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Klasik Hanbeli ve Caferi Mezheplerinde Uygulanan Boşanma Türlerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Year 2020, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 275 - 298, 25.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2020.31.2.803260

Abstract

İslam hukuku evlilikle başlayan aile birliğinin kurulmasına ve bu birlikteliğin sürekliliğine önem vererek temel fıkıh kaynakları olan Kur‘an ve Sünnette ayrıntılı hükümler ortaya koymuştur. Eşler arasında çözülemeyecek derecede ortaya çıkan anlaşmazlık ve problemlere bağlı olarak, makul, meşru ve zorunlu durumlarda talak olarak bilinen boşanma şeri bir çözüm yöntemi olarak kabul edilir. Bu çalışma Hanbeli ve Caferi mezheplerinde klasik dönem alim ve fakihlerinin kabul ederek uyguladığı boşanma türlerini uygulamadaki benzerlik ve farklılıkları ön plana çıkararak karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemektedir. Boşanma hukuki geçerliliği bakımından vacip, mubah, mekruh, haram gibi tasniflere tabi tutulmakla birlikte, uygulanış şekli bakımından talak, hul’, taliq/tefwiz ve tefrik/fesh olarak ayrıma tabi tutulmaktadır. Çalışma, erkeğin boşanma hakkı olan talak, kadının boşanma hakkı olan hul’, evlilik sözleşmesindeki şartlara bağlı olarak gerçekleşen boşanma hakkı olan taliq/tefwiz, ve eşlerden birinin mahkemeye başvurması ile hakim tarafından mahkemede gerçekleştirilen boşanma hakkı olan tefrik/fesh boşanmalarını, alanında otorite olarak kabul edilen Hanbeli ve Caferi alimlerin görüşlerini baz alarak uygulama bakımından mukayese etmiştir. Klasik dönem Hanbeli ve Caferi mezheplerinde uygulanan boşanma türlerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi, günümüzde bu mezheplerin yaygın olduğu ülkelerdeki aile hukuku ile ilgili hüküm ve uygulamaların anlaşılması için ayrıntılı bir bakış açısı sunmakta ve bu ülkelerdeki boşanma uygulamalarının temelini açıklamaktadır.

Supporting Institution

Max-Plank Institute for Comparative and International Private Law

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References

  • Acar, H. İbrahim. “Talāk”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 30/496-500. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2010.
  • Acar, H. İbrahim. “Tefrik”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 40/277-279. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2021.
  • Alami, Dawoud el- and Doreen Hinchcliffe. Islamic Marriage and Divorce Laws of the Arab World. London: CIMEL, 1996.
  • Ali, Kecia. "Marriage in Classical Islamic Jurisprudence: A Survey of Doctrines". In The Islamic Marriage Contract Case Studies in Islamic Family Law. Edited by
  • Asifa Quraishi and Frank E. Vogel, 11-45. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2008.
  • Anṣārī, Murtaḍā. Farā’id al-Uṣūl al-. Qom: Bāqirī, 1998.
  • Atar, Fahrettin. “Muhālea”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 39/399-402. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2005.
  • Awwal, al-Shahīd al- (Al-‘Āmilī, Muhammad ibn Jamāl al-Dīn Makkī). Al-Lum‘a al-Dimashqiyya. Qom: Dār al-Fiqr, 1994.
  • Aydın, Mehmet Akif. “Liān”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 27/172-173. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2003.
  • Daniel, Elton L. - Ali Akbar Mahdi. Culture and Custom of Iran. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2006.
  • Döndüren, Hamdi. “Īlā”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 22/61-62. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2000.
  • Elgawhary, Tarek. Rewriting Islamic Law; The Opinions of the ‘Ulamā’ Towards Codification of Personal Status Law in Egypt. New Jersey: Gorgia Press, 2019.
  • English Translation of the Message of the Qur'an. trans. Syed Vickar Ahamed. Illinois: Books of Signs Foundation, 2007.
  • Günay, Hacı Mehmet. “Nüşūz”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 33/303-304. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2007.
  • Hakīm, Muḥammad Taqī al-. Al-Uṣūl al-‘Āmmati li-Fiqh al-Muqārin. Mu’assasa Āl al-Bayt, 1979.
  • Ḥillī, Al-Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf Ibn al-Mutakhhār al-. Mukhtalaf al-Shī‘a fī Aḥkām al-Sharī‘a. Qom: I‘timād, 2000.
  • Ibn Mājah al-Qazwinī, Muhammad ibn Yazeed. Sunan Ibn Mājah. Translated Nasiruddin al-Khattab. Riyadh: Darussalam, 2007.
  • Ibn Qudāma al-Maqdisī, ‘Abdullah ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. Al-Kāfī fī Fiqh Ahmad Ibn Ḥanbal. Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, 1994.
  • Ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad Ibn 'Abd al-Ḥalīm. Majmū‘ al-Fatāwā. Dār al-Wafā’, 2005.
  • Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. Cabridge: St Edmundsbury Press, 1991.
  • Karataş, Mustafa. “Sābit b. Kays b. Semmās”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 35/352. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2008.
  • Khalāf, ‘Abd al-Wahhāb. ‘Ilm Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Qairo: Dār al-Qalem, 1942.
  • Khiraqī Abū al-Qāsim, ‘Amr ibn al-Husayn al-. Matn al-Khiraqī ‘alā Madhhab Abū ‘Abdallāh Ahmad ibn Ḥanbal al-Shaybānī. Medina: Dār al-Ṣahāba li-Turāth, 1993.
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  • Naqvi, Syed Ali Raza. Shia Divorce Law. Lahore: The Ahl al-Bait, 2012.
  • Nasir, Jamal J. The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Under Modern Islamic Legislation. London: Graham Trotman, 1990.
  • Nezhad, M. Zarra. “A Brief History of Money in Islam and Estimating the Value of Dirham and Dīnār”. International Association for Islamic Economics 8/2 (2014): 51-65.
  • Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Al-Mu‘ālim al-Jadīda li-Uṣūl. Tehran: Maktaba al-Najāḥ, 1975.
  • Saljooghi, Mahmud. Naqsh ‘Urf Der Ḥuqūqi Madanī Iran. Tehran: Mizan Legal Foundation, 2014.
  • Spectorsky, Susan A. Chapters on Marriage and Divorce Responses of Ibn Hanbal and Ibn Rahwayh. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993.
  • Ṭabāṭabā’ī, Muḥammad Ḥusayin al-. An Introduction to Shi’i Law: A bibliographical Study. London: Ithaca Press, 1984.
  • Thānī, al-Shahīd al- (Al-‘Āmilī, Zayn al-Dīn ‘Ali ibn Aḥmad). Al-Rawḍa al-Bahiyya Sharḥ al-Lum‘a al-Dimashqiyya. Qom: Al-Mu’esse al-Ismā‘iliyya, 1999.
  • Turkī, ‘Abdullah bin ‘Abd al-Muḥsīn al-. Usūl Madhhabī Imām Aḥmad. (Mu’assese al-Risāla, 1990.
  • Ṭūsī, Abū Ja‘far Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ‘Ali al-. A Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions. trans. A. Ezzati. London: Icas Press, 2008.
  • Ṭūsī, Abū Ja‘far Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ‘Ali al-. Kitāb al-Khilāf. Najaf: Al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1995.
  • Ṭūsī, Abū Ja‘far Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ‘Ali al-. Al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmiyya. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, 1992.
  • Yakar, Sümeyra. “The Usage of Custom in the Contemporary Legal System of Saudi Arabia; Divorce on Trial”. Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 6/11 (2019): 395-419.

A Critical Comparison between the Classical Divorce Types of Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī Schools

Year 2020, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 275 - 298, 25.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2020.31.2.803260

Abstract

Islamic law seeks the harmonious continuation of families and family structure, setting out detailed principles of family life in the main sources of sharī‘a, the Qur‘an and Sunna. That said, the termination of marriage is considered an acceptable solution by Islamic jurists, if the spouses do not fulfil their obligations toward each other due to inharmonious relationship or existing dissention and where there is no hope of reconciliation. This paper seeks to compare the types of divorce within the Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī schools in order to shed light on the classical period divorce practices and the methodologies of these two schools. Successful divorces are categorised into wājib, mubāh, makrūh, or ḥaram according to their legal validity. In addition to this, divorce practices are also divided into four main types which extend from their implementation and procedural methods; ṭalāq, khulʿ, ṭāliq or tafwīḍ, and tafrīq. The research aims to compare
the unilateral divorce right of the man (ṭalāq), woman-initiated divorce (khulʿ), conditional divorce (ṭāliq or tafwīḍ) and judicial termination (tafrīq) by focusing on the opinions of authoritative Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī scholars. Applying textual comparative methodology and legal perceptual analysis, the study aims to uncover the existent connection between Islamic legal methodologies and different schools when the scholars address any problems and issues related to divorce practice. Although both schools use different methodologies and sources, the similarity of rulings prevail over the differences due to the fact that the marital issues concerning divorce are mainly solved with the main sources (aslī) rather than secondary sources (fer‘ī). This comparative research, therefore, aims to shed lights on the similarities between these schools and to clarify the differences regarding the interpretation of legal sources. At the same time, the paper seeks
to identify the convergences and divergences between the divorce practices of the two schools. Comparative analysis of divorce types in Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī schools intents to offer a broad perspective to explore the contemporary divorce practices in Muslim countries whose citizens are the followers of these schools. Instead of making a general comparison between the Sunnī and Shi‘ī traditions, the research aims to compare the classical Ḥanbalī school which forms the basis of family law in contemporary Saudi jurisprudence with the classical Ja‘farī school which forms the basis of family law in the contemporary Iranian jurisprudence. This comparison brings out the influence of the classical schools upon the modern jurisprudences of Saudi Arabia and Iran.

References

  • Acar, H. İbrahim. “Talāk”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 30/496-500. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2010.
  • Acar, H. İbrahim. “Tefrik”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 40/277-279. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2021.
  • Alami, Dawoud el- and Doreen Hinchcliffe. Islamic Marriage and Divorce Laws of the Arab World. London: CIMEL, 1996.
  • Ali, Kecia. "Marriage in Classical Islamic Jurisprudence: A Survey of Doctrines". In The Islamic Marriage Contract Case Studies in Islamic Family Law. Edited by
  • Asifa Quraishi and Frank E. Vogel, 11-45. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2008.
  • Anṣārī, Murtaḍā. Farā’id al-Uṣūl al-. Qom: Bāqirī, 1998.
  • Atar, Fahrettin. “Muhālea”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 39/399-402. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2005.
  • Awwal, al-Shahīd al- (Al-‘Āmilī, Muhammad ibn Jamāl al-Dīn Makkī). Al-Lum‘a al-Dimashqiyya. Qom: Dār al-Fiqr, 1994.
  • Aydın, Mehmet Akif. “Liān”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 27/172-173. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2003.
  • Daniel, Elton L. - Ali Akbar Mahdi. Culture and Custom of Iran. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2006.
  • Döndüren, Hamdi. “Īlā”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 22/61-62. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2000.
  • Elgawhary, Tarek. Rewriting Islamic Law; The Opinions of the ‘Ulamā’ Towards Codification of Personal Status Law in Egypt. New Jersey: Gorgia Press, 2019.
  • English Translation of the Message of the Qur'an. trans. Syed Vickar Ahamed. Illinois: Books of Signs Foundation, 2007.
  • Günay, Hacı Mehmet. “Nüşūz”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 33/303-304. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2007.
  • Hakīm, Muḥammad Taqī al-. Al-Uṣūl al-‘Āmmati li-Fiqh al-Muqārin. Mu’assasa Āl al-Bayt, 1979.
  • Ḥillī, Al-Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf Ibn al-Mutakhhār al-. Mukhtalaf al-Shī‘a fī Aḥkām al-Sharī‘a. Qom: I‘timād, 2000.
  • Ibn Mājah al-Qazwinī, Muhammad ibn Yazeed. Sunan Ibn Mājah. Translated Nasiruddin al-Khattab. Riyadh: Darussalam, 2007.
  • Ibn Qudāma al-Maqdisī, ‘Abdullah ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. Al-Kāfī fī Fiqh Ahmad Ibn Ḥanbal. Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, 1994.
  • Ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad Ibn 'Abd al-Ḥalīm. Majmū‘ al-Fatāwā. Dār al-Wafā’, 2005.
  • Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. Cabridge: St Edmundsbury Press, 1991.
  • Karataş, Mustafa. “Sābit b. Kays b. Semmās”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 35/352. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2008.
  • Khalāf, ‘Abd al-Wahhāb. ‘Ilm Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Qairo: Dār al-Qalem, 1942.
  • Khiraqī Abū al-Qāsim, ‘Amr ibn al-Husayn al-. Matn al-Khiraqī ‘alā Madhhab Abū ‘Abdallāh Ahmad ibn Ḥanbal al-Shaybānī. Medina: Dār al-Ṣahāba li-Turāth, 1993.
  • Kulaynī, Muhammad ibn Ya‘qūb al-. Furū’ al-Kāfī. Beirut: Manshūrāt al-Fajr, 2007.
  • Manṣūr, Ṣāliḥ ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz al-. Usūl al-Fiqh wa Ibn Taymiyya. Egypt: Dar al-Nashr, 1985.
  • Maybadī, Muḥammad Taqī Fāḍil. Sharī‘at, ‘Urf wa ‘Aqlāniyyat. Tehran: Hermes, 2015.
  • Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. "The Delegated Right to Divorce in Iran and Morocco”. In Talāq-i-Tafwid: The Muslim Woman’s Contractual Access to Divorce. Edited by Lucy Carrol and Harsh Kapoor, 121-134. WLUML, 1996.
  • Naqvi, Syed Ali Raza. Shia Divorce Law. Lahore: The Ahl al-Bait, 2012.
  • Nasir, Jamal J. The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Under Modern Islamic Legislation. London: Graham Trotman, 1990.
  • Nezhad, M. Zarra. “A Brief History of Money in Islam and Estimating the Value of Dirham and Dīnār”. International Association for Islamic Economics 8/2 (2014): 51-65.
  • Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Al-Mu‘ālim al-Jadīda li-Uṣūl. Tehran: Maktaba al-Najāḥ, 1975.
  • Saljooghi, Mahmud. Naqsh ‘Urf Der Ḥuqūqi Madanī Iran. Tehran: Mizan Legal Foundation, 2014.
  • Spectorsky, Susan A. Chapters on Marriage and Divorce Responses of Ibn Hanbal and Ibn Rahwayh. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993.
  • Ṭabāṭabā’ī, Muḥammad Ḥusayin al-. An Introduction to Shi’i Law: A bibliographical Study. London: Ithaca Press, 1984.
  • Thānī, al-Shahīd al- (Al-‘Āmilī, Zayn al-Dīn ‘Ali ibn Aḥmad). Al-Rawḍa al-Bahiyya Sharḥ al-Lum‘a al-Dimashqiyya. Qom: Al-Mu’esse al-Ismā‘iliyya, 1999.
  • Turkī, ‘Abdullah bin ‘Abd al-Muḥsīn al-. Usūl Madhhabī Imām Aḥmad. (Mu’assese al-Risāla, 1990.
  • Ṭūsī, Abū Ja‘far Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ‘Ali al-. A Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions. trans. A. Ezzati. London: Icas Press, 2008.
  • Ṭūsī, Abū Ja‘far Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ‘Ali al-. Kitāb al-Khilāf. Najaf: Al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1995.
  • Ṭūsī, Abū Ja‘far Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ‘Ali al-. Al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmiyya. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, 1992.
  • Yakar, Sümeyra. “The Usage of Custom in the Contemporary Legal System of Saudi Arabia; Divorce on Trial”. Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 6/11 (2019): 395-419.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sumeyra Yakar 0000-0001-8335-6819

Emine Enise Yakar 0000-0002-4100-9234

Publication Date December 25, 2020
Submission Date October 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 31 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yakar, S., & Yakar, E. E. (2020). A Critical Comparison between the Classical Divorce Types of Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī Schools. Darulfunun Ilahiyat, 31(2), 275-298. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2020.31.2.803260
AMA Yakar S, Yakar EE. A Critical Comparison between the Classical Divorce Types of Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī Schools. darulfunun ilahiyat. December 2020;31(2):275-298. doi:10.26650/di.2020.31.2.803260
Chicago Yakar, Sumeyra, and Emine Enise Yakar. “A Critical Comparison Between the Classical Divorce Types of Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī Schools”. Darulfunun Ilahiyat 31, no. 2 (December 2020): 275-98. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2020.31.2.803260.
EndNote Yakar S, Yakar EE (December 1, 2020) A Critical Comparison between the Classical Divorce Types of Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī Schools. darulfunun ilahiyat 31 2 275–298.
IEEE S. Yakar and E. E. Yakar, “A Critical Comparison between the Classical Divorce Types of Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī Schools”, darulfunun ilahiyat, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 275–298, 2020, doi: 10.26650/di.2020.31.2.803260.
ISNAD Yakar, Sumeyra - Yakar, Emine Enise. “A Critical Comparison Between the Classical Divorce Types of Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī Schools”. darulfunun ilahiyat 31/2 (December 2020), 275-298. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2020.31.2.803260.
JAMA Yakar S, Yakar EE. A Critical Comparison between the Classical Divorce Types of Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī Schools. darulfunun ilahiyat. 2020;31:275–298.
MLA Yakar, Sumeyra and Emine Enise Yakar. “A Critical Comparison Between the Classical Divorce Types of Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī Schools”. Darulfunun Ilahiyat, vol. 31, no. 2, 2020, pp. 275-98, doi:10.26650/di.2020.31.2.803260.
Vancouver Yakar S, Yakar EE. A Critical Comparison between the Classical Divorce Types of Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī Schools. darulfunun ilahiyat. 2020;31(2):275-98.