Gıda Kaynaklı Patojenlerle Mücadele: Bitki Bazlı ve Biyolojik Antimikrobiyal Alternatifler

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 67 - 79, 29.07.2025

Olodu Blessing Adoh , Stephen Amadin Enabulele

https://doi.org/10.56016/dahudermj.1688252

Abstract

Arka Plan: Escherichia coli, Salmonella türleri, Listeria monocytogenes ve Staphylococcus aureus dahil olmak üzere gıda kaynaklı patojenler, antimikrobiyal direnç (AMR) prevalansının artmasıyla daha da kötüleşen önemli küresel halk sağlığı sorunları oluşturmaktadır. Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella türleri, Clostridium botulinum, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica ve Aeromonas türleri gibi diğer kritik patojenler de benzer şekilde geleneksel antibiyotiklere karşı direnç geliştirmiştir; bu durum enfeksiyon yönetimini zorlaştırmakta ve alternatif tedavi stratejileri arayışını yoğunlaştırmaktadır.
Yöntemler: Bu derleme, gıda kaynaklı enfeksiyonlarla mücadelede etkili alternatifler olarak bitki bazlı antimikrobiyal ajanları incelemektedir. Antimikrobiyal aktiviteleriyle bilinen bazı bitkiler değerlendirilmiştir: Neem (Azadirachta indica), Acı kola (Garcinia kola), Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Afrika biberi (Piper guineense), Zencefil (Zingiber officinale), Sarımsak (Allium sativum), Okaliptüs (Eucalyptus globulus), Reyhan (Ocimum gratissimum), Zerdeçal (Curcuma longa), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller), Guava yaprakları (Psidium guajava), Çay ağacı (Melaleuca alternifolia) ve Acı yaprak (Vernonia amygdalina).
Sonuçlar: Bu bitkiler, mikrobiyal büyümeyi ve virülansı çeşitli mekanizmalarla—hücre duvarı bozulması ve enzim inhibisyonu dahil—bozan alkaloidler, fenolikler, terpenoidler ve flavonoidler gibi biyoaktif bileşikler içermektedir. Ayrıca, derlemede faydalı mikrobiyotayı korurken patojene özgü kontrol sağlayan probiyotikler ve bakteriyofajlar gibi yeni alternatifler de ele alınmaktadır.
Sonuç: Bitki bazlı antimikrobiyal ajanların ve biyolojik tedavilerin gıda güvenliği uygulamalarına entegrasyonu yoluyla, bu çalışma AMR'yi azaltma ve gıda kaynaklı enfeksiyon yönetimini geliştirme potansiyellerini vurgulamaktadır. Bulgular, bu doğal ajanların uygulamasını optimize etmek ve dünya genelinde sürdürülebilir gıda güvenliği stratejilerini desteklemek için daha fazla araştırma yapılmasını önermektedir.

Keywords

Antimikrobiyal ajanlar , Antibiyotikler , Biyoterapi , Gıda kaynaklı patojenler , Tıbbi bitkiler , Tedavi.

Combating Foodborne Pathogens: Plant-Based and Biological Antimicrobial Alternatives

Abstract

Background: Foodborne pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, pose significant global public health challenges, exacerbated by the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. Other critical pathogens, such as Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella spp., Clostridium botulinum, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Aeromonas species, have similarly developed resistance to conventional antibiotics, complicating infection management and intensifying the search for alternative therapeutic strategies.
Methods: This review examines plant-based antimicrobial agents as effective alternatives for combating foodborne infections. A selection of plants known for their antimicrobial activity were evaluated, including Neem (Azadirachta indica), Bitter kola (Garcinia kola), Moringa (Moringa oleifera), African pepper (Piper guineense), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Garlic (Allium sativum), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), Scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller), Guava leaves (Psidium guajava), Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), and Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina).
Results: These plants contain bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, and flavonoids that disrupt microbial growth and virulence through various mechanisms, including cell wall degradation and enzyme inhibition. Additionally, the review explores emerging alternatives like probiotics and bacteriophages, which provide pathogen-specific control while preserving beneficial microbiota.
Conclusion: By integrating plant-based antimicrobials and biological therapies into food safety practices, this study highlights their potential to mitigate antimicrobial resistance and enhance foodborne infection management. The findings advocate for further research to optimize the application of these natural agents and support sustainable food safety strategies worldwide.

Keywords

Antimicrobial agents , Antibiotics , Biotherapy , Foodborne pathogens , Medicinal plant , Treatment.

Ethical Statement

Our study is a review study and does not necessary require ethical committee approval but ethical committee approval was obtained for the purpose of PhD thesis investigation.

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