Investigation of the Operations of Open Pit Iron Mineralization for Acid Mine Drainage (Adana/Saimbeyli)

Abstract

This study includes the field and laboratory studies (statics tests related to the Acid Production Potential [APP], Neutralization Potential [NP]) to investigate the estimation for the formation of Acid Mine Drainage of an iron mineralization located in Kaburluk, Saimbeyli District, Adana Province. An iron ore formation in the studied region is located in a trap in the dolomitic limestones of the middle Devonian at the base of the shale sandstone-limestone sequences of the upper Devonian. X-ray Fluoresence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), total sulfur (S), NP, Net Neutralization Potential (NNP), Acid Production Potential (APP), mud pH and squirting tests were carried out on the ore and other rocks samples collected from the study area within in the scope of geochemical and static tests. The NP, Net Neutralization Potential (NNP), APP, Neutralization Potential Ratio (NPR=NP/APP) values of the samples were evaluated based on the data obtained. The paragenesis of the mineralization was composed of hematite, gothite siderite and limonite, while constitutes dolomite, calcite and pyrite minerals constitute the host rock. According to the results of the analysis performed on the host rocks, % total S: 0.21-0.42, NP (∑NP (kg/ton)): 289.07-478.07, APP sulfuric acid equivalents (kg / ton): 13, 13- 26.25 were determined. The NPR values were found to be between 11.01 -31.26. According to the results belonging to the ore samples, the following values were calculated: % total S: 0.03-0.09, NP (∑NP (kg / ton)): 8.07-53.16, APP sulfuric acid equivalents (kg / ton): 1.56- 5.56. The NPR values of the ore sample varied 2.58 and 16.50. According to the NPR values, there was no acid producing potential of the ore-bearing samples and host rocks. However, it is recommended that kinetics test should be performed after mining activities start in the region as there is a potential to generate acid during conducting mining operations.

Keywords

• Acid Mine Drainage
• Static Tests
• Acid-Base Accounting
• Saimbeyli/Adana Iron Mineralization

Açık İşletme Demir Cevherleşmesinin Asit Maden Drenajı Oluşumuna Yönelik Kestirimlerinin Araştırılması (Adana/Saimbeyli)

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Adana İli, Saimbeyli İlçesi, Kaburluk Mevkiinde bulunan demir cevherleşmesinin Asit Maden Drenajı (AMD) oluşumuna yönelik kestirimlerin araştırılması hakkında arazi ve laboratuvar çalışmalarını ve Asit Üretme Potansiyeli (AÜP), Nötürleştirme Potansiyeli (NP) ile ilgili statik testleri içermektedir. Bölgedeki demir cevheri oluşumu Üst Devoniyen şeyl kumtaşı-kireçtaşı ardalanmasının tabanında Orta Devoniyen dolomitik kireçtaşları içerisinde bir kapanda yerleşmiştir. Araziden alınan cevher ve yan kayaç örnekleri üzerinde jeokimyasal ve statik testler kapsamında XRF, XRD, toplam S (toplam kükürt), NP (Nötralizasyon potansiyeli), AÜP (Asit Üretim Potansiyeli), Çamur pH, fışırdama ölçümleri yapılmış, elde edilen verilere göre örneklerin NP, NNP (Net nötralizasyon potansiyeli), AÜP, Nötürleşme potansiyel oranı (NPO= NP/AÜP) değerlendirilmiştir. Cevherleşmenin parajenezini hematit, götit, siderit ve limonit, yan kayaç parajenezini ise dolomit, kalsit ve pirit mineralleri oluşturmaktadır. Yan kayaç örneklerinde % toplam S: 0,21-0,42, NP (∑NP (kg/ton)): 289,07-478,07, AÜP sülfürik asit eşdeğerleri (kg/ton): 13,13- 26,25 tespit edilmiştir. NPO değerleri, 11,01-31,26 aralığında hesaplanmıştır. Cevherde yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre: %toplam S: 0,03-0,09, NP (∑NP (kg/ton)): 8,07-53,16, AÜP sülfürik asit eşdeğerleri (kg/ton):1,56-5,56 tespit edilmiştir. NPO değerleri ise 2,58-16,50 olarak hesaplanmıştır. NPO değerlerine göre yan kayaç ve cevherli örneklerin asit üretme potansiyeli bulunmamaktadır. Ancak, maden sahasının faaliyete geçildiği zamanlarda asit üretme potansiyel ihtimali mevcut olduğundan, kinetik testlerin bölgede maden faaliyeti başladıktan sonra yapılması önerilmektedir.

Keywords

• Asit Maden Drenajı
• Statik Testler
• Asit-Baz Hesabı
• Saimbeyli/Adana Demir Cevherleşmesi

References

1. Adam K., Kourtis A., Gazea B.,Kontopoulos, A., (1996), Comparison of static test techniques for the prediction of acid rock drainage in polymetallic sulphide mines, Engineering Foundation Conference in the Mining and Mineral Processing Industries, Italy, ss.121-127.
2. Akaryalı E., Gücer M.A., Alemdağ S., (2018), Atık barajı rezervuarı ve cevher stok alanlarında asit maden drenajı (amd) oluşumunun değerlendirilmesi: Gümüşhane Örneği, Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 4(2), 192-209.
3. Alemdağ S., Akayalı E., Gücer M.A., (2020a), Flotasyon tesis atıklarının asit üretme potansiyeli ve kirliliğin önlenmesi, Gümüşhane, KD Türkiye, Yerbilimleri, 41(1), 56-85.
4. Alemdağ S., Akaryalı E., Gücer M.A., (2020b), Prediction of mine drainage generation potential and the prevention method in the Gümüşköy (Kütahya) mineralization area, NW-Turkey. Journal of Mountain Science, 17(10), 2387-2404.
5. Baykul A., (1990), Aşılık (Saimbeyli-Adana) Demir yatağının metalojenik incelemesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana.
6. Berghorn G.H., Hunzeker G.R., (2001), Passive treatment alternatives for remediating abandoned-mine drainage. Remediation 11, 111-127.
7. Brodie M.J., Broughton L, M., Robertson A., (1991), A conceptual rock classification system for waste management and laboratory method for ard prediction from rock piles, Second Internetional Conference on the Abatement of Acid Drainage, Vol:3 Montreal, Quebec, September 16-18, MEND Program Ed- Quebec Mining Association, Otawa, ss. 119-135.
8. Caraballo M.A., Rötting T.S., Macías F., Nieto J.M., Ayora C., (2009), Field Multi-step limestone and mgo passive system to treat acid mine drainage with high metal concentrations, Applied Geochemistry, 24, 2301-2311.

9. Day S.J., (1989), Comments after presentation of: A practical approach to testing for acid mine drainage in the mine planning and approval process, Thirteenth Annual British Columbia Mine Reclamation Symposium, June 7-9, Vernon, British Columbia.
10. Delibalta M.S., Uzal N., Lermi A., (2016), Acid mine drainage and rehabilitation in Ilgın Lignite Mines Lakes. Nigde University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 5(1), 73-82.
11. Demirtaşlı E., (1967), Pınarbaşı-Sarız-mağara civarının jeoloji raporu, MTA Enst. Raporu, Rapor No: 1935, 129ss.
12. Dold B., (2014), Evolution of acid mine drainage formation in sulphidic mine tailings, Minerals, 4(2), 621-641.
13. Ferguson K.D., Erickson P.M., (1988), Pre-mine prediction of acid mine drainage. ın: dredged material and mine tailings. Edited by Dr. Willem Salomons and Professor Dr. Ulrich Forstner. Copyright by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
14. Ferguson K.D., Morin, K.A., (1991), The prediction of acid rock drainage-lessons from the database. Proceedings of the 2nd ICARD içinde, vol. 1-4 Montréal, QC, Canada, ss.83-106.
15. Gücer M.A., Alemdağ S., Akaryalı E., (2020), Assessment of acid mine drainage formation using geochemical and static tests in Mutki (Bitlis, SE Turkey) Mineralization Area. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 29(7), 1189-1210.
16. Heier K.S., Adams J.A.S., (1965), Concentration of radioactive elements in deep crustal material, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 29(1), 53-61.
17. Hossner L.R., Brandt J.E., (1997), Acid/base account and minesoils: A Review, Proceedings of 14th Annual Meeting of the ASSMR. America Society of Mining and Reclamation, ss.128-140.
18. Jambor J.L., Dutrizac, J.E., Chen T.T., (2000), Contribution of specific minerals to the neutralization potential in static tests, In Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage; Society for Minining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Littleton, CO, USA, ss.551–565.
19. Lapakko K., (1992), Characterization and Static Testing of Ten Gold Mine Tailings. Proceedings America Society of Mining and Reclamation, ss.370-384, doi: 10.21000/JASMR92010370.
20. Lapakko K., (2002), Metal mine rock and waste characterization tools: An overview, Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development, No:67, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), England, 28ss.
21. Lottermoser B.G., (2010), Mine wastes: Characterization, Treatment and Environmental Impacts, Third Edition. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 400ss.
22. Lottermoser B.G., Ashley P.M., (2011), Trace element uptake by Eleocharis equisetina (spike rush) in an abandoned acid mine tailings pond, northeastern Australia: Implications for land and water reclamation in tropical regions. Environmental Pollution, 159, 3028-3035.
23. Marchand L., Mench M., Jacob D.L., Otte M.L., (2010), Metal and metalloid removal in constructed wetlands, with emphasis on the importance of plants and standardized measurements: a review. Environmental Pollution, 158, 3447-3461.
24. Miller S.D. (1996), Advances in Acid Mine Drainage: Prediction and Implication for Risk Management, Proceeding of the 3rd International and 21st Annual Minerals Council of Australia Environmental Workshop, 14-18 October, Newcastle, New South Wales, ss.149-157.
25. Miller S.D., Murray G.S., (1988), Application of acid base analysis to wastes from base metal and precious metal mines, Proceedings America Society of Mining and Reclamation, ss.29-32, doi: 10.21000/JASMR88010029.
26. Morin K.A., Hutt N.M., (1997), Environmental geochemistry of minesite drainage; Practical theory and case studies, MDAG Pub, Canada, 333ss.
27. Paktunç D., (1998), Characterization of mine wastes for prediction of acid mine drainage. Proceeding: Acid Mine Drainage Seminar/ Workshop, Conservation and Protection Environment, Ontario, Canada, ss.1-45.
28. Paktunç A. D., (1999), Minerological constrains on the determination of neutralization potential and prediction of acid mine drainage, Environmental Geology, 38, 82-84.
29. Price W.A., Errington J., Koyanagi V., (1997), Guidelines for the prediction of acid rock drainage and metal leaching for mines in British Columbia: part I. General Procedures and Information Requirements. Proc, 4th ICARD, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, 1, 1-14.
30. Price W.A., (2003), Challenges posed by metal leaching and acid rock drainage and approaches used to address them, Jambor, J.L., Blowes, D.W., Ritchie, A.I.M. (eds.), Environmental aspects of mine wastes. mineralogical association of Canada, Short Course Series, 31, ss.15-30.
31. Rötting T.S., Caraballo M.A., Serrano J.A., Ayora C., Carrera J., (2008), Field application of calcite dispersed alkaline substrate (calcite-DAS) for passive treatment of acid mine drainage with high Al and metal concentrations, Applied Geochemistry, 23, 1660-1674.
32. Soregaroli B.A, Lawrence R.W., (1998), Update on waste characterisation studies, Proceedings mine design, operations and closure conference, Polson, MT, USA.
33. Siddharth S., Jamal A., Dhar B.B., Shukla R., (2002), Acid-base accounting: a geochemical tool for management of acid drainage in coal mines, Mine Water and the Environment, 21, 106-110.
34. Skousen J.G., Sencindiver J.C., Smith R.M., (1987), A review of procedures for surface mining and reclamation in areas with acid-producing materials, EWRC 871, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 40ss.
35. Skousen J.G., Sexstone A., Ziemkiewicz P.F., (2000), Acid mine drainage control and treatment, Hartfield, J.L., Volenec, J.G., Dick, W.A. (eds), Reclamation of drastically disturbed lands. American Society of Agronomy and American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation. Agronomy No. 41, ss.131-169.
36. Smith, R.M., Grube, W.E.Jr., Arkele, T.Jr., Sobek, A.A., (1974), Mine spoil potentials for soil and water quality. West Virginia University. EPA-670/2-74-070, 303ss.
37. Smith R.M., Sobek A.A., Arkle T., Sencindiver J.C., Freeman J.R., (1976), Extensive overburden potentials for soil and water quality, EPA-600/2-76-184, USEPA, Cincinnati, OH. Sobek A.A., (1974), Mine spoil potentials for soil and water quality, West Virginia University, EPA-670/2-74-070, 303ss.
38. Sobek A.A., Schuller W.A., Freeman J.R., Smith R.M., (1978), Field and laboratory methods applicable to overburdens and minesoils, EPA-600/2-78-054. US Govt Printing Office, Washington, DC., USA.
39. Ünlü T., Yıldırım M., Öztürk M., Dağlıoğlu C., Kırıkoğlu G., Hasarı M., (1984), Feke-Mansurlu yöresi demir yataklarının oluşum modeli hakkında bir yaklaşım, MTA Maden Etüt Demir İzleme Destek 50225/1104, 3, Ankara.
40. Weber P. A., Hughesu J. B., Conner L. B., Lindsay P., Smart R. C., (2006), Short-term acid rock drainage characteristics determined by paste pH and kinetic NAG testing: Cypress Prospect, Proceeding from the 7th international conference on acid rock drainage, Missouri, ss.2289-2310, doi: 10.21000/JASMR06022289.
41. White W. W., Lapokko K. A., Cox R. L., (1999), Static-test methods most commonly used to predict acid mine drainage: Practical guidelines for use and interpretation. In the environmental geochemistry of ore deposits. Part A: Processes, Techniques, and Health Issues; Reviews in Economic Geology; Plumlee, G.S., Logsdon, M.J., Eds.; Society of Economic Geologists: Littleton, CO, USA, ss.325–338.