Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunda Beslenme Tedavisi

Abstract

Otizim spekrum bozukluğu nörolojik hastalıklar grubunda yer almaktadır. Bu hastalığın bilinen bir tedavisi bulunmamaktadır. Bu hastalığa dönük tedavi yöntemleri, davranışsal farklılık ve diğer semptomları azaltmayı amaçlayan uygulamalardır. Beslenme tedavisi bu yöntemler arasında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bağırsak geçirgenliğinin artmış olması nedeniyle OSB’de uygulanan diyet tedavisi beyin-bağırsak iletişimini düzelterek davranışlar üzerinde etkili olabilir. Özellikle yaygın olarak kullanılan karbonhidrat kısıtlı diyetler septomların azalmasında önemli etkisi olmaktadır. Ek olarak protein kaynaklarından olan gluten ve kazein’den fakir diyetlerinde OSB’de görülen faklılıkların iyileşmesinde etkili olabilir. Bu derleme makale gluten ve kezeinden fakir diyetin otizm spekrum bozukluğu üzerine etkisini araştırmak amacıyla yazılmıştır.

Keywords

• Kazein
• gluten
• kazeimorfin
• glutemorfin
• otizm

Nutritional Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder is in the group of neurological diseases. There is no known cure for this disease. Treatment methods for this disease are practices aimed at reducing behavioral differences and other symptoms. Nutrition therapy is widely used among these methods. Due to increased intestinal permeability, diet therapy applied in ASD may have an effect on behaviors by improving brain-intestinal communication. In particular, carbohydrate-restricted diets, which are widely used, have a significant effect on the reduction of symptoms. In addition, diets poor in gluten and casein, which are protein sources, may be effective in improving the differences seen in ASD. This review article was written to investigate the effect of gluten- and cetinine-free diet on autism spectrum disorder.

Keywords

• Casein
• gluten
• casimorphy
• gluten morphine
• autism

References

1. Brigandi S, Shao H, Qian S, Shen Y, Wu BL, Kang J (2015). Autistic Children Exhibit Decreased Levels of Essential Fatty Acids in Red Blood Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(12), 10061–10076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160510061
2. Buie T, Mulloy A, Lang R, O’Reilly M, Sigafoos J, Lancioni G, Rispoli M, Elder J H, Wightley P, Shattock P, Savery D, Rodgers J, Whiteley P, Shattock P, Knivsberg AM, Seim A, Reichelt KL, Todd L, Carr K, … Reissmann A (2010). Gluten-free and casein-free diets in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(6), 328–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.10.008
3. Cass H, Gringras P, March J, McKendrick I, O’Hare AE, Owen, L, Pollin C (2008). Absence of urinary opioid peptides in children with autism. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 93(9), 745–750. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2006.114389
4. Cekici H, Sanlier N (2019). Current nutritional approaches in managing autism spectrum disorder: A review. Nutritional Neuroscience, 22(3), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2017.1358481
5. Cusco I, Medrano A, Gener B, Vilardell M, Gallastegui F, Villa O, Gonzalez E, Rodriguez-Santiago B, Vilella E, Del Campo M, Perez-Jurado LA (2009). Autism-specific copy number variants further implicate the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway and the glutamatergic synapse in the etiology of the disorder. Human Molecular Genetics, 18(10), 1795–1804. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddp092
6. Dohan FC, Grasberger JC, Lowell FM, Johnston HT, Arbegast AW (1969). Relapsed Schizophrenics: More Rapid Improvement on a Milk- and Cereal-free Diet. British Journal of Psychiatry, 115(522), 595–596. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.115.522.595
7. Francis K (2005). Autism interventions: a critical update. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 47(7), 493–499. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162205000952
8. Fujiwara T, Morisaki N, Honda Y, Sampei M, Tani Y (2016). Chemicals, Nutrition, and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Mini-Review. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00174

9. Hallböök T, Sjölander A, Åmark P, Miranda M, Bjurulf B, Dahlin M (2015). Effectiveness of the ketogenic diet used to treat resistant childhood epilepsy in Scandinavia. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 19(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2014.09.005
10. Hanson E, Kalish LA, Bunce E, Curtis C, McDaniel S, Ware J, Petry J (2007). Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine among Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(4), 628–636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0192-0
11. Harrington JW, Rosen L, Garnecho A, Patrick PA (2006). Parental Perceptions and Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Practices for Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders in Private Practice. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 27(Supplement 2), S156–S161. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200604002-00014
12. Heilskov Rytter MJ, Andersen LBB, Houmann T, Bilenberg N, Hvolby A, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF, Lauritzen L (2015). Diet in the treatment of ADHD in children—A systematic review of the literature. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 69(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2014.921933
13. Hsu CL, Lin DCY, Chen CL, Wang CM, Wong AMK (2009). The effects of a gluten and casein-free diet in children with autism: A case report. Chang Gung Medical Journal, 32(4), 459–465.
14. Huang AX, Wheeler JJ (2006). High-functional autism: An overview of characteristics and related issues. International Journal of Special Education, 21(2), 109–122.
15. Knivsberg A, Reichelt KL, N⊘dland, M., & H⊘ien, T. (1995). Autistic Syndromes and Diet: a follow‐up study. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 39(3), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031383950390304
16. Lange KW, Hauser J, Reissmann A (2015). Gluten-free and casein-free diets in the therapy of autism. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 18(6), 572–575. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000228
17. Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Baio J, Washington A, Patrick M, DiRienzo M, Christensen DL, Wiggins LD, Pettygrove S, Andrews JG, Lopez M, Hudson A, Baroud T, Schwenk Y, White T, Rosenberg CR, Lee LC, Harrington RA, Huston M, Dietz PM (2020). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016. MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 69(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6904a1
18. Mattila ML, Kielinen M, Linna SL, Jussila K, Ebeling H, Bloigu R, Joseph RM, Moilanen I (2011). Autism Spectrum Disorders According to DSM-IV-TR and Comparison With DSM-5 Draft Criteria: An Epidemiological Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(6), 583-592.e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.04.001
19. Napoli E, Dueñas N, Giulivi C. (2014). Potential Therapeutic Use of the Ketogenic Diet in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2014.00069
20. Panksepp J (1979). A neurochemical theory of autism. Trends in Neurosciences, 2, 174–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(79)90071-7
21. Patel K, Curtis LT (2007). A Comprehensive Approach to Treating Autism and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Prepilot Study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(10), 1091–1098. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2007.0611
22. Pennesi CM, Klein LC (2012). Effectiveness of the gluten-free, casein-free diet for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: Based on parental report. Nutritional Neuroscience, 15(2), 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1179/1476830512Y.0000000003
23. Ruskin DN, Murphy MI, Slade SL, Masino SA (2017). Ketogenic diet improves behaviors in a maternal immune activation model of autism spectrum disorder. PLOS ONE, 12(2), e0171643. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171643
24. Vahia V (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(3), 220. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.117131
25. van Wijngaarden, E., Davidson, P. W., Smith, T. H., Evans, K., Yost, K., Love, T., Thurston, S. W., Watson, G. E., Zareba, G., Burns, C. M., Shamlaye, C. F., & Myers, G. J. (2013). Autism Spectrum Disorder Phenotypes and Prenatal Exposure to Methylmercury. Epidemiology, 24(5), 651–659. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e31829d2651
26. Verpeut JL, DiCicco-Bloom E, Bello NT (2016). Ketogenic diet exposure during the juvenile period increases social behaviors and forebrain neural activation in adult Engrailed 2 null mice. Physiology & Behavior, 161, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.001
27. Whiteley P, Shattock P, Knivsberg AM, Seim A, Reichelt KL, Todd L, Carr K, Hooper M (2013). Gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for autism spectrum conditions. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00344