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Durgā Pūcā ve Kālī Pūcā Festivallerinde Dikkat Çeken İki Tantracı Unsur: Tanrıça Kültü ve Hayvan Kurbanı

Year 2024, Issue: 67, 254 - 275, 20.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1526941

Abstract

Hinduizm’de ibadet genellikle bireysel bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmekle birlikte topluca uygulanan biçimleri de bulunmaktadır. Yıllık festivaller toplu ibadetlerin en belirgin örnekleridir. Dini ve kültürel yaşamın önemli bir parçasını oluşturan bu festivallerin her biri farklı tanrılarla yahut tanrıçalarla ve mitolojik olaylarla ilişkilidir. Hindu festivalleri ritüelleri, duaları, dansları, festivalle ilişkili heykellerin yapılmasını, kutlamanın konusuyla ilgili olayların sergilendiği çadırların hazırlanmasını ve birlikte yenilen yemekleri içerir. Birlik ve beraberlik içinde kutlanan festivaller bir yandan tapınılan tanrıya, tanrıçaya bağlılığı kuvvetlendirirken diğer yandan toplumsal birliği pekiştirir. Hinduizm’deki festivallerin kutlama biçimleri bölgeden bölgeye değişiklik gösterdiği gibi dini geleneklere göre de farklılıklar ihtiva eder. Çalışmamızın konusu olan Durgā Pūcā ve Kālī Pūcā festivalleri tüm Hindular tarafından kutlanan önemli bir festivaldir. Tanrıçaya adanan bu festivallerden Durgā Pūcā tüm Hindistan’da Kālī Pūcā ise Batı Bengal, Assam, Odişa/Orissa ve Tripura gibi doğu Hindistan bölgelerinde kutlanır. Makale Durgā Pūcā ve Kālī Pūcā festivallerini ve bu festivallerde yer alan tantracı unsurları incelemeyi amaçlar. İnceleme konusu olarak bu iki festivalin seçilmesinin sebebi genel olarak Hinduizm’deki temel kutlama şekillerini devam ettirmekle beraber tanrıçaya tapımın ve hayvan kurbanının festivalin merkezinde yer almasıdır. Makalede Durgā Pūcā ve Kālī Pūcā festivallerinden söz edildikten sonra Tantracılığın ne zaman ve nerede ortaya çıktığından ve tantracı unsurlardan bahsedilecektir. Durgā Pūcā ve Kālī Pūcā festivallerinde tantracı unsurların nasıl yer aldığı ve bu unsurların dini açıdan ne anlama geldiği üzerinde durulacaktır. Bu bağlamda tanrıçaya tapım ve hayvan kurbanının bu festivallerin merkezinde yer alması tantracı düşüncenin etkisini anlamak açısından önemlidir. Zira Tantracılık yüce varlık anlayışında şaktiye önem verir ve onun tezahürleri olarak görülen tanrıçayı merkeze koyar, geleneksel Hindu düşüncesinin kabul etmediği ibadetleri kabul eder ve uygular. Zaman içerisinde bu ibadetler belirli gruplar tarafından devam ettirilmekle birlikte bazı ibadetlerin ve festivallerin kutlanış biçimlerinde kendini gösterir. Çalışmada dinler tarihinin betimleyici yöntemi kullanılarak festivaller, kavramlar ve fenomenler tanımlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Din fenomenolojisi metodundan faydalanarak Durgā Pūcā ve Kālī Pūcā festivallerinde gerçekleştirilen ritüellerin incelemesi yapılmıştır. Kavramların Türkçe’ye doğru ve eksiksiz bir şekilde aktarılabilmesi için Türkçe’de karşılığı olan harflerin yanında Hint hükümeti tarafından kabul edilen ISO 15019 çeviri yazım tablosu kullanılmıştır.

References

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  • Blurton, T. Richard. Bengali Myths. London: The British Museum Press, 2007.
  • Brooks, Douglas Renfrew. The Secret of The Three Cities. USA: The University of Chicago Press, 1990.
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  • Goudriaan, Teun – Gupta, Sanjukta. “Hindu Tantric and Şākta Literature”. A History of Indian Literature, ed. Teun Goudriaan, 2. Cilt. Germany: Otto Harrassowitz, 1981.
  • Joshi, Munish Chandra.“Historical and Iconographic aspects of Śākta Tantrism”. The Roots of Tantra. ed. Katherine Anne Harper-Robert L. Brown. State University of New York Press, USA, 2002.
  • Jones, Constance A.- Ryan, D.. Encyclopedia of Hinduism, 308-309. USA: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2007.
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  • Kinsley, David. Hindu Goddessess. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2005.
  • Kripal Jeffrey J.- McDermott, Rachel Fell. “Introducing Kālī studies”. Encountering Kālī. ed. Rachel Fell McDermott-Jeffrey j. Kripal. London: University of California Press, 2003.
  • Kondos, Vivienne. Kali. Katmandu: Mandala Book Point, 2013.
  • Koss, E. D..An Alphabetical List of The Feasts And Holidays of The Hindusand Muhammadans. India: Superintendent Government Printing, 1914.
  • Koyhare, Balaji Sitaram. Hindu Holidays. Bombay: The Times Press, 1904.
  • Letizia Chiara- Ripert Blandine, “Not in The Name of Dharma”, Animal Sacrifice, Religion and Law in South Asia, ed. Daniela Berti-Anthony Good, London: Routledge 2024.
  • Lorenzen, David N.. “Early Evidence for Tantric Religion”, Root of Tantra, ed. Katherine Anne Harper- Robert L. Brown, 25-39. USA: State University of New York Press, 2002.
  • Majupuria, Trilok Chandra. Religions in Nepal: With Reference to Religions of Tibet and India. Katmandu: Majupurias, 2008.
  • Mahānirvāṇa Tantra. çev. Arthur Avalon. London: Luzac&Co, 1913.
  • Masatoğlu, Mehmet. “Antik Çağın Sunakları: Rigveda’da Kurban ve İcrası”. Dini Araştırmalar, 66/1. (2024), 39-63. https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1445184
  • Masatoğlu, Mehmet. “Rigveda’da Kurban Fenomeni”. Dinler Tarihi Yazıları-Prof. Dr. Mehmet Aydın’a Armağan. ed. Durmuş Arık, Ahmet Aras, Cemil Kutlutürk. 295-305. Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi, 2022.
  • McDermott,Rachel Fell. Revelry, Rivalry, and Longing for the Goddesses of Bengal: The Fortu-nes of Hindu Festivals. New York: Colombia University Press, 2011.
  • Michael, Axel. “Blood Sacrifice in Nepal: Transformations”. Religion, Secularism And Ethni-city in Contemporary Nepal. ed. David N. Gellner-Sondra L. Hausner. 192-226. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Murdoch, John. Hindu and Muhammadan Festivals. New Delhi: Asian Education Services, 1991. Oğuz Mehmet- Karataş Hüsamettin. “Budizm’de Mandala Anlayışı ve Mandala Çeşitleri”, Top-lum Bilimleri Dergisi, 31 (2021), 177-199.
  • Oğuz-Mehmet-Karataş Hüsamettin. “Hint Dini Geleneğinde Mandala Ritüel İlişkisi”, Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 122 (2021), 574-596.
  • Padoux, André. The Hindu Tantric World. USA: The University of Chicago Press, 2017.
  • Parpola, Asko, The Root of Hinduism. UK: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Payne, Ernest A. The Saktas. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1997.
  • Ray, Sauresh. Durga Puca. Callington: Religious And Moral Education Press, 1990.
  • Rastogi, Navjivan. The Krama Tantricism of Kashmir. 1. Cilt. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publis-hers, 1996.
  • Rodrigues, Hillary Peter. The Liturgy of Durga Puca Withinter Pretations.New York: State University of New York Press, 2003.
  • Samanta, Suchitra, Kali in Bengali Lives. London: Lexington Books, 2021.
  • Samanta, Suchitra. “The ‘Self-Animal’ and Divine Digestion: Goat Sacrifice to The Goddess Kali in Bengal”. The Journal of Asian Studies. 53/3. (1994). 779-803.
  • Sivananda, S.. Hindu Fast&Festival. India: The Divine Life Society, 2002.
  • Urban, Hugh B.. The Power of Tantra. London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2010.
  • Varahamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā. çev. Panditabhushana V. Subrahmanya Sastri- V. B. Bangalore: Soobbiah&Sons, 1946.
  • Ward, William. A View of The History, Literature, and Religion of The Hindoos. Madras: Law Bookseller and Publishers, 1863.
  • Williams, Monier. A Sanskrıt-Engish Dictionary. London: The Clarendon Press, 1964.
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  • Woodroffe, John. Introduction to Tantra Shastra. Madra: Vasanta Press, 1952.
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Two Tantric Elements in Durgā Pūcā and Kālī Pūcā: Goddess and Animal Sacrifice

Year 2024, Issue: 67, 254 - 275, 20.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1526941

Abstract

In Hinduism, worship is usually practiced individually, but there are also collective forms of worship. Annual festivals are the most prominent examples of collective worship. Each festival, which constitutes an essential part of religious and cultural life, is associated with different gods or goddesses and mythological events. Hindu festivals include rituals, prayers, dances, the creation of statues associated with the festival, the preparation of tents showcasing events related to the celebration's theme, and communal meals. Celebrated in unity and solidarity, festivals strengthen devotion to the god and goddess worshipped while reinforcing social unity. The ways of celebrating festivals in Hinduism vary from region to region, depending on religious traditions. The Durgā Pūcā and Kālī Pūcā festivals, which are the subject of our study, are important festivals celebrated by all Hindus. Dedicated to the Goddess, Durgā Pūcā is celebrated all over India, while Kālī Pūcā is celebrated in eastern Indian regions such as West Bengal, Assam, Odisha/Orissa and Tripura. The article aims to examine the Durgā Pūcā and Kālī Pūcā festivals and the tantric elements in these festivals. The reason for choosing these two festivals as the subject of the study is that, although they continue the primary forms of celebration in Hinduism in general, goddess worship and animal sacrifice are at the center of the festival. After mentioning the Durgā Pūcā and Kālī Pūcā festivals, the article will discuss when and where tantricism and tantric elements emerged. How tantric elements are present in the Durgā Pūcā and Kālī Pūcā festivals and what these elements mean in religious terms will be emphasized. In this context, the centrality of goddess worship and animal sacrifice in these festivals is important for understanding the influence of tantric thought. Because tantricism attaches importance to the shakti in the understanding of the supreme being and puts the goddess, who is seen as its manifestations, at the center, accepts and practices worship that traditional Hindu thought does not accept. Over time, these worships have been continued by certain groups and manifested in the way some worships and festivals are celebrated. In this study, the descriptive method of the history of religions was used to describe festivals, concepts and phenomena. By utilizing the method of phenomenology of religion, the rituals performed in Durgā Pūcā and Kālī Pūcā festivals were analyzed. In order to accurately and completely translate the concepts into Turkish, the ISO 15019 translation spelling table accepted by the Indian government was used in addition to the letters that correspond to them in Turkish.

References

  • Āpṭe,Vāman Şivrām. Sanskṛt-Hindī Koş. Varanasi:Çaukhambā Vidyābhavan, 2012.
  • Astrid, Zotteron. “The Reorganisation a State Festival.” In Studies in Historical Documents from Nepal and India. ed. Simon Cubelic, Axel Michaels, Astrid Zotter. 493-531. Heidel-berg: Heidelberg University Publishing, 2018.
  • Bahadur, Om Lata. Book of Hindu Festivals and Ceremonies. New Delhi: UBSPD, 2000.
  • Bana. Kādambarī. çev. C. M. Ridding. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1896.
  • Bāṇa, Harshacharita.çev. E. B. Cowell-F. W. Thoas. London: The Royal Asiatic Society, 1897.
  • Banerjea, Jitendra Nath. Paurāṇik and Tāntric Religion. Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1966.
  • Banerji, S. C. Tantra in Bengal. Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 1992.
  • Beane, Wendell Charles. Myth, Cult and Symbols in Śākta Hinduism. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1977.
  • Bhattacharya, Benoytosh. Jayākhya Saṁhitā. Baroda: Oriental Institute,1931.
  • Bhavabhūti. Mālati Mādhva, çev. H. H. Wilson. Calcutta: Elysium Press, 1901.
  • Blurton, T. Richard. Bengali Myths. London: The British Museum Press, 2007.
  • Brooks, Douglas Renfrew. The Secret of The Three Cities. USA: The University of Chicago Press, 1990.
  • Chakravarti, Chintaharan. The Tantras Studies on Their Religion and Literature. Calcutta: Punthi Pustak, 1963.
  • Deveci, Beyza Aybike. “Hinduizm’de Durgā Pūcā’nın Yeri ve Önemi”. V. Lisansüstü Çalışmalar Kongresi. ed. Ümit Güneş, Eyüp Sami Yavaş. 211-223. İstanbul: İlem, 2016.
  • Fleet, John Faitfull. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. Calcutta: Superintendent of Goverment Printing, 3/1888. Flood, Gavin. An Introduction to Hinduism. USA: Cambridge University Press, 1966.
  • Flood Gavin. “Introduction: A History of Hindu Practice”, Hindu Practice, ed. Gavin Flood. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
  • Ghosha, P.. Durga Puca. Kalküta: Hindoo Patriot Press, 1871.
  • Goudriaan, Teun. “Indroduction, History and Philosophy”, Hindu Tantrism. Leiden/Köln: E. J. Brill, 1979.
  • Goudriaan, Teun – Gupta, Sanjukta. “Hindu Tantric and Şākta Literature”. A History of Indian Literature, ed. Teun Goudriaan, 2. Cilt. Germany: Otto Harrassowitz, 1981.
  • Joshi, Munish Chandra.“Historical and Iconographic aspects of Śākta Tantrism”. The Roots of Tantra. ed. Katherine Anne Harper-Robert L. Brown. State University of New York Press, USA, 2002.
  • Jones, Constance A.- Ryan, D.. Encyclopedia of Hinduism, 308-309. USA: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2007.
  • A. Jones, Constance. “Dassain”. Religious Celebrations. ed. J. Gordon Meltor-James A. Bever-ley, Christıpher Buck- Constance A. Jones, 1. Cilt. 239-241. California: ABC-CLIO, 2011.
  • Kāmandakīyaḥ, Nītisāraḥ Mudrayitva Prakaşitah, 1912.
  • Kālikā Purāṇa. çev. Biswanarayan Shastri. Delhi: Indra Gandhi National Centre for Arts, 1994.
  • Kālikā Purāṇa, ed. ve çev. Acharya Mrityunjav Tripathi, Navshakti Prakashan, Varanasi 2006.
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Tantrikve Ezoterik Dini Geleneklerde Mandala”, Journal of History School, 43 (2019), 1768-1786.
  • Kinsley, David. Tantric Vision of the Divine Feminine, The Ten Mahāvidyas. Delhi: Motilal Ba-narsidass Publishers, 1998.
  • Kinsley, David. Hindu Goddessess. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2005.
  • Kripal Jeffrey J.- McDermott, Rachel Fell. “Introducing Kālī studies”. Encountering Kālī. ed. Rachel Fell McDermott-Jeffrey j. Kripal. London: University of California Press, 2003.
  • Kondos, Vivienne. Kali. Katmandu: Mandala Book Point, 2013.
  • Koss, E. D..An Alphabetical List of The Feasts And Holidays of The Hindusand Muhammadans. India: Superintendent Government Printing, 1914.
  • Koyhare, Balaji Sitaram. Hindu Holidays. Bombay: The Times Press, 1904.
  • Letizia Chiara- Ripert Blandine, “Not in The Name of Dharma”, Animal Sacrifice, Religion and Law in South Asia, ed. Daniela Berti-Anthony Good, London: Routledge 2024.
  • Lorenzen, David N.. “Early Evidence for Tantric Religion”, Root of Tantra, ed. Katherine Anne Harper- Robert L. Brown, 25-39. USA: State University of New York Press, 2002.
  • Majupuria, Trilok Chandra. Religions in Nepal: With Reference to Religions of Tibet and India. Katmandu: Majupurias, 2008.
  • Mahānirvāṇa Tantra. çev. Arthur Avalon. London: Luzac&Co, 1913.
  • Masatoğlu, Mehmet. “Antik Çağın Sunakları: Rigveda’da Kurban ve İcrası”. Dini Araştırmalar, 66/1. (2024), 39-63. https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1445184
  • Masatoğlu, Mehmet. “Rigveda’da Kurban Fenomeni”. Dinler Tarihi Yazıları-Prof. Dr. Mehmet Aydın’a Armağan. ed. Durmuş Arık, Ahmet Aras, Cemil Kutlutürk. 295-305. Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi, 2022.
  • McDermott,Rachel Fell. Revelry, Rivalry, and Longing for the Goddesses of Bengal: The Fortu-nes of Hindu Festivals. New York: Colombia University Press, 2011.
  • Michael, Axel. “Blood Sacrifice in Nepal: Transformations”. Religion, Secularism And Ethni-city in Contemporary Nepal. ed. David N. Gellner-Sondra L. Hausner. 192-226. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Murdoch, John. Hindu and Muhammadan Festivals. New Delhi: Asian Education Services, 1991. Oğuz Mehmet- Karataş Hüsamettin. “Budizm’de Mandala Anlayışı ve Mandala Çeşitleri”, Top-lum Bilimleri Dergisi, 31 (2021), 177-199.
  • Oğuz-Mehmet-Karataş Hüsamettin. “Hint Dini Geleneğinde Mandala Ritüel İlişkisi”, Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 122 (2021), 574-596.
  • Padoux, André. The Hindu Tantric World. USA: The University of Chicago Press, 2017.
  • Parpola, Asko, The Root of Hinduism. UK: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Payne, Ernest A. The Saktas. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1997.
  • Ray, Sauresh. Durga Puca. Callington: Religious And Moral Education Press, 1990.
  • Rastogi, Navjivan. The Krama Tantricism of Kashmir. 1. Cilt. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publis-hers, 1996.
  • Rodrigues, Hillary Peter. The Liturgy of Durga Puca Withinter Pretations.New York: State University of New York Press, 2003.
  • Samanta, Suchitra, Kali in Bengali Lives. London: Lexington Books, 2021.
  • Samanta, Suchitra. “The ‘Self-Animal’ and Divine Digestion: Goat Sacrifice to The Goddess Kali in Bengal”. The Journal of Asian Studies. 53/3. (1994). 779-803.
  • Sivananda, S.. Hindu Fast&Festival. India: The Divine Life Society, 2002.
  • Urban, Hugh B.. The Power of Tantra. London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2010.
  • Varahamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā. çev. Panditabhushana V. Subrahmanya Sastri- V. B. Bangalore: Soobbiah&Sons, 1946.
  • Ward, William. A View of The History, Literature, and Religion of The Hindoos. Madras: Law Bookseller and Publishers, 1863.
  • Williams, Monier. A Sanskrıt-Engish Dictionary. London: The Clarendon Press, 1964.
  • Wilkins, W. J.. Modern Hinduism. New York: Welford&Co., 1887.
  • Woodroffe, John. Introduction to Tantra Shastra. Madra: Vasanta Press, 1952.
  • Zotter, Astrid. “Who Kills The Buffalo”, Nine Nights Of Power, ed. Ute Hüsken, Vadhu Nara-yan, Astrid Zotter. Albany: Suny Press, 2021.
  • The Art of Living, “Significance and of lyrics Devi Kavacham”. Erişim, 04 Temmuz 2024. https://www.artofliving.org/in-en/significance-and-lyrics-devi-kavacham
  • Facebook, “Patha Bali on The Occasion of Maha Navami Puja”. Erişim, 05 Temmuz 2024. https://www.facebook.com/AmitabhBJP/videos/patha-boli-goat-sacrifice-on-the-occasion-of-maha-navami-puja-joy-maa-durga/349174190504774/
  • Unesco, “Durga Puja in Kolkota”. Erişim, 17 Ekim 2024. https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/durga-puja-in-kolkata-00703
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Studies in Eastern Religious Traditions
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Beyza Aybike Deveci 0000-0003-1911-3163

Publication Date December 20, 2024
Submission Date August 2, 2024
Acceptance Date November 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 67

Cite

ISNAD Deveci, Beyza Aybike. “Durgā Pūcā Ve Kālī Pūcā Festivallerinde Dikkat Çeken İki Tantracı Unsur: Tanrıça Kültü Ve Hayvan Kurbanı”. Dini Araştırmalar 67 (December 2024), 254-275. https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1526941.