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Cyprus: A federal or two-state solution?

Year 2017, Volume: 19 Issue: 43, 15 - 36, 01.06.2017

Abstract

The Republic of Cyprus came into existence in 1960 as a Greek-Turkish bi-communal partnership. Intercommunal strife and the ultimate coup against the fist president prompted Turkey’s intervention in 1974 which quelled the violence since but partitioned the island. Despite repeated and often encouraging promises, endeavours to reunite the island have so far been in vain. In the context of the accumulative respect for human rights sanctioning secession as the exercise of the right of self-determination, the potential contribution which political dynamism in the Eastern Mediterranean and the discovery of energy reserves in the Levant can make to a future settlement, this article reconciles statehood with the status of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus TRNC; analyses the question of secession as it relates to Northern Cyprus; and discusses the prospect for a federal or a two-state solution. It concludes that exporting Levant energy to Europe via Turkey is economically the most viable option and that a unified Federal Republic of Cyprus, with a constitutional right of secession, or two fully independent states within the supra-national framework of the European Union EU are viable alternatives

References

  • Ahmad, I. (2000). Prospects of Cyprus settlement after the Helsinki summit. Marmara Journal of European Studies, 8(1-2).
  • BBC News (2015). Italy’s Eni discovers huge gas field off Egyptian coast. August 30. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle- east-34102656.
  • Bon, D. & Mingst, K. (1980). French intervention in Africa: Dependency or Decolonization? Africa Today, 27(2).
  • Brilmayer, L. (1991). Secession and self-determination: A territorial interpretation, Yale Journal of International Law, 16.
  • Boutros-Ghali, B. (1992/93). Empowering the United Nations, Foreign Affairs, 71(5.)
  • Buchanan, A. (2004). Justice, legitimacy, and self- determination: Moral foundations for international law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Buchheit, L. (1978). Secession: The legitimacy of self- determination, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Cambridge Law Reports (2002). Emin v Yeldağ, 1 Family Law Reports, 956 (663-682). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Charalambous, L. (2015). Get ready: it’s that hole in the water time again, Cyprus Mail, May 31.
  • Clerides, G. (1989). Cyprus: My deposition, Nicosia: Alithia.
  • Cohen & Ben (2013). Moscow’s Cyprus Defeat. The National Interest. March 27.
  • Crawford, J. (2006). The creation of states in international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Crawford, J. (2011). State, Max Planck Encyclopaedia of Public International Law (2nd ed.).
  • Cyprus Mail. (1998). February 26.
  • Daily Express. (1963). December 28. Retrieved from www.atcanews.org/archive/wastedopportunities. pdf.
  • Dixon, M. (2000). Textbook on international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dugard, J. & Raič, D. (2012). ‘The role of recognition in the law and practice of secession’. In Kohen, M., Secession: International Law Perspectives (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Franck, T. (1993). ‘Postmodern tribalism and the right to secession’. In Brölmann, et al., Peoples and Minorities in International Law, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff.
  • Gareau, J. F. (2005). Shouting at the wall: Self-determination and the legal consequences of the construction of a wall in the occupied Palestinian Territory, Leiden Journal of International Law, 18.
  • Gobbi, H. (1998). Partition may be the only solution, Cyprus Mail, February 26.
  • Gudeleviciute, V. (2005). Does the principle of self- determination prevail over the principle of territorial integrity?, International Journal of Baltic Law, 2.
  • Hale, W. (n.d.). The Cyprus Conflict: The Main Narrative. Retrieved from http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/ narrative%20-%20final.html.
  • Hannum, H. (1993). Rethinking self-determination. Va. Journal of International Law, 34(1).
  • Hannum, H. (1996). Autonomy, sovereignty, and self- determination: The accommodation of conflicting rights. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press.
  • Hansard Parliamentary Debates vol 526 no 32 col 1272 & 1276 (19 December 1956).
  • Heinze, C. (1986). Cyprus Conflict, 1964-1985. Nicosia: K. Rustem & Bros.
  • Heraclides, A. (n.d.). The Essence of the Greek-Turkish Rivalry: National Narrative and Identity. Retrieved from http://www2.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/ research/hellenicObservatory/pubs/GreeSE.aspx.
  • Horowitz, D. (2006). The cracked foundations of the right to secede. Journal of Democracy, 14(2).
  • International Crisis Group (2014). Divided Cyprus: Coming to Terms on an Imperfect Reality. Europe Report, 229. March 14.
  • International Crisis Group (2009). Europe Report, September 30.
  • International Court of Justice Reports (1971). Namibia (South West Africa) Case, Advisory Opinion, June 21. The Hague.
  • International Court of Justice Reports (2010). Kosova Case, Advisory Opinion, July 22. The Hague.
  • Joseph, J. (1985). Cyprus: Ethnic conflict and international concern. London: Macmillan Press.
  • Koskenniemi, M. (1994). The wonderful artificiality of states. Am. Soc’y Int’l L. Proc., 88.
  • Lacher, H. & Kaymak, E. (2005). Transforming identities: Beyond the politics of non-settlement in North Cyprus. Mediterranean Politics, 10(2).
  • United Nations General Assembly (1983). UNGAR A/37/253, May 13. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1962). S/5959. September 10. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1964). S/5959. September 10. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1965). S/6569. July 29. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1965). S/7001. September 10. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1966). S/7350. March 10. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1967). S/8286. December 8. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1977). S/12323, April 30. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1979). S/13369. May 31. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1999). S/1999/707, June 22, New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (2014). 2004/437. May 28. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Security Council (1990). Resolution 649. March 12. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Security Council (1975). Resolution 367. March 12. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Security Council (1992). Resolution 774/92. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Security Council (2014). Resolution 2168. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, December 16. New York: United Nations.
  • Van den Driest, S. (2015). Crimea’s separation from Ukraine: An analysis of the right to self-determination and (remedial) secession in international law, Netherlands International Law Review, 62.
  • Wellman, C. (2005). A theory of secession, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Worster, W. (2009). Law, politics, and the conception of the state in state recognition theory. Boston University International Law Journal, 27. Biographic Sketch

Kıbrıs: Federal yoksa İki-Devletli Çözüm

Year 2017, Volume: 19 Issue: 43, 15 - 36, 01.06.2017

Abstract

Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti 1960’da Rum-Türk ortaklığı olarak İngiltere, Yunanistan ve Türkiye garantisi altında kuruldu. Kuruluşundan 3 yıl sonra başlayan halklar arası mücadele, 1974’de zamanın cumhurbaşkanına karşı darbeye ve can güvenini sağlayan ama ayni zamanda adayı bölen Türkiye’nin müdahalesine yol açmış. Bu güne dek sulh korunmuş olsa da, ümit verici birçok görüşmelere rağmen, bölünen adada federe devlet kurulamamıştır. Konu edilen araştırma uluslararası gelişmekte olan insan haklarını, Doğu Akdeniz’de keşfedilen enerji kaynaklarını ve siyasi gelişmeleri konu eder ve Kıbrıs’ın iki bolümlü federe devlet olanağını veya Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’nin KKTC’nin tanımını inceler. Araştırma Doğu Akdeniz Bilâdü’ş-Şâm Levant bölgesinde keşfedilen enerjinin Karpaz-Türkiye boru hattı üzerinden Avrupa’ya dağıtımı en uygun seçenek oldugunu ve Kıbrıs Federe Devletinin kuruluşu veya iki özgür devletli Kıbrıs’ın Avrupa Birliği’ne AB üye olabileceğini savunur

References

  • Ahmad, I. (2000). Prospects of Cyprus settlement after the Helsinki summit. Marmara Journal of European Studies, 8(1-2).
  • BBC News (2015). Italy’s Eni discovers huge gas field off Egyptian coast. August 30. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle- east-34102656.
  • Bon, D. & Mingst, K. (1980). French intervention in Africa: Dependency or Decolonization? Africa Today, 27(2).
  • Brilmayer, L. (1991). Secession and self-determination: A territorial interpretation, Yale Journal of International Law, 16.
  • Boutros-Ghali, B. (1992/93). Empowering the United Nations, Foreign Affairs, 71(5.)
  • Buchanan, A. (2004). Justice, legitimacy, and self- determination: Moral foundations for international law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Buchheit, L. (1978). Secession: The legitimacy of self- determination, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Cambridge Law Reports (2002). Emin v Yeldağ, 1 Family Law Reports, 956 (663-682). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Charalambous, L. (2015). Get ready: it’s that hole in the water time again, Cyprus Mail, May 31.
  • Clerides, G. (1989). Cyprus: My deposition, Nicosia: Alithia.
  • Cohen & Ben (2013). Moscow’s Cyprus Defeat. The National Interest. March 27.
  • Crawford, J. (2006). The creation of states in international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Crawford, J. (2011). State, Max Planck Encyclopaedia of Public International Law (2nd ed.).
  • Cyprus Mail. (1998). February 26.
  • Daily Express. (1963). December 28. Retrieved from www.atcanews.org/archive/wastedopportunities. pdf.
  • Dixon, M. (2000). Textbook on international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dugard, J. & Raič, D. (2012). ‘The role of recognition in the law and practice of secession’. In Kohen, M., Secession: International Law Perspectives (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Franck, T. (1993). ‘Postmodern tribalism and the right to secession’. In Brölmann, et al., Peoples and Minorities in International Law, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff.
  • Gareau, J. F. (2005). Shouting at the wall: Self-determination and the legal consequences of the construction of a wall in the occupied Palestinian Territory, Leiden Journal of International Law, 18.
  • Gobbi, H. (1998). Partition may be the only solution, Cyprus Mail, February 26.
  • Gudeleviciute, V. (2005). Does the principle of self- determination prevail over the principle of territorial integrity?, International Journal of Baltic Law, 2.
  • Hale, W. (n.d.). The Cyprus Conflict: The Main Narrative. Retrieved from http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/ narrative%20-%20final.html.
  • Hannum, H. (1993). Rethinking self-determination. Va. Journal of International Law, 34(1).
  • Hannum, H. (1996). Autonomy, sovereignty, and self- determination: The accommodation of conflicting rights. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press.
  • Hansard Parliamentary Debates vol 526 no 32 col 1272 & 1276 (19 December 1956).
  • Heinze, C. (1986). Cyprus Conflict, 1964-1985. Nicosia: K. Rustem & Bros.
  • Heraclides, A. (n.d.). The Essence of the Greek-Turkish Rivalry: National Narrative and Identity. Retrieved from http://www2.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/ research/hellenicObservatory/pubs/GreeSE.aspx.
  • Horowitz, D. (2006). The cracked foundations of the right to secede. Journal of Democracy, 14(2).
  • International Crisis Group (2014). Divided Cyprus: Coming to Terms on an Imperfect Reality. Europe Report, 229. March 14.
  • International Crisis Group (2009). Europe Report, September 30.
  • International Court of Justice Reports (1971). Namibia (South West Africa) Case, Advisory Opinion, June 21. The Hague.
  • International Court of Justice Reports (2010). Kosova Case, Advisory Opinion, July 22. The Hague.
  • Joseph, J. (1985). Cyprus: Ethnic conflict and international concern. London: Macmillan Press.
  • Koskenniemi, M. (1994). The wonderful artificiality of states. Am. Soc’y Int’l L. Proc., 88.
  • Lacher, H. & Kaymak, E. (2005). Transforming identities: Beyond the politics of non-settlement in North Cyprus. Mediterranean Politics, 10(2).
  • United Nations General Assembly (1983). UNGAR A/37/253, May 13. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1962). S/5959. September 10. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1964). S/5959. September 10. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1965). S/6569. July 29. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1965). S/7001. September 10. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1966). S/7350. March 10. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1967). S/8286. December 8. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1977). S/12323, April 30. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1979). S/13369. May 31. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (1999). S/1999/707, June 22, New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Secretary General (2014). 2004/437. May 28. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Security Council (1990). Resolution 649. March 12. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Security Council (1975). Resolution 367. March 12. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Security Council (1992). Resolution 774/92. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations Security Council (2014). Resolution 2168. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, December 16. New York: United Nations.
  • Van den Driest, S. (2015). Crimea’s separation from Ukraine: An analysis of the right to self-determination and (remedial) secession in international law, Netherlands International Law Review, 62.
  • Wellman, C. (2005). A theory of secession, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Worster, W. (2009). Law, politics, and the conception of the state in state recognition theory. Boston University International Law Journal, 27. Biographic Sketch
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hasan A Deveci This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 19 Issue: 43

Cite

APA Deveci, H. A. (2017). Cyprus: A federal or two-state solution?. Kıbrıs Araştırmaları Dergisi, 19(43), 15-36.

Journal of Cyprus Studies

Center for Cyprus Studies

Eastern Mediterranean University

Famagusta, Northern Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey