 335-347. Doi: 10.1007/s10903-007-9045-y
6. Arends-Tóth, J., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2007). Acculturation attitudes: A comparison of measurement methods. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 7, 1462-1488. Doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00222.x
7. Balidemaj, A., & Small, M. (2018). Acculturation, ethnic identity, and psychological wellbeing of Albanian-American immigrants in the United States. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 11(4), 712-730. Doi: 10.1080/17542863.2018.1556717
8. Barsade, S. G., & Gibson, D. E. (2007). Why does affect matter in organizations? The Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(1), 36-59. Doi: 10.5465/amp.2007.24286163

9. Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 5-68. Doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
10. Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), 697-712. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013
11. Berry, J. W. (2019). Acculturation: A personal journey across cultures. In C. M. Allwood (ed.), Elements in psychology and culture series. Cambridge University Press. Doi: 10.1017/9781108589666
12. Berry, J. W., & Hou, F. (2016). Immigrant acculturation and wellbeing in Canada. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 57(4), 254-264. Doi: 10.1037/cap0000064
13. Berry, J. W., & Hou, F. (2017). Acculturation, discrimination, and wellbeing among the second generation of immigrants in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 61, 29-39. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.08.003
14. Berry, J. W., & Sabatier, C. (2010). Acculturation, discrimination, and adaptation among second-generation immigrant youth in Montréal and Paris. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(3), 191-207. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.11.007
15. Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., & Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied Psychology and International Review, 55(3), 303-332. Doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00256.x
16. Bloemraad, Irene, & de Graauw. Els. (2012). Immigrant integration and policy in the United States: A loosely stitched patchwork. In James Frideres & John Biles (Eds.), International perspectives: integration and inclusion (pp. 205-232). Queen's Studies Series, McGill-Queen's University Press. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2nc0m8bm
17. Bourhis, R. Y., Moïse, L. C., Perreault, S., & Senécal, S. (1997). Towards an interactive acculturation model: A social psychological approach. International Journal of Psychology, 32(6), 369-386. Doi: 10.1080/002075997400629
18. Carlson, E., & Güler, A. (2018). Cultural involvement and preference in immigrant acculturation. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 19(3), 625-647. Doi: 10.1007/s12134-018-0554-4
19. Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255. Doi: 10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
20. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective wellbeing. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. Doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
21. Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2002). Subjective wellbeing: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. In C.R. Snyder & S.J. Lopez (Ed.), Handbook of positive psychology. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
22. Diener, E., Pressman, S. D., Hunter, J., & Delgadillo‐Chase, D. (2017). If, why, and when subjective well‐being influences health and future needed research. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 9(2), 133-167. Doi: 10.1111/aphw.12090
23. Diener, Ed, Robert A. Emmons, Randy J. L., & Sharon Griffin. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1),71-75. Doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
24. Dimitrova, R., Bender, M., Chasiotis, A., & van, d. V. (2013). Ethnic identity and acculturation of Turkish-Bulgarian adolescents. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(1), 1-10. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.04.005
25. Erdfelder, E., Faul, F., & Buchner, A. (1996). GPOWER: A general power analysis program. Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28(1), 1-11. Doi: 10.3758/BF03203630
26. Ferguson, G. M., & Bornstein, M. H. (2012). Remote acculturation: The “Americanization” of Jamaican islanders. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 36(3), 167-177. Doi: 10.1177/0165025412437066
27. Gezentsvey Lamy, M. A., Ward, C., & Liu, J. H. (2013). Motivation for ethno-cultural continuity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(7), 1047-1066. Doi: 10.1177/0022022113478657
28. Gordon, M. M. (1964). Assimilation in American life: The role of race, religion, and national origins. Oxford University Press.
29. Güler, A. (2016). The effects of ethnic identity in acculturation and psychological wellbeing among Turkish immigrants in the United States (Doctoral Dissertation, Hacettepe University).
30. Güler, A. (2019). Acculturation process of Turkish immigrants in the United States. Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, (37), 1-13. Doi: 10.30794/pausbed.543991
31. Gunasekara, A., Grant, S., & Rajendran, D. (2019). Years since migration and wellbeing among Indian and Sri Lankan skilled migrants in Australia: Mediating effects of acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 70, 42-52. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.02.006
32. Halman, T. (1980). Turks. In S. Thernstrom, (ed.), Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups (pp. xxv, 1076). Belknap Press.
33. Hashemi, N., Marzban, M., Sebar, B., & Harris, N. (2019). Acculturation and psychological wellbeing among Middle Eastern migrants in Australia: The mediating role of social support and perceived discrimination. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 72, 45-60. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.07.002
34. Hernandez, D. J., Denton, N. A., & Macartney, S. E. (2007). Family circumstances of children in immigrant families: Looking to the future of America. In J. E. Lansford, K. Deater-Deckard, & M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Immigrant families in contemporary society (pp. 9-29). Guilford Press.
35. Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Haslam, S. A., Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Jones, J. M., . . . Murphy, S. (2015). Having a lot of a good thing: Multiple important group memberships as a source of self-esteem. PloS One, 10(6), 1-29. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124609
36. Kaya, I. (2004). Turkish American immigration history and identity formations. The Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 24(2), 295-308. Doi: 10.1080/1360200042000296672
37. Khawaja, N. G., Yang, S., & Cockshaw, W. (2016). Taiwanese migrants in Australia: An investigation of their acculturation and wellbeing. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 10, 1-10. Doi: 10.1017/prp.2016.1
38. Kwak, K. (2018). Age and gender variations in healthy immigrant effect: A population study of immigrant wellbeing in Canada. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 19, 413-437. Doi: 10.1007/s12134-018-0546-4
39. Lucas, R. E., & Diener, E. (2015). Personality and subjective wellbeing: Current issues and controversies. In M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, M. L. Cooper, & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), APA handbook of personality and social psychology. Vol. 4. (pp. 577–599). APA.
40. Migration Policy Institute. (2019). U.S. Immigrant population and share over time, 1850-Present. Retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-population-over-time.
41. Nguyen, A. D., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2013). Biculturalism and adjustment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(1), 122-159. Doi: 10.1177/0022022111435097
42. Nikolaev, B., Boudreaux, C. J., & Wood, M. (2019). Entrepreneurship and subjective wellbeing: The mediating role of psychological functioning. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 44(3), 557-586. Doi: 10.1177/1042258719830314
43. Obasi, E. M., & Leong, F. T. L. (2009). Psychological distress, acculturation, and mental health-seeking attitudes among people of African descent in the United States: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(2), 227-238. Doi: 10.1037/a0014865
44. Pew Research Center. (2019). Facts on U.S. Immigrants, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2019/06/03/facts-on-u-s-immigrants/.
45. Population Division of the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2019). International Migrant Stock 2019. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates19.asp.
46. Rania, N., Rebora, S., Migliorini, L., & Navas, M. S. (2019). Acculturation process and life domains: Different perceptions of native and immigrant adults in Italy. The Open Psychology Journal, 12, 55-65. Doi: 10.2174/1874350101912010055
47. Rudner, A. T., & Orpana, H. (2012). The health status and health behaviors of immigrant and non-immigrant seniors. The CERIS Working Papers, 88(90), 55-77.
48. Ryder, A. G., Alden, L. E., & Paulhus, D. L. (2000). Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? A head-to-head comparison in the prediction of personality, self-identity, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(1), 49-65. Doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.1.49
49. Sam, D. L., Vedder, P., Ward, C., & Horenczyk, G. (2006). Psychological and sociocultural adaptation of immigrant youth. In J.W. Berry, J.S. Phinney, D.L. Sam, & P. Vedder (Eds.), Migrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation across national contexts (pp. 117–142). Lawrence Erlbaum.
50. Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., & Szapocznik, J. (2010). Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research. American Psychologist, 65, 237-251. Doi: 10.1037/a0019330
51. Shin, Cha-Nam & Helen W. Lach. (2014). Acculturation and health of Korean American adults. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 25(3), 273-280. Doi: 10.1177/1043659614523454
52. Sommerlad, E. A., & Berry, J. W. (1970). The role of ethnic identification in distinguishing between attitudes towards assimilation and integration of a minority racial group. Human Relations, 23(1), 23-29. Doi: 10.1177/001872677002300103
53. Szapocznik, J., Kurtines, W. M., & Fernandez, T. (1980). Bicultural involvement and adjustment in Hispano-American youths. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 4(3-4), 353-365. Doi: 10.1016/0147-1767(80)90010-3
54. Thompson, E. R. (2007). Development and validation of an internationally reliable short-form of the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(2), 227-242. Doi: 10.1177/0022022106297301
55. Tip, L. K., González, R., Brown, R., De Tezanos-Pinto, P., Saavedra, P., Sagredo, V., ... Celeste, L. (2015). Effects of ingroup norms on domain-specific acculturation preferences: Experimental evidence from two cultural contexts. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 47, 113-130. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.03.027
56. United States Census Bureau. (2018). Selected population profile in the United States. Retrieved from https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSSPP1Y2018.S0201&hidePreview=true&moe=true
57. Ünver, Ö., & Nicaise, I. (2019). Interactive acculturation of Turkish-Belgian parents and children in Flanders: A case study of Beringen. Migration Letters, 16(3), 417-428. Doi: 10.33182/ml.v16i3.601
58. Van de Vijver, F., Berry, J. W., & Celenk, O. (2016). Assessment of acculturation. In D. L. Sam & J. W. Berry (Eds.). Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (pp. 93-114). Cambridge University Press.
59. Van Oudenhoven, J. P., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2015). In search of a cultural home: From acculturation to frame-switching and intercultural competencies. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 46, 47-54. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.03.022
60. Watson, D., L. A. Clark & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. Doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
61. West S. G., Finch J. F., & Curran P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. In: Hoyle R. H. (Ed.). Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. (pp. 56-75). Sage.
62. Yildirim, M., & Belen, H. (2018). Fear of happiness predicts subjective and psychological wellbeing above the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioral Activation System (BAS) model of personality. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 2(1), 92-111. https://journalppw.com/index.php/JPPW/article/view/48