Effect of Leptins in Reproduction

Abstract

Adipose tissue functions both as an energy store and as an active endocrine organ secreting a large number of biologically important molecules called adipokines. Adipokines have been shown to be involved in the regulation of reproductive function and the first adipokine identified was leptin. Recent research shows that leptin is not only an adipocyte-derived precursor of the amount of energy stores going to the brain, but also a hormone/cytokine crucial for a number of different physiological processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, immune function and reproduction. Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, plays an important role in numerous physiological and metabolic functions in the body, especially during puberty and reproduction. Besides its central hypothalamic effects, leptin acts in many peripheral organs (stomach, skeletal muscle, pituitary cells, placenta), including the testes, and has a regulatory role in both male reproductive and female reproductive function. Leptin is essential for normal reproductive function, but in excess it can have detrimental effects on the reproductive system. Infertile men with disorders affecting the testicular parenchyma, including non-obstructive azoospermia, oligozoospermia and oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia, are known to have high leptin concentrations. Recent studies in the literature suggest a strong association between the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal (HPG) axis, androgen regulation and sperm production, leptin and infertility. Based on these studies, it is possible to suggest that leptin excess, deficiency or resistance may be associated with abnormal reproductive function. Furthermore, these abnormalities caused by high leptin have also been associated with increased oxidative stress. If the relationship between leptin and reproduction can be fully understood, it may shed light on future targeted therapies for both male and female infertility. This review focuses on the relationship between leptin and fertility.

Keywords

• Reproduction
• Hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis
• Infertility
• Leptin

Üremede Leptinlerin Etkisi

Abstract

Adipoz doku hem enerji deposu hem de adipokinler olarak adlandırılan biyolojik olarak önemli çok sayıda molekülü salgılayan aktif bir endokrin organ olarak işlev görmektedir. Adipokinlerin üreme fonksiyonlarının düzenlenmesinde yer aldığı kanıtlanmıştır ve tanımlanan ilk adipokin leptindir. Son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalar, leptinin beyine giden enerji depolarının miktarının yalnızca yağ dokusundan türetilen bir habercisi olmadığını, aynı zamanda iltihaplanma, anjiyogenez, hematopoez, bağışıklık fonksiyonu ve üreme gibi bir dizi farklı fizyolojik süreç için çok önemli bir hormon/sitokin olduğunu göstermektedir. Adiposit kaynaklı bir hormon olan leptin, özellikle ergenlik ve üreme döneminde vücutta çok sayıda fizyolojik ve metabolik fonksiyonda önemli rol oynamaktadır. Leptin, merkezi hipotalamik etkilerinin yanı sıra, testisler de dahil olmak üzere birçok periferik organda (mide, iskelet kası, hipofiz hücreleri, plasenta) etki göstermektedir ve hem erkek üreme hem de dişi üreme işlevinde düzenleyici bir role sahiptir. Leptin normal üreme işlevi için gereklidir, ancak fazla miktarda bulunduğunda üreme sistemi üzerinde zararlı etkileri olabilir. Non-obstrüktif azoospermi, oligozoospermi ve oligo-asteno-teratozoospermi dahil olmak üzere testiküler parankimi etkileyen bozuklukları olan infertil erkeklerin yüksek leptin konsantrasyonlarına sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Literatürde yapılan son çalışmalar, hipotalamik-hipofizeal-gonadal (HPG) ekseni, androjen regülasyonu ve sperm üretimi ile leptin ve infertilite arasında güçlü bir ilişki olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Yapılan bu çalışmalardan yola çıkarak, leptin fazlalığı, eksikliği veya direnci durumlarının anormal üreme işlevi ile ilişkili olabileceğini söylemek mümkündür. Ayrıca, yüksek leptinin neden olduğu bu anormallikler artan oksidatif stres ile de ilişkilendirilmiştir. Eğer ki leptin ve üreme arasındaki ilişki tam olarak anlaşılabilirse, hem erkek hem de kadın infertilitesi için gelecekte hedeflenen tedavilere ışık tutabilecektir. Bu derleme leptin ile fertilite arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanmaktadır.

Keywords

• Üreme
• Hipotalamik-Hipofizeal-gonadal eksen
• İnfertilite
• Leptin

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