GENERAL ANESTHESIA IN WILD BIRDS

Abstract

Birds have unique anatomical and physiological characteristics that have significant impacts on anaesthesia. Understanding and knowing the distinctive feature of the cardiorespiratory system of birds is important in terms of the method of administering anaesthetics and selecting suitable anaesthetics. Endotracheal tubes used in birds must be uncuffed since the inflated cuff may cause necrosis as a result of pressure in the tracheal mucosa. Intubation is risky in small birds because endotracheal tubes with small internal diameters show significant resistance to airflow, especially if mucus accumulates in the tubing. Birds do not have epiglottis. The absence of epiglottis increases the aspiration leak sensitivity that is shaped before or right after the application of anaesthesia. In birds, injections made in the caudal area such as legs are eliminated by the renal-portal system before being engaged in the systemic circulation. Since the pectoral muscle mass is weak (minimal) in flightless birds, the hip muscles are preferred as the place of injection. In wild birds, similar to mammals, different anesthetic agents are commonly used.

Keywords

• Anesthesia,Raptor,Wild life

References

1. Referans1. Gunke LC, Lafortune M. (2005): Current Techniques in Avian Anesthesia, Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine. 14:263–276.
2. Referans2. İnal F, Maden M, Yazar E. (2010): Egzotik Hayvan Hastalıkları ve Beslenmesi. 8-32, Erman Offset-Konya.
3. Referans3. Gleed RD, Ludders JW. (2001): Recent Advances in Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: Companion Animals, International Veterinary Information Service, A1409.0801.
4. Referans4. Lierz M, Korbel R. (2012): Anesthesia and Analgesia in Birds. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 21: 44–58.
5. Referans5. Ritchie BW, Harrison GJ, Harrison LR. (1994): Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. 1067, Wingers Publishing Inc., Florida.
6. Referans6. Curro TG, Brunson DB, Paul-Murphy J. (1994): Determination of the ED50 of isoflurane and evaluation of the isoflurane sparing effect of butorphanol in cockatoos (Cacatua spp.). Vet. Surgery; 23:429-433.
7. Referans7. Ludders JW, Rode J, Mitchell GS. (1989): Isoflurane anesthesia in sandhillcranes (Gruscanadensis): minimal anesthetic concentration and cardiopulmonary dose-response during spontaneous and controlled breathing. Anesth. Analg (Cleve); 68: 511.
8. Referans8. Marx, K.L. (2006): Clinical Avian Medicine (Vol I). Spix Publishing, Florida