İnsanlara Yönelik Mikroçip Uygulamaları Üzerine Sistematik Bir Derleme: Uygulama Alanları, Zorluklar ve İşletmeler Açısından Sonuçlar

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 296 - 310, 30.11.2025

Faruk Kerem Şentürk

https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.1680933

Abstract

Mikroçip implantları, başlangıçta hayvan takibi amacıyla kullanılan bir teknoloji iken, zamanla bu kullanım alanının ötesine geçerek insanlarda da çeşitli amaçlarla kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu implantlar yalnızca tıbbi tedavilerde ve performans artırmada değil, aynı zamanda takip, gözetim, temassız ödeme ve erişim kontrolü gibi alanlarda da kullanılmaktadır. Mikroçip implantlarının belirli sektörlerde ve ülkelerde benimsenmeye başladığı görülmekle birlikte, araştırmacılar bu teknolojinin daha geniş çapta benimsenmesi ve entegrasyonu üzerine çalışmalarını sürdürmektedir. Söz konusu teknoloji çeşitli kolaylıklar sunarken, aynı zamanda güvenlik, mahremiyet ve veri kötüye kullanımı gibi endişeleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu çalışma, insanlarda kullanılan mikroçip implantlarını ve bu teknolojinin işletmeler açısından doğurduğu etkileri sistematik bir şekilde analiz ederek yapılandırılmış bir çerçeve sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Web of Science (WOS) ve Scopus veri tabanlarında yapılan taramalar sonucunda belirlenen 28 makale üzerinde betimsel bir analiz gerçekleştirilmiş ve bu doğrultuda altı ana tema ile yirmi dört kategoriye ulaşılmıştır. Bulgular, mikroçip implantlarının oldukça geniş bir kullanım alanına sahip olduğunu ortaya koymakla birlikte, bu teknolojinin toplumsal kabulünün etik ve hukuki sorunların çözülememiş olmasından dolayı sınırlı kaldığını göstermektedir. Mikroçip implantları işletmelere verimlilik ve hız açısından avantajlar sunsa da, çalışanların gözetimi ve kişisel verilerin izinsiz toplanması gibi konular ciddi endişeler yaratmaya devam etmektedir.

Keywords

Mikroçip İmplant , İnsan Microçipleme , Sistematik Literatür Taraması.

A Systematic Review of Human Microchipping: Applications, Challenges, and Business Implications

Abstract

Microchip implants have significantly broadened their application beyond their initial use in animal tracking and are increasingly being utilized in humans for a variety of purposes. These implants are not only employed in medical treatments and performance enhancement but are also used for tracking, surveillance, contactless payments, and access control. Although the adoption of microchip implants is observed in specific sectors and countries, researchers continue to explore their broader adoption and integration. While this technology offers several conveniences, it simultaneously raises concerns about security, privacy, and the potential for data misuse. This study aims to provide a structured framework by systematically analyzing the use of microchip implants in humans and their implications for businesses. A descriptive analysis was conducted on 28 articles identified through searches in the WOS and Scopus databases, resulting in the identification of six key themes and 24 categories. The findings reveal that microchip implants have a wide range of applications, yet their social acceptance is hindered by unresolved ethical and legal challenges. While these implants offer businesses advantages in terms of efficiency and speed, issues such as employee surveillance and the unauthorized collection of personal data remain significant concerns.

Keywords

Microchip Implant , Human Microchipping , Systematic Literature Review.

Ethical Statement

It is declared that during the preparation process of this study, scientific and ethical principles were followed, and all the studies benefited from are stated in the bibliography. This type of research does not require ethics committee approval.

References

• Ahadzadeh, A. S., Ong, F. S., Deng, R., & Ali, R. S. (2024). Unravelling the relationship between competitiveness trait and intention to use memory implants: The moderating roles of moral equity, egoism, and utilitarianism. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 40(24), 8922–8936. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2291621
• Antman, E. M., Lau, J., Kupelnick, B., Mosteller, F., & Chalmers, T. C. (1992). A comparison of results of meta-analyses of randomized control trials and recommendations of clinical experts: Treatments for myocardial infarction. JAMA, 268(2), 240–248.
• Astor, M. (2017, July 25). Microchip implants for employees? One company says yes. The New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2024, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/technology/microchips-wisconsin-company-employees.html
• Banafa, A. (2022). Microchips in humans: Consumer-friendly app, or new frontier in surveillance?. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 78(5), 256-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2022.2109330
• Barfield, W. (2021, Dec. 14–15). Cyborgs and law: Reflections and musings. presented at the Proceedings of the International Online Conference.
• Bauer, K. A. (2007). Wired patients: Implantable microchips and biosensors in patient care. Cambridge Q. Healthcare Ethics, 16(3), 281-290. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180107070314
• Charvátová, D., & Just, P. (2024). They want to implant chips to our bodies: Covid 19 conspiracy theories and their impact on Czech society. Journal of Comparative Politics, 17(2), 49-65.
• Chaudhry, B. M., Shafeie, S., & Mohamed, M. (2023). Theoretical models for acceptance of human implantable technologies: A narrative review. Informatics, 10(3), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics10030069
• Chow, A. Y., Chow, V. Y., Packo, K. H., Pollack, J. S., Peyman, G. A., & Schuchard, R. (2004). The artificial silicon retina microchip for the treatment of visionloss from retinitis pigmentosa. Archives of ophthalmology, 122(4), 460-469. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.122.4.460
• Collins, T. (2017, March 17). Would YOU let your boss implant you with a microchip? Belgian firm offers to turn staff into cyborgs to replace ID cards. Daily Mail. Retrieved December 17, 2024, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4203148/Company-offers-RFID-microchip-implants-replace-ID-cards.html
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage Publications.
• Dzhurova, A., & Sementelli, A. (2023). Somebody is watching me: Framing surveillance as rent-seeking behavior. International Journal of Social Economics, 50(1) 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-01-2022-0009
• Eerens, W., Caekebeke, P., & Duerinckx, J. (2024). Biohacking and chip implantation in the human hand: An introduction. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online, 6(4), 463-465.
• European Parliament. (2018). The use of chip implants for workers. Retrieved December 17, 2024, from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/IPOL_STU(2018)614209
• Firfiray, S. (2018). Microchip implants are threatening workers’ rights. Warwick University. Retrieved December 17, 2024, from https://warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/knowledgecentre/business/work/microchipping/
• Gallagher, H. (2021). Regulating the sixth sense: The growing need for forward-looking data privacy and device security policy as illustrated by brain-computer interfaces. Wash. UJL & Pol'y, 66, 157.
• Garbe, T. (2024). The presentation of brain-computer interfaces as autonomy-enhancing therapy products: A mechanism to promote societal acceptance of implant technologies. NanoEthics, 18(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11569-024-00462-9
• Gauttier, S. (2019). I've got you under my skin’–The role of ethical consideration in the (non-) acceptance of insideables in the workplace. Technology in Society, 56, 93-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.09.008
• Goodyear, V. A., Kerner, C., & Quennerstedt, M. (2019). Young people’s uses of wearable healthy lifestyle technologies: Surveillance, self-surveillance and resistance. Sport, Education and Society, 24(3), 212–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2018.1489860
• Gülpınar, Ö., & Güçlü, A. G. (2013). How to write a review article? Turkish Journal of Urology, 39(Suppl. 1), 44–48. How to write a review article? https://doi.org/10.5152/tud.2013.054
• Heffernan, K. J., Vetere, F., & Chang, S. (2022). Socio-technical context for insertable devices. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 991345. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.991345
• Howe P. D., & Silva, C. F. (2017). The cyborgification of paralympic sport. Movement & Sport Sciences-Science & Motricité, 97(3), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1051/sm/2017014
• Ibrahim, A. M., Gujbawu, M., & Abba-Aji, N. (2019). New media and the challenges of boko haram terrorism: Proposing the adoption of human-wearable digital technology. Malaysian Journal of Communication, 35(4), 50-68. https://doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2019-3504-04
• Ilgar, M. Z., & Ilgar, S. C. (2013). Nitel bir araştırma deseni olarak gömülü teori (Temellendirilmiş kuram). İZÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(3), 197–247. https://doi.org/10.16953/izusbd.10816
• Kiyoshi, M., Andrew, A. A., Yasunori, F., Yohko, O., Mario, A. O., & Jorge, P. B. (2017). From a science fiction to the reality: Cyborg ethics in Japan. The ORBIT Journal, 1(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.29297/orbit.v1i2.42
• Latham, K. (2022, March 31). The microchip implants that let you pay with your hand. BBC News. Retrieved December 17, 2024, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61008730
• Losowsky, A. (2004, June 10). I’ve got you under my skin. The Guardian. Retrieved February 24, 2025, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2004/jun/10/onlinesupplement1
• Maras M. H., & Miranda, M. D. (2023). Augmented body surveillance: Human microchip implantations and the omnipresent threat of function creep. Technology in Society, 74, 102295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102295
• Marqeta. (2021). The European payments landscape in 2030. Marqeta. Retrieved December 17, 2024, from https://www.marqeta.com/asset/the-european-payments-landscape-in-2030?x=hj28Ub&submissionGuid=95961be5-2b0b-4858-9459-d312087827a0
• Martínez-Ramil, P., Bolaños-Frasquet, H., & Solarte-Vasquez, M. C. (2022). Cyborgs on the horizon. Are we ready? Examining the (a) legality of transhumanist practices within the EU. European Studies–The Review of European Law, Economics and Politics, 9(2), 133–154. https://doi.org/10.2478/eustu-2022-0017
• McGregor, J. (2017, April 4). Some Swedish workers are getting microchips implanted in their hands. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 24, 2025, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/on-leadership/wp/2017/04/04/some-swedish-workers-are-getting-microchips-implanted-in-their-hands/
• Michael K., & Michael, M. G. (2013). The future prospects of embedded microchips in humans as unique identifiers: the risks versus the rewards. Media, Culture & Society, 35(1), 78-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443712464561
• Mohamed, M., & Chaudhry, B. (2020). Challenges of microchip implantation in people with disabilities for inclusive sustainable development. International Journal of Technology, Knowledge and Society, 16(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.18848/1832-3669/CGP/v16i02/1-14
• Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Schekellei, P., Stewart, L. A., & Prisma-P Group. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-015-0037-4
• Moessner, M., & Khan, G. N. (2012). Secure authentication scheme for passive C1G2 RFID tags. Computer Networks, 56(1), 273-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2011.09.008
• Murata, K., Arias-Oliva, M., & Pelegrín-Borondo, J. (2019). Cross-cultural study about cyborg market acceptance: Japan versus Spain. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 25(3), 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.07.003
• Myrzabaev, N. Amerkhanov, R., Baimakhanov, A., Amurtaeva, D., & Kuranbek, Z. (2024). Chip technology as a preventive tool against child trafficking. Sci. Herald Uzhhorod Univ. Ser. Phys., 55, 1713-1722.
• Neuby B. L., & Rudin, E. (2008). Radio frequency identification: A panacea for governments?. Public Organization Review, 8, 329-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-008-0065-4
• Nightingale, A. (2009). A guide to systematic literature reviews. Surgery (Oxford), 27(9), 381–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surge.2009.08.003
• Nisbet, N. (2004). Resisting surveillance: Identity and implantable microchips. Leonardo, 37(3), 210-214.
• Okoli, C. (2015). A guide to conducting a standalone systematic literature review. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 37(43), 879–910. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.03743
• Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Leech, N. L., & Collins, K. M. (2012). Qualitative analysis techniques for the review of the literature. Qualitative Report, 17(56), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2012.1754
• Oxman, A. D., & Guyatt, G. H. (1993). The science of reviewing research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 703(1), 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26342.x
• Risselada, H., Verhoef, P. C., & Bijmolt, T. H. (2014). Dynamic effects of social influence and direct marketing on the adoption of high-technology products. Journal of Marketing, 78(2), 52-68. https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.11.0592
• Rodriguez, D. A. (2018). Chipping in at work: privacy concerns related to the use of body microchip (RFID) implants in the employer-employee context. Iowa Law Review, 104, 1581-1611.
• Sabogal-Alfaro, G., Mejía-Perdigón, M. A., Cataldo, A., & Carvajal, K. (2021). Determinants of the intention to use non-medical insertable digital devices: The case of Chile and Colombia. Telematics and Informatics, 60, 101576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.101576
• Schermer, M. (2009). The mind and the machine. On the conceptual and moral implications of brain-machine interaction. Nanoethics, 3(3), 217-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11569-009-0076-9
• Shafeie, S., Chaudhry, B. M., & Mohamed, M. (2022). Modeling subcutaneous microchip implant acceptance in the general population: A cross-sectional survey about concerns and expectations. Informatics, 9(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics9010024
• Siibak, A., & Otsus, M. (2022). Tracing the innovation–decision process for adopting microchip implants: Reflections and experiences of Estonian employees. Somatechnics, 12(3), 200–220.
• Smith, A. D. (2008). Evolution and acceptability of medical applications of RFID implants among early users of technology. Health Marketing Quarterly, 24(1), 121-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/07359680802125980
• Smith, A. D. (2012). Microchip implants' logistical efficiencies and ethical issues. International Journal of Mobile Communication, 10(3), 281-302. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMC.2012.048113
• Smith, A. D. (2013). Gender preferences of efficiencies and ethical issues: commercial, personal, and governmental applications of RFID-based implants and technologies. Int. J. Bus. Inf. Syst., 12(4), 455-492. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIS.2013.053217
• Smith, Z. L. M. (2024). The rise of preemptive bans on human microchip implants. Carnegie Council. Retrieved December 18, 2024, from https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/media/article/preemptive-bans-human-microchip-implants
• Stratulat, D., & Tintiuc, C. (2024). Small tech, big opportunities: Microtechnology in the human body. In Technical Scientific Conference of Undergraduate, Master, PhD students, (Vol. 4, pp. 2593-2596).
• Sułkowski, Ł., & Kaczorowska-Spychalska, D. (2023). Payment implants as an element of human enhancement technology. Human Technology, 19(2), 238–261. https://doi.org/10.14254/1795-6889.2023.19-2.6
• Suri, H., & Clarke, D. (2009). Advancements in research synthesis methods: From a methodologically inclusive perspective. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 395–430. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654313490705
• Ünal, A., & Kılınç, İ. (2024). Üretken yapay zekâların iş dünyası üzerine etkilerine ilişkin erken dönem bir değerlendirme. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(90), 776–797. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.10377
• Wagemakers, S. Van Zoonen, L., & Turner, G. (2014). Giving meaning to RFID and cochlear implants. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 33(2),73-80. https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2014.2319978
• Wang, Y. (2022). A review of microchip implant in human. In Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2022) (pp. 92–97).
• Wee, B. V., & Banister, D. (2016). How to write a literature review paper? Transport Reviews, 36(2), 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2015.1065456
• Werber, B., Baggia, A., & Žnidaršič, A. (2018). Factors affecting the intentions to use RFID subcutaneous microchip implants for healthcare purposes. Organizacija, 51(2), 121-133. https://doi.org/10.2478/orga-2018-0010
• Xiao, Y., & Watson, M. (2019). Guidance on conducting a systematic literature review. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 39(1), 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X17723645
• Žnidaršič, A., Baggia, A., & Werber, B. (2022). The profile of future consumer with microchip implant: Habits and characteristics. Int. J. Consum. Stud., 46(4), 1488–1501. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12774
• Žnidaršič, A., Baggia, A., Pavlíček, A., Fischer, J., Rostański, M., & Werber, B. (2021). Are we ready to use microchip implants? An international cross-sectional study. Organizacija, 54(4), 275-292. https://doi.org/10.2478/orga-2021-0019