Kıyı Ötesi Enerji Tesislerinin Hukuki Statüsü

Abstract

20. Yüzyılın başlarından itibaren enerji kaynağı olarak petrol ve doğal gaz yoğun şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Dünya enerji tedarikinin yaklaşık üçte biri kıyı ötesi sektöründen karşılanmaktadır. Kıyı ötesi tesislerin hukuki mahiyetleri, belirli bir olayda farklı hukuki ve pratik sonuçları sebebiyle önem taşımaktadır. Bir kıyı ötesi tesisi, gemi kabul edildiği takdirde bayrak devletinin münhasır yetkisine tabi olacak iken, bir tesis olarak değerlendirildiği takdirde, kıyı devletinin münhasır yetkisi içinde kalacaktır. Kıyı ötesi tesisler, çok karmaşık yapılardır; bunların farklı türleri, şekilleri, hacimleri ve görünüşleri vardır. Diğer yandan milletlerarası hukukta yeknesak bir gemi tanımı mevcut değildir. Bu sebeple, onların hukuki statüsünü kesin olarak tayin etmek oldukça güçtür. Hukuki statünün tayini, uygulanacak her bir milletlerarası sözleşme veya kanun hükümlerindeki tercihe bağlıdır. Kıyı tesislerin yol açtığı zararlar giderek artmakta ve farklılaşmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, kıyı ötesi tesislerin hukuki statüsünün belirlenmesi, daha da önem kazanmıştır. İdeal çözüm, kıyı ötesi tesislere dair müstakil bir milletlerarası sözleşmenin kabulü olmakla birlikte, kısa vadede bu mümkün gözükmemektedir. Türkiye, son yıllarda artan enerji ihtiyacını karşılamak için kıyı ötesi tesislerin faaliyetlerini artırmıştır. Türk hukukunda kıyı ötesi tesislere ilişkin özel düzenlemeler bulunmamaktadır. Türkiye, bu eksikliği kapatmak için kıyı ötesi tesisleri müstakilen düzenlemeli, ayrıca deniz yetki alanlarını düzenleyen bir kanunu hızla yürürlüğe koymalıdır.

Keywords

• Kıyı Ötesi Tesisler
• Petrol ve Doğal Gaz
• Deniz Yatağı
• Hukuki Sorumluluk
• Deniz Yetki Alanlarının Sınırlandırılması

Legal Status of Offshore Energy Installations

Abstract

Since the beginning of the 20th century, oil and natural gas have been used intensively as an energy sources. About one-third of the world’s energy supply comes from the offshore sector. The legal status of offshore installations is important because it may have different legal and practical consequences depending on a particular situation. If an offshore installation would be considered to be a ship, it would be under the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag State. On the other hand as it will be evaluated to be an installation, it would be under the exclusive jurisdiction of the coastal State. Offshore installations are very complex structures and have different types, shapes, sizes and configurations. On the other hand, there is no uniform definition of ship or vessel in international law. For those reasons, it is difficult to determine their legal status. Their legal status is inevitably evaluated by the provisions of each applicable international convention or law. Damages caused by offshore installations are increasing and diversifying. Accordingly, the determination of their legal status has been even more important. The ideal solution is the adoption of a stand-alone international convention on offshore installations, but this seems unlikely to be in the short term. Türkiye has recently accelerated offshore activities to meet its increasing energy needs. There are no specific regulations with regard to offshore installations under the Turkish law. There is an urgent need to regulate offshore installations specifically to fill this gap under Turkish law, and also enact a law on maritime jurisdictional zones without delay.

Keywords

• Offshore Installations
• Oil and Natural Gas
• Seabed
• Legal Liability
• Delimitation of Maritime Zones of Jurisdictions

References

1. A) CONVENTION BASED REGIMES
2. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982
3. The International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships, 1973
4. The International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, 2001
5. The Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft, 1972
6. The Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, 1974
7. The International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001
8. The International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships, 2009

9. The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004
10. The Convention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization, 1976
11. The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992
12. The International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992
13. The Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972
14. The United Nations Convention on Conditions for Registration of Ships, 1986
15. The Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 1988
16. The International Convention on Salvage, 1989
17. The International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks, 2007
18. The Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damge Resulting from Exploration and Exploitation of Seabed Mineral Resources, 1977
19. The International Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, 1969
20. The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter, 1972
21. The International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation, 1990
22. The International Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, 1976
23. B) NATIONAL REGIMES
24. Act No. 4922 on the Protection of Life and Goods at Sea.
25. C) DOCTRINE
26. 2010 International Petroleum Encyclopedia, Joseph Hilyard (ed), (PennWell Corp.)
27. Avustralian Government, Attorney-General’s Department (AGD): Criticial Infrastructure Resilience Strategy 2010, accessed 25 September 2021
28. Balkin R, ‘Is There a Place for the Regulation of Offshore Oil Platforms within International Maritime Law? If Not, Then Where?’ (Comite Maritime International (CMI) Dublin Symposium, Dublin, 30 September 2013) http://www.cmi2013dublin.com/download/file/192 accessed 10 September 2021
29. Baughen S, ‘Heavycon 2007 Liabilities, Exceptions, Indemnities’, Bariş Soyer and Andrew Tettenborn (eds) Offshore Contracts and Liabilities, (Informa Law from Routledge, Oxon 2015)
30. Brown C, ‘International Environmental Law in the Regulation of Offshore Installations and Seabed Activities: The Case for a South Pacific Regional Protocol’ (1998) 17(2) Australian Mining and Petroleum Law Journal 109.
31. Churcill, R and Lowe, A, The Law of the Sea (3rd edn, Manchester University Press 1999)
32. Demir İ, 1989 Londra Konvansiyonu Çerçevesinde Kurtarma (Ankara 2010)
33. Demir İ, Nairobi Sözleşmesi Çerçevesinde Enkaz Kaldırma (Ankara 2013)
34. Esmaeili H, The Legal Regime of Offshore Oil Rigs in International Law (Ashgate Dartmouth 2001)
35. Gold E and Chircop A and Kindred H, Essentials of Canadian Law Series: Maritime Law (Irwin Law 2003)
36. Grambling R and Freudunberg W, ‘Attitudes Toward Offshore Oil Development: A Summary of Current evidence’ (2006) 49(7) Ocean and Coastal Management 442
37. Guide to Oil Spill Response in Snow and Ice Conditions in the Arctic 2015, accessed 30 September 2021
38. Herbert-Burns R, ‘Tankers, Specialized Production Vessels, and Offshore Terminals: Vulnerability and Security in the International Maritime Oil Sector’, Herbmert-Burns R and Bateman S and Lehr P, Lloyd’s MIU Handbook of Maritime Security (Taylar & Francis 2009)
39. Honein S, The International Law Relating to Offshore Installations and Artifical Island: An Industry Report (Lloyd’s of London Press 1991)
40. IEA: World Energy Outlook 2008, accessed 30 September 2021
41. IEA: World Enegry Outlook 2011, accessed 30 September 2021
42. Kashubsky M, Offshore Oil and Gas Installations Security (informa law from Routledge, Oxon 2016)
43. Koskenniemi M, ‘Case Concerning Passage Through the Great Belt’, (1996) 27(3) Ocean Development & International Law 255
44. Kristel DS, Civil Liability and Financial Security for Offshore Oil and Gas Activities, Final Report (Maastricht, October 2013)
45. European security industry (europa.eu)> accessed 30 September 2021
46. May M, Investing in Oil and Gas: A Book for Investors in Oil and Gas Well Drilling Ventures (5th edn, Create Space 2013)
47. Murphy M, Contemporary Piracy and Maritime Terrorism (Routledge for the International Institute of Strategic Studies, 2007)
48. O’Connel D, The International Law of the Sea: Volume II (Clarendon Press 1983-84)
49. Papadakis N, The International Legal Regime of Artificial Islands (Sijthoff 1977)
50. Pinder D, ‘Offshore Oil and Gas: Global Resource Knowledge and Technological Change’ (2001) 44(9) Ocean & Coastal Management 579
51. Rig Report: Offshore Rig Fleet by Rig Type, Rigzone, (accessed 26.09.2021); www.offshore-mag.com/artiles/2013/11/available-fpu-count-at-all-time-high.html accessed 26 September 2021
52. Schemph J, Pioneering Offshore: The Early Years (PennWell 2007)
53. Schoenbaum T, Admiralty and Maritime Law (4th edn, Thomson West 2004)
54. Sharp D, Offshore Oil and Gas Insurance (Witherby 1994)
55. Summerskill M, Oil Rigs: Law and Insurance (Stevens & Sons 1979)
56. Westwood J, ‘Global Offshore Prospect’s’ (Offshore Production Technology Summit, London, 26 January 2010) accessed 30 September 2021