Popülizmin ve Popülist Desteğin Sebeplerine Dair Görüşler

Year 2021, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 57 - 83, 07.09.2021

Ahmet Harun Bilge

Abstract

Popülist siyasetçilerin bilhassa son yıllarda dünya siyasetinde yükseliş kaydederek bazı
ülkelerde iktidara gelmeleri, bazılarında ise güçlenerek iktidara gelme ümidi kazanmaları ve
bu sayede ülke politikalarında ağırlıklarını hissettirmeleri; hukuk, siyaset bilimi ve iktisat
başta olmak üzere pek çok alanın ilgisini bir anda popülizm kavramına yönlendirmiş
bulunmaktadır. Bunun bir ürünü olarak bugün literatürde popülizmin doğuşunun, yerel ve
küresel yükselişinin sebeplerini inceleyen çalışmalar kısa sürede hayli birikmiş durumdadır.
Tarihleri, siyasi sistemleri, kültürel yapıları gibi pek çok hususta hiç de benzeşmeyen pek çok
ülkede popülizmin paralel olarak yükselişi, araştırmacıları bu siyasetin yükselişini tetikleyen
ortak bir sebep aramaya yönlendirirken bazı araştırmacılar ise münhasıran belli bir bölge veya
ülkedeki popülizm kavramının yükselişini incelemişlerdir.
Bu çalışmada popülizmin yükselişinin dünya çapındaki ortak sebebi olarak gösterilen
globalleşme ve ekonomik eşitsizlikler kavramları incelenmiştir. Bunun yanında öfke, korku,
toplu narsisizm gibi toplumlarda popülist tavra yol açan duygusal sebeplere de değinilmiştir.

Keywords

Popülizm, Halk, Elitler, Küreselleşme, Ekonomik Eşitsizlik, Öfke, Korku, Toplu Narsistlik.

References

• 1. Aiginger, K. (2020). Populism: Root Causes, Power Grabbing and Counter Strategy. Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy. 55.2: 38-42. https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2020/number/1/article/populism-rootcauses-power-grabbing-and-counter-strategy.html (30 Ocak 2021).
• 2. Bergh, A. ve A. Kärnä. (2020). Globalization and Populism in Europe. Public Choice. (published online). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11127-020-00857-8 (30 Ocak 2021).
• 3. Bischi, G. I., F. Favaretto ve E. J. S. Carrera. (2020). Long-Term Causes of Populism. Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination. (published online). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11403-020-00300-7 (30 Ocak 2021).
• 4. Bugaric, B ve A. Kuhelj. (2018). Varieties of Populism in Europe: Is the Rule of Law in Danger?. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law. 10.1: 21-33. https://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s40803-018-0075-4 (30 Ocak 2021).
• 5. De Zavala, A.G. ve O. Keenan. (2020). Collective Narsisizm as a Framework for Understanding Populism. Journal of Theoetical Social Psychology. (published online). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342739859_Collective_narcissism_as_a_fra mework_for_understanding_populism (30 Ocak 2021).
• 6. Devinney, T. M. ve C. A. Hartwell. (2020). Varieties of Populism. Global Strategy Journal. 10.1: 32-66. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/gsj.1373 (30 Ocak 2021).
• 7. Friedman, J. (2018), A Note on Populism and Global Systemic Crisis. Economic Anthropology. 5.1: 135-137. https://doi.org/10.1002/sea2.12108 (30 Ocak 2021).
• 8. Gold, R. ve T. Fetzer. (2020). The Economic Causes of Populsim. Global Solutions Journal. 5: 72-77. https://www.global-solutions-initiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ GSJ5_Gold_Fetzer.pdf (30 Ocak 2021).
• 9. Hah, X.B.K. (2020). Is Globalization in Decline? Rise of Populism as a Threat to Globalization. Tamkang Journal of International Affairs. 23.3: 165-184.
• 10. Jay, S., A. Batruch, J. Jetten, C. Mc Garty ve O. T. Muldoon, (2019). Economic Inequality and the Rise of Far Right Populism: A Social Psychological Analysis. ‐ Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 29.5: 418-428. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334371778_Economic_inequality_and_the_r ise_of_far-right_populism_A_social_psychological_analysis (30 Ocak 2021).
• 11. Margalit, Y. (2019), Economic Insecurity and the Causes of Populism, Reconsidered. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 33.4: 152-170. https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.33.4.152 (31 Ocak 2021).
• 12. Milner, H. V. (2019). Globalisation, Populism and the Decline of the WelfareState. Survival. 61.2: 91-96.
• 13. Nolan, B. (2016). Globalisation, Inequality and Populism. Journal of the Statistical &SocialInquirySociety of Ireland. 46:110-116.
• 14. Nowakowsky, A. (2020). Do Unhappy Citizens Vote for Populism. In European Journal of Political Economy. (published online), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101985 (30 Ocak 2021).
• 15. Palaver, W. (2019). Populism and Religion: On the Politics of Fear. Dialog: A Journey of Theology. 58.1: 22-29. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/dial.12450 (30 Ocak 2021).
• 16. Rico, G., M. Guinjoan ve E. Anduize. (2017). The Emotional Underpinnings of Populism. Swiss Political Science Review. 23.4: 444-461. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/spsr.12261 (31 Ocak 2021).
• 17. Rodrik, D. (2018). Populism and the Economics of Globalization. Journal of International Business Policy. 1.1-2: 12-33. https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/files/dani-rodrik/files/populism_and_the_economic s_of_globalization.pdf (30 Ocak 2021).
• 18. Rooduijn, M. (2014). The Nucleus of Populism: In Search of theLowest Common Denominator. Government and Opposition. 49.4: 572-598. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26350350 (30 Ocak 2021).
• 19. Smith, R. C. (2019). Will Populism Kill Globalization?. The Independent Review. 24.3: 433-440. https://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_24_3_07_smith.pdf (30 Ocak 2021).
• 20. Stanojevic, A., A. Akkerman ve K. Manevska. (2020). Good Workers and Crooked Bosses: The Effect of Voice Suppression by Supervisors on Employees’ Populist Attitudes and Voting. Political Psychology. 41.2: 363-381. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pops.12619 (30 Ocak 2021).
• 21. Spruyt, B., G. Keppens ve F. van Droogenbroeck. (2016). Who Supports Populism and What Attracts People to It?. Political Research Quarterly. 69.2: 335-346. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44018014?seq=1 (30 Ocak 2021).
• 22. Weisskircher, M. (2020). The Strength of Far Right AfD in Eastern Germany: The ‐ East West Divide and the Multiple Causes Behind Populism. ‐ The Political Quarterly. 91.3: 614-622. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1467-923X.12859 (30 Ocak 2021).
• 23. van Leeuwen, E. S., S. H. Vega ve V. Hogenboom. (2020). Does Population Decline Lead to a Popülist Voting Mark-up? A Case Study of the Netherlands. Policy and Practice, (published online)