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Eastern European Judaism Throughout History: The Case of Poland in the 15th-18th Centuries

Year 2022, Volume: 33 Issue: 1, 145 - 175, 30.06.2022

Abstract

The Jewish people have led a nomadic life from the moment they appeared on the stage of history. The Jews who settled in the Canaan region (Palestine), created a Jerusalem-centered kingdom in a process that continued throughout the period of the Judges and Kings. The division of their kingdom, the destruction of the Temple, and the exile of the Jews increased their longing to return. Eastern Europe had Jewish settlements that played an important role in relieving this longing, even if just a little. That is why this place has begun to constitute an important place with the modern period. The most important country in this regard is undoubtedly Poland, due to this place being depicted as a holy place and paradise for the Jews and the period between the 15th-18th centuries being accepted as a golden age. The main factor underlying this depiction is the autonomy they were granted. The Jewish autonomy that operated between 1581-1764 differentiated Polish Jews by serving as a prototype as well as being a right granted by Christians. This autonomous structure was gradual at the local, regional, and national levels, and affected all areas of life. With nearly 200 years of autonomy, Poland has hosted the majority of the world’s Jews. For this reason, the main objective of this study is to reveal the position Polish Jews occupy historically and the level of rights and freedoms that had been granted to them.

References

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  • Biale, David. Cultures of the Jews: A New History. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2012.
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  • Brook, Kevin Alan. “Doğu Avrupa Yahudilerinin Kökeni”. Çeviren Osman Karatay. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 6, sy 6. 1-23.
  • Dinur, Ben-Zion. “The Origins of Hasidism and Its Social and Messianic Foundations”. Essential Papers on Hasidism: Origins to Present, editör Gershon David Hundert, 86-208. New York: New York University Press, 1991.
  • Doktor, Jan. “The Beginnings of Beshtian Hasidism in Poland”. Shofar 29, sy 3 (2011): 41-54.
  • Dubnow, Simon. History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, from the Earliest Times Until the Present Day. Çeviren Israel Friedlaender. Jewish Publication Society, 1916.
  • Eidelberg, Shlomo. “Shalom Shakhna b. Joseph”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, editör Fred Skolnik. Farmington Hills, Detroit: Thomson Gale ; Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.
  • Etkes, Immanuel. Besht: Magician, Mystic, and Leader. Lebanon, United States: Brandeis University Press, 2012.
  • Ettinger, Shmuel. “Haidamacks”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, editör Fred Skolnik. Farmington Hills, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007.
  • ———. “The Hasidic Movement-Reality and Ideals”. Essential Papers on Hasidism: Origins to Present, editör Gershon David Hundert. New York: New York University Press, 1991.
  • Gartner, Lloyd P. History of the Jews in Modern Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Green, David B. “This Day in Jewish History / Kalisz Statute gives Polish Jews landmark civil rights protections”. Erişim 30 Mart 2022. https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-this-day-polish-jews-rights-guarded-1.5263687.
  • Gries, Zeev. “Printing and Publishing: Printing and Publishing before 1800”. Çeviren Jeffrey Green. Erişim 30 Mart 2022. https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Printing_and_Publishing/Printing_and_Publishing_before_1800.
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  • Haumann, Heiko. A History of East European Jews. Budapest; New York: Central European University Press, 2002.
  • Hundert, Gershon David. “Identity Formation in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth”. Citizenship and Identity in a Multinational Commonwealth: Poland-Lithuania in Context, 1550-1772, editör Karin Friedrich ve Barbara M. Pendzich. Leiden ; Boston: Brill, 2009.
  • ———. Jews in Poland-Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century A Genealogy of Modernity. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2004.
  • ———. “The Importance of Demography and Patterns of Settlement for an Understanding of the Jewish Experience in East–Central Europe”. The Shtetl: New Evaluations, editör Steven T Katz. New York: New York University Press, 2007.
  • Johnson, Paul. Yahudi Tarihi. Çeviren Filiz Orman. Istanbul: Pozitif Yayinlari, 2000.
  • Kalik, Judith. Scepter of Judah: The Jewish Autonomy in the Eighteenth-Century Crown Poland. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2009.
  • ———. “The Orthodox Church and the Jews in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth”. Jewish History 17, sy 2 (2003): 229-37.
  • Kupovetsky, Mark. “Population and Migration: Population and Migration before World War I”. Erişim 28 Ağustos 2018. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Population_and_Migration/Population_and_Migration_before_World_War_I.
  • Kuzgun, Şaban. Hazar ve Karay Türkleri: Türklerde Yahudilik ve Doğu Avrupa Yahudilerinin Menşei Meselesi. Ankara: Seda Yayınları, 1985.
  • Lavinia Cohn, Sherbok, ve Sherbok Dan Cohn. Yahudiliğin Kısa Tarihi. Çeviren Bilal Baş. 2. bs. İz Yayıncılık, 2011.
  • Meral, Yasin. “Erken Dönem İbrani Matbaacılığında Haham Onayları ve Cemaat İçi Sansür”. Dini Araştırmalar 18, sy 47 (14 Aralık 2015): 96-118.
  • Michalowska‐Mycielska., Anna. “The Council of Lithuanian Jews (1623–1764)”. Çeviren Shaul Stampfer. Religious Studies Review 1, sy 43 (29 Mart 2017).
  • Nadler, Allan. “Eastern Europe, Practice of Judaism”. The Encyclopaedia of Judaism, editör Jacob Neusner, Alan J. Avery-Peck, ve William Scott Green. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2000.
  • Özmen, Seda. 18.Yüzyıl Yahudi Aydınlanma Hareketi Haskala ve Moses Mendelssohn. Ayışığı Kitapları, 2014.
  • Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. Jews in Poland: A Documentary History : The Rise of Jews as a Nation from Congressus Judaicus in Poland to the Knesset in Israel. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1998.
  • Polonsky, Antony. The Jews in Poland and Russia. 3 c. Oxford- Portland: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2010.
  • Rosman, Moshe. “Jewish Culture in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth”. Cultures of the Jews: A New History, editör David Biale. New York: Schocken Books, 2006.
  • ———. “Poland: Poland before 1795”. Erişim 27 Ağustos 2018. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Poland/Poland_before_1795.
  • ———. “The Authority of the Council of Four Lands Outside of Poland”. Polin, 2010, 22.
  • Ruderman, David B. Erken Modern Dönem Yahudi Tarihi. Çeviren Lizet Deadato. İnkılap Kitabevi, 2013.
  • Sasson, H. Hillel b. “Councils of the Lands”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, editör Fred Skolnik. Farmington Hills, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007.
  • Scholem, Gershom. “Frank, Jacob, and the Frankists”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, editör Fred Skolnik. Farmington Hills, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007.
  • Shahak, Israel. Yahudi Tarihi Yahudi Dini. Çeviren Ahmet Emin Dağ. İstanbul: Anka Yayınları, 2002.
  • Sharon, Moshe Sevilla. İsrail Ulusunun Tarihi. Yeruşalayim, 1981.
  • ———. Türkiye Yahudileri. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 1992.
  • Siauciūnaite-Verbickiene, Jurgita. “The Status of the Jews: Social Segregation and Attempts at Integration”. İçinde The History of Jews in Lithuania: From the Middle Ages Until the 1990s, editör Vladas Sirutavicius, Darius Staliūnas, ve Jurgita Siauciūnaite-Verbickiene. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2020.
  • Skinner, Barbara. “Khmelnytsky’s Shadow: The Confessional Legacy”. Citizenship and Identity in a Multinational Commonwealth: Poland-Lithuania in Context, 1550-1772, editör Karin Friedrich ve Barbara M. Pendzich. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2009.
  • Stone, Daniel. The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001.
  • Tal, Shlomo. “Pollack, Jacob b. Joseph”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, editör Fred Skolnik. Farmington Hills, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007.
  • Tal, Shlomo, ve David Derovan (2nd ed.). “Isserles, Moses b. Israel”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, editör Fred Skolnik. Farmington Hills, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007.
  • Teller, Adam. “Economic Life”. Erişim 27 Ağustos 2018. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Economic_Life.
  • ———. “Rabbinate: The Rabbinate before 1800”. Erişim 13 Kasım 2018. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Rabbinate/The_Rabbinate_before_1800.
  • ———. “Rabbis Without a Function? The Polish Rabbinate and the Council of Four Lands in the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries”. Jewish Religious Leadership: Image and Reality, editör Jack Wertheimer. New York: Jewish Theological Seminary, 2004.
  • ———. “Trade”. Erişim 28 Ağustos 2018. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Trade.
  • ———. “Tradition and Crisis? Eighteenth-Century Critiques of the Polish-Lithuanian Rabbinate”. Jewish Social Studies 17, sy 3 (2011): 1-39.
  • Zıpperstein, Steven J. “Judaism: Judaism in Northern And Eastern Europe Since 1500”. Encyclopedia of Religion. Detroit; Munich: Thomson Gale, 2005.

Tarihi Süreç İçerisinde Doğu Avrupa Yahudiliği: XV-XVIII. yüzyıl Polonya Örneği

Year 2022, Volume: 33 Issue: 1, 145 - 175, 30.06.2022

Abstract

Yahudiler tarih sahnesine çıktıkları andan itibaren göçebe bir hayat sürmüşlerdir. Kenan bölgesine (Filistin) yerleşen Yahudiler, Hâkimler ve Krallar dönemiyle devam eden süreçte Kudüs merkezli bir krallığı ortaya çıkartmıştır. Krallığının bölünmesi, Mabed’in yıkılması ve Yahudilerin sürgün edilmesi dönüşe duyulan özlemi arttırmıştır. Doğu Avrupa’da bu özlemin az da olsa giderilmesinde önemli rol oynayan Yahudi yerleşim birimleri vardı. Bundan dolayıdır ki burası modern dönemle birlikte önemli bir yer teşkil etmeye başlamıştır. Bu noktada en önemli ülke hiç şüphesiz Polonya’dır. Çünkü burası, Yahudiler açısından kutsal bir yer ve cennet şeklinde tasvir edilmiş, 15-18. yüzyıl arası yaşanılan dönem de altın bir çağ olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu tasvirin altında yatan ana etmen ise kendilerine tanınan özerkliktir. 1581-1764 yılları arasında faaliyet gösteren Yahudi özerkliği, Hıristyanlarca verilen bir hak olmasının yanında prototip olarak hizmet etmesiyle de Polonya Yahudilerini farklılaştırmıştır. Yerel, bölgesel ve ulusal düzeyde kademeli bir yapıya sahip olan bu otonom yapı hayatın her alanına etki etmiştir. Polonya, yaklaşık 200 yıllık otonom yapısıyla dünya Yahudilerinin çoğunluğuna ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Bundan dolayı da Polonya Yahudilerinin işgal ettiği konum ve kendilerine tanınan hak ve özgürlüklerin hangi seviyelerde olduğunun ortaya konulması bu çalışmanın temel hedefi olarak belirlenmiştir.

References

  • Adam, Baki. Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık Açısından Diğer Dinler. Pınar yayınları; İstanbul : Pınar Yayınları, 2002.
  • Arık, Sabire. “Eski Polonya’da Kazak Savaşları”. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 22, sy 35 (2004): 1. ———. Kuruluşundan XVII. Yüzyıla Polonya Tarihi. Köksav Yayınları, 2011.
  • Bacon, Gershon. “Poland: Poland from 1795 to 1939”. Erişim 13 Şubat 2022. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Poland/Poland_from_1795_to_1939.
  • Bartal, Israel. The Jews of Eastern Europe, 1772-1881. Jewish Culture and Contexts. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.
  • Beydilli, Kemal. “Polonya (Tarih)”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 34:309-17. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2007. ———. “Polonya( Tarih, Polonya-Osmanlı İlişkileri )”. Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 2007.
  • Biale, David. Cultures of the Jews: A New History. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2012.
  • Brenner, Michael. Kısa Yahudi Tarihi. Çeviren Sevinç Altınçekiç. Alfa Yayınları, 2011.
  • Brook, Kevin Alan. “Doğu Avrupa Yahudilerinin Kökeni”. Çeviren Osman Karatay. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 6, sy 6. 1-23.
  • Dinur, Ben-Zion. “The Origins of Hasidism and Its Social and Messianic Foundations”. Essential Papers on Hasidism: Origins to Present, editör Gershon David Hundert, 86-208. New York: New York University Press, 1991.
  • Doktor, Jan. “The Beginnings of Beshtian Hasidism in Poland”. Shofar 29, sy 3 (2011): 41-54.
  • Dubnow, Simon. History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, from the Earliest Times Until the Present Day. Çeviren Israel Friedlaender. Jewish Publication Society, 1916.
  • Eidelberg, Shlomo. “Shalom Shakhna b. Joseph”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, editör Fred Skolnik. Farmington Hills, Detroit: Thomson Gale ; Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.
  • Etkes, Immanuel. Besht: Magician, Mystic, and Leader. Lebanon, United States: Brandeis University Press, 2012.
  • Ettinger, Shmuel. “Haidamacks”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, editör Fred Skolnik. Farmington Hills, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007.
  • ———. “The Hasidic Movement-Reality and Ideals”. Essential Papers on Hasidism: Origins to Present, editör Gershon David Hundert. New York: New York University Press, 1991.
  • Gartner, Lloyd P. History of the Jews in Modern Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Green, David B. “This Day in Jewish History / Kalisz Statute gives Polish Jews landmark civil rights protections”. Erişim 30 Mart 2022. https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-this-day-polish-jews-rights-guarded-1.5263687.
  • Gries, Zeev. “Printing and Publishing: Printing and Publishing before 1800”. Çeviren Jeffrey Green. Erişim 30 Mart 2022. https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Printing_and_Publishing/Printing_and_Publishing_before_1800.
  • Haim Hillel Ben – Sasson. “Poland”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, editör Fred Skolnik ve Michael Berenbaum. Farmington Hills, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007.
  • Haumann, Heiko. A History of East European Jews. Budapest; New York: Central European University Press, 2002.
  • Hundert, Gershon David. “Identity Formation in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth”. Citizenship and Identity in a Multinational Commonwealth: Poland-Lithuania in Context, 1550-1772, editör Karin Friedrich ve Barbara M. Pendzich. Leiden ; Boston: Brill, 2009.
  • ———. Jews in Poland-Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century A Genealogy of Modernity. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2004.
  • ———. “The Importance of Demography and Patterns of Settlement for an Understanding of the Jewish Experience in East–Central Europe”. The Shtetl: New Evaluations, editör Steven T Katz. New York: New York University Press, 2007.
  • Johnson, Paul. Yahudi Tarihi. Çeviren Filiz Orman. Istanbul: Pozitif Yayinlari, 2000.
  • Kalik, Judith. Scepter of Judah: The Jewish Autonomy in the Eighteenth-Century Crown Poland. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2009.
  • ———. “The Orthodox Church and the Jews in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth”. Jewish History 17, sy 2 (2003): 229-37.
  • Kupovetsky, Mark. “Population and Migration: Population and Migration before World War I”. Erişim 28 Ağustos 2018. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Population_and_Migration/Population_and_Migration_before_World_War_I.
  • Kuzgun, Şaban. Hazar ve Karay Türkleri: Türklerde Yahudilik ve Doğu Avrupa Yahudilerinin Menşei Meselesi. Ankara: Seda Yayınları, 1985.
  • Lavinia Cohn, Sherbok, ve Sherbok Dan Cohn. Yahudiliğin Kısa Tarihi. Çeviren Bilal Baş. 2. bs. İz Yayıncılık, 2011.
  • Meral, Yasin. “Erken Dönem İbrani Matbaacılığında Haham Onayları ve Cemaat İçi Sansür”. Dini Araştırmalar 18, sy 47 (14 Aralık 2015): 96-118.
  • Michalowska‐Mycielska., Anna. “The Council of Lithuanian Jews (1623–1764)”. Çeviren Shaul Stampfer. Religious Studies Review 1, sy 43 (29 Mart 2017).
  • Nadler, Allan. “Eastern Europe, Practice of Judaism”. The Encyclopaedia of Judaism, editör Jacob Neusner, Alan J. Avery-Peck, ve William Scott Green. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2000.
  • Özmen, Seda. 18.Yüzyıl Yahudi Aydınlanma Hareketi Haskala ve Moses Mendelssohn. Ayışığı Kitapları, 2014.
  • Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. Jews in Poland: A Documentary History : The Rise of Jews as a Nation from Congressus Judaicus in Poland to the Knesset in Israel. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1998.
  • Polonsky, Antony. The Jews in Poland and Russia. 3 c. Oxford- Portland: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2010.
  • Rosman, Moshe. “Jewish Culture in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth”. Cultures of the Jews: A New History, editör David Biale. New York: Schocken Books, 2006.
  • ———. “Poland: Poland before 1795”. Erişim 27 Ağustos 2018. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Poland/Poland_before_1795.
  • ———. “The Authority of the Council of Four Lands Outside of Poland”. Polin, 2010, 22.
  • Ruderman, David B. Erken Modern Dönem Yahudi Tarihi. Çeviren Lizet Deadato. İnkılap Kitabevi, 2013.
  • Sasson, H. Hillel b. “Councils of the Lands”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, editör Fred Skolnik. Farmington Hills, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007.
  • Scholem, Gershom. “Frank, Jacob, and the Frankists”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, editör Fred Skolnik. Farmington Hills, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007.
  • Shahak, Israel. Yahudi Tarihi Yahudi Dini. Çeviren Ahmet Emin Dağ. İstanbul: Anka Yayınları, 2002.
  • Sharon, Moshe Sevilla. İsrail Ulusunun Tarihi. Yeruşalayim, 1981.
  • ———. Türkiye Yahudileri. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 1992.
  • Siauciūnaite-Verbickiene, Jurgita. “The Status of the Jews: Social Segregation and Attempts at Integration”. İçinde The History of Jews in Lithuania: From the Middle Ages Until the 1990s, editör Vladas Sirutavicius, Darius Staliūnas, ve Jurgita Siauciūnaite-Verbickiene. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2020.
  • Skinner, Barbara. “Khmelnytsky’s Shadow: The Confessional Legacy”. Citizenship and Identity in a Multinational Commonwealth: Poland-Lithuania in Context, 1550-1772, editör Karin Friedrich ve Barbara M. Pendzich. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2009.
  • Stone, Daniel. The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001.
  • Tal, Shlomo. “Pollack, Jacob b. Joseph”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, editör Fred Skolnik. Farmington Hills, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007.
  • Tal, Shlomo, ve David Derovan (2nd ed.). “Isserles, Moses b. Israel”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, editör Fred Skolnik. Farmington Hills, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007.
  • Teller, Adam. “Economic Life”. Erişim 27 Ağustos 2018. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Economic_Life.
  • ———. “Rabbinate: The Rabbinate before 1800”. Erişim 13 Kasım 2018. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Rabbinate/The_Rabbinate_before_1800.
  • ———. “Rabbis Without a Function? The Polish Rabbinate and the Council of Four Lands in the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries”. Jewish Religious Leadership: Image and Reality, editör Jack Wertheimer. New York: Jewish Theological Seminary, 2004.
  • ———. “Trade”. Erişim 28 Ağustos 2018. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Trade.
  • ———. “Tradition and Crisis? Eighteenth-Century Critiques of the Polish-Lithuanian Rabbinate”. Jewish Social Studies 17, sy 3 (2011): 1-39.
  • Zıpperstein, Steven J. “Judaism: Judaism in Northern And Eastern Europe Since 1500”. Encyclopedia of Religion. Detroit; Munich: Thomson Gale, 2005.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fatih Memiç 0000-0002-0932-3274

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date April 12, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 33 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Memiç, Fatih. “Tarihi Süreç İçerisinde Doğu Avrupa Yahudiliği: XV-XVIII. Yüzyıl Polonya Örneği”. Darulfunun Ilahiyat 33, no. 1 (June 2022): 145-75.