Review
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Year 2025, Volume: 39 Issue: 3, 207 - 233, 25.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.18614/dehm.1751154

Abstract

References

  • 1. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Risk Assessment Methodology., National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. Issues in risk assessment. National Academy Press; 1993. 356 p.
  • 2. Hanahan D. Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions. Vol. 12, Cancer Discovery. American Association for Cancer Research Inc.; 2022. p. 31–46.
  • 3. Xi Y, Xu P. Global colorectal cancer burden in 2020 and projections to 2040. Vol. 14, Translational Oncology. Neoplasia Press, Inc.; 2021.
  • 4. Cornista AM, Giolito MV, Baker K, Hazime H, Dufait I, Datta J, et al. Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy: State of the Art and Future Directions. Vol. 2, Gastro Hep Advances. American Gastroenterological Association; 2023. p. 1103–19.
  • 5. Housini M, Dariya B, Ahmed N, Stevens A, Fiadjoe H, Nagaraju GP, et al. Colorectal cancer: Genetic alterations, novel biomarkers, current therapeutic strategies and clinical trials. Vol. 892, Gene. Elsevier B.V.; 2024.
  • 6. Baojun Duan, Yaning Zhao, Jun Bai, Jianhua Wang, Xianglong Duan, Xiaohui Luo, et al. Colorectal Cancer: An Overview. 2022.
  • 7. Sameer AS. Colorectal cancer: Molecular mutations and polymorphisms. Front Oncol. 2013;3 MAY.
  • 8. Derks S, Postma C, Moerkerk PTM, Van Den Bosch SM, Carvalho B, Hermsen MAJA, et al. Promoter methylation precedes chromosomal alterations in colorectal cancer development [Internet]. Vol. 28, Cellular Oncology. IOS Press; 2006. Available from: http://www.vumc.nl/microarrays/index.html
  • 9. Jass JR, Baker K, Zlobec I, Higuchi T, Barker M, Buchanan D, et al. Advanced colorectal polyps with the molecular and morphological features of serrated polyps and adenomas: Concept of a “fusion” pathway to colorectal cancer. Histopathology. 2006 Aug;49(2):121–31.
  • 10. Obuch JC, Pigott CM, Ahnen DJ. Sessile Serrated Polyps: Detection, Eradication, and Prevention of the Evil Twin. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2015 Mar [cited 2024 Jun 8];13(1):156. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4427517/
  • 11. Nguyen HT, Duong HQ. The molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer: Implications for diagnosis and therapy. Oncol Lett [Internet]. 2018 Jul 1 [cited 2024 Jun 8];16(1):9. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6006272/
  • 12. Young J, Simms LA, Biden KG, Wynter C, Whitehall V, Karamatic R, et al. Features of Colorectal Cancers with High-Level Microsatellite Instability Occurring in Familial and Sporadic Settings Parallel Pathways of Tumorigenesis. Vol. 159, † King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco; the Queensland Health Pathology Services and American Journal of Pathology. 2001.
  • 13. Rebuzzi F, Ulivi P, Tedaldi G. Genetic Predisposition to Colorectal Cancer: How Many and Which Genes to Test? International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2023, Vol 24, Page 2137 [Internet]. 2023 Jan 21 [cited 2024 Jun 8];24(3):2137. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/2137/htm
  • 14. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell [Internet]. 1990 Jun 1 [cited 2024 Jun 8];61(5):759–67. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2188735/
  • 15. Malki A, Elruz RA, Gupta I, Allouch A, Vranic S, Al Moustafa AE. Molecular Mechanisms of Colon Cancer Progression and Metastasis: Recent Insights and Advancements. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jun 8];22(1):1–24. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7794761/
  • 16. Kumamoto K, Takenoshita S. Mechanism of carcinogenesis in colorectal cancer. Vol. 61 Suppl 7, Nippon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine. 2003. p. 55–60.
  • 17. Cisyk AL, Nugent Z, Wightman RH, Singh H, McManus KJ. Characterizing Microsatellite Instability and Chromosome Instability in Interval Colorectal Cancers. Neoplasia (United States). 2018 Sep 1;20(9):943–50.
  • 18. Dey A, Mitra A, Pathak S, Prasad S, Zhang AS, Zhang H, et al. Recent Advancements, Limitations, and Future Perspectives of the use of Personalized Medicine in Treatment of Colon Cancer. Vol. 22, Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment. SAGE Publications Inc.; 2023.
  • 19. Zarzour P, Boelen L, Luciani F, Beck D, Sakthianandeswaren A, Mouradov D, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphism array profiling identifies distinct chromosomal aberration patterns across colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2015 May 1;54(5):303–14.
  • 20. Hong SN. Genetic and epigenetic alterations of colorectal cancer. Vol. 16, Intestinal Research. Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases; 2018. p. 327–37.
  • 21. Raab M, Sanhaji M, Matthess Y, Hörlin A, Lorenz I, Dötsch C, et al. PLK1 has tumor-suppressive potential in APC-Truncated colon cancer cells. Nat Commun. 2018 Dec 1;9(1).
  • 22. Battaglin F, Salem ME. Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancer: Overview of Its Clinical Significance and Novel Perspectives HHS Public Access. Vol. 16, Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2018.
  • 23. Gologan A, Krasinskas A, Hunt J, Thull DL, Farkas L, Sepulveda AR. Performance of the Revised Bethesda Guidelines for Identification of Colorectal Carcinomas With a High Level of Microsatellite Instability. Vol. 129, Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005.
  • 24. Nakayama I, Hirota T, Shinozaki E. BRAF mutation in colorectal cancers: From prognostic marker to targetable mutation. Vol. 12, Cancers. MDPI AG; 2020. p. 1–29.
  • 25. Grady WM, Pritchard CC. Molecular alterations and biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Toxicol Pathol. 2014 Jan;42(1):124–39.
  • 26. Mudd A. Influence of bilberry-derived anthocyanidins on key regulators of colorectal cancer development. [Internet]. University of Louisville; 2018. Available from: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd/3129

Review of carcinogenesis mechanisms and new therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer

Year 2025, Volume: 39 Issue: 3, 207 - 233, 25.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.18614/dehm.1751154

Abstract

ABSTRACT
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer among women and men worldwide. The risk of developing CRC is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. It is known that more than one carcinogenesis mechanism occurs sequentially in some cancers, especially colorectal cancer. In this review, it is planned to present the altered signaling pathways specific to colorectal carcinogenesis and related mechanisms of carcinogenesis and to reveal possible new treatment targets.

References

  • 1. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Risk Assessment Methodology., National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. Issues in risk assessment. National Academy Press; 1993. 356 p.
  • 2. Hanahan D. Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions. Vol. 12, Cancer Discovery. American Association for Cancer Research Inc.; 2022. p. 31–46.
  • 3. Xi Y, Xu P. Global colorectal cancer burden in 2020 and projections to 2040. Vol. 14, Translational Oncology. Neoplasia Press, Inc.; 2021.
  • 4. Cornista AM, Giolito MV, Baker K, Hazime H, Dufait I, Datta J, et al. Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy: State of the Art and Future Directions. Vol. 2, Gastro Hep Advances. American Gastroenterological Association; 2023. p. 1103–19.
  • 5. Housini M, Dariya B, Ahmed N, Stevens A, Fiadjoe H, Nagaraju GP, et al. Colorectal cancer: Genetic alterations, novel biomarkers, current therapeutic strategies and clinical trials. Vol. 892, Gene. Elsevier B.V.; 2024.
  • 6. Baojun Duan, Yaning Zhao, Jun Bai, Jianhua Wang, Xianglong Duan, Xiaohui Luo, et al. Colorectal Cancer: An Overview. 2022.
  • 7. Sameer AS. Colorectal cancer: Molecular mutations and polymorphisms. Front Oncol. 2013;3 MAY.
  • 8. Derks S, Postma C, Moerkerk PTM, Van Den Bosch SM, Carvalho B, Hermsen MAJA, et al. Promoter methylation precedes chromosomal alterations in colorectal cancer development [Internet]. Vol. 28, Cellular Oncology. IOS Press; 2006. Available from: http://www.vumc.nl/microarrays/index.html
  • 9. Jass JR, Baker K, Zlobec I, Higuchi T, Barker M, Buchanan D, et al. Advanced colorectal polyps with the molecular and morphological features of serrated polyps and adenomas: Concept of a “fusion” pathway to colorectal cancer. Histopathology. 2006 Aug;49(2):121–31.
  • 10. Obuch JC, Pigott CM, Ahnen DJ. Sessile Serrated Polyps: Detection, Eradication, and Prevention of the Evil Twin. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2015 Mar [cited 2024 Jun 8];13(1):156. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4427517/
  • 11. Nguyen HT, Duong HQ. The molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer: Implications for diagnosis and therapy. Oncol Lett [Internet]. 2018 Jul 1 [cited 2024 Jun 8];16(1):9. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6006272/
  • 12. Young J, Simms LA, Biden KG, Wynter C, Whitehall V, Karamatic R, et al. Features of Colorectal Cancers with High-Level Microsatellite Instability Occurring in Familial and Sporadic Settings Parallel Pathways of Tumorigenesis. Vol. 159, † King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco; the Queensland Health Pathology Services and American Journal of Pathology. 2001.
  • 13. Rebuzzi F, Ulivi P, Tedaldi G. Genetic Predisposition to Colorectal Cancer: How Many and Which Genes to Test? International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2023, Vol 24, Page 2137 [Internet]. 2023 Jan 21 [cited 2024 Jun 8];24(3):2137. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/2137/htm
  • 14. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell [Internet]. 1990 Jun 1 [cited 2024 Jun 8];61(5):759–67. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2188735/
  • 15. Malki A, Elruz RA, Gupta I, Allouch A, Vranic S, Al Moustafa AE. Molecular Mechanisms of Colon Cancer Progression and Metastasis: Recent Insights and Advancements. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jun 8];22(1):1–24. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7794761/
  • 16. Kumamoto K, Takenoshita S. Mechanism of carcinogenesis in colorectal cancer. Vol. 61 Suppl 7, Nippon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine. 2003. p. 55–60.
  • 17. Cisyk AL, Nugent Z, Wightman RH, Singh H, McManus KJ. Characterizing Microsatellite Instability and Chromosome Instability in Interval Colorectal Cancers. Neoplasia (United States). 2018 Sep 1;20(9):943–50.
  • 18. Dey A, Mitra A, Pathak S, Prasad S, Zhang AS, Zhang H, et al. Recent Advancements, Limitations, and Future Perspectives of the use of Personalized Medicine in Treatment of Colon Cancer. Vol. 22, Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment. SAGE Publications Inc.; 2023.
  • 19. Zarzour P, Boelen L, Luciani F, Beck D, Sakthianandeswaren A, Mouradov D, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphism array profiling identifies distinct chromosomal aberration patterns across colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2015 May 1;54(5):303–14.
  • 20. Hong SN. Genetic and epigenetic alterations of colorectal cancer. Vol. 16, Intestinal Research. Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases; 2018. p. 327–37.
  • 21. Raab M, Sanhaji M, Matthess Y, Hörlin A, Lorenz I, Dötsch C, et al. PLK1 has tumor-suppressive potential in APC-Truncated colon cancer cells. Nat Commun. 2018 Dec 1;9(1).
  • 22. Battaglin F, Salem ME. Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancer: Overview of Its Clinical Significance and Novel Perspectives HHS Public Access. Vol. 16, Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2018.
  • 23. Gologan A, Krasinskas A, Hunt J, Thull DL, Farkas L, Sepulveda AR. Performance of the Revised Bethesda Guidelines for Identification of Colorectal Carcinomas With a High Level of Microsatellite Instability. Vol. 129, Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005.
  • 24. Nakayama I, Hirota T, Shinozaki E. BRAF mutation in colorectal cancers: From prognostic marker to targetable mutation. Vol. 12, Cancers. MDPI AG; 2020. p. 1–29.
  • 25. Grady WM, Pritchard CC. Molecular alterations and biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Toxicol Pathol. 2014 Jan;42(1):124–39.
  • 26. Mudd A. Influence of bilberry-derived anthocyanidins on key regulators of colorectal cancer development. [Internet]. University of Louisville; 2018. Available from: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd/3129
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Oncology
Journal Section case report
Authors

Ayşenur Başar Önol 0000-0002-8640-8239

Publication Date July 25, 2025
Submission Date November 5, 2024
Acceptance Date January 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 39 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Önol AB. Review of carcinogenesis mechanisms and new therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer. Dev Exp Health Med. 2025;39(3):207-33.