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Estimated Time of Arrival Terms: Analysis of ‘Start Sailing on Time Obligation’ in the Context of Time Charters

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 3 - 32, 01.06.2022

Abstract

An estimated time of arrival term is usually subjected to discussions as to voyage charters. However, due to the fact that such a term will be useful in order for the arrangements regarding the first cargo to be loaded to be made properly and such a term will helpful for a time charterer to have an idea regarding the time when the ship is likely to arrive at the delivery location, shipowners and charterers might also prefer to include this term into time charters. At this point, the purpose of this article is to analyse the impact of a term related to estimated time of arrival of the vessel at the delivery location on time charter relations.
It has been established that where the voyage charters contain an estimated time of arrival term, the shipowner is required to commence sailing for the port of loading at a time when, by proceeding with all convenient speed, she will normally reach the loading port by the specified estimated time of arrival. Whether the similar obligation can be imposed to the shipowner under a time charter remains unsettled at the time of writing. In this paper, the author intends to fill the gap in this area of law. In this regard, whether the shipowner has an obligation to start sailing for the delivery location on time under time charters where the charter contains an estimated time of arrival term for the delivery of the vessel will be the main question which the paper will focus. The answer of this question is tried to be given in the light of the grounds behind the existence of the shipowner’s start sailing on time obligation under voyage charters. Since the English law is predominant in the field of charterparties, the analysis will be made in this paper from an English Law perspective.

References

  • Soyer, B.: Warranties in Marine Insurance, 3rd Edn., Abingdon 2017.
  • Macdonald, E. - Atkins, R.: Koffman & Macdonald's Law of Contract, 9th Edn., Oxford 2018.
  • Ülgener, F.: Çarter Sözleşmeleri I – Genel Hükümler ve Sefer Çarteri Sözleşmesi, 1st Edn., İstanbul 2016.
  • Ülgener F.: Çarter Sözleşmeleri II – Zaman Çarteri Sözleşmeleri, 1st Edn., İstanbul 2016.
  • Treitel, G. H.: Some Landmarks of Twentieth Century Contract Law, 1st Edn., Oxford 2002.
  • Wilson, J. F.: Carriage of Goods by Sea, 7th Edn., Essex 2010.
  • Cooke J. - Young, T. - Ashcroft, M. - Taylor, A. - Kimball, J. D. - Martowski, D. - Lambert, L. - Sturley, M.: Voyage Charters, 4th Edn., Abingdon 2014.
  • Davies, P. S.: JC Smith's The Law of Contract, 3rd Edn., Oxford 2021.
  • Baughen, S.: Shipping Law, 6th Edn., Abingdon 2015.
  • Coghlin, T. - Baker, A. W. - Kenny, J. - Kimball, J. D. - Belknap, T.: Time Charters, 7th Edn., Abingdon 2014.
  • Ozeke, C.: “Assessing Seriousness In Repudiatory Breach Of Innominate Terms”, Journal of Business Law, 2017, Vol. 3, p. 198.
  • Williams, O.: “A Preference for Innominate Terms: The Good, the Bad Bargain and the Ugly”, Southampton Student L Rev, 2012, Vol. 2, p. 155.
  • Behn v Burness (1863) 3 B & S 751.
  • Christie & Vesey Ltd v Maatschappij Tot Exploitatie Van Schepen En Andere Zaken Helvetia NV (The Helvetia S) (1960) 1 Lloyd’s Rep 540.
  • CSSA Chartering and Shipping Services SA v Mitsui OSK Lines Ltd (The Pacific Voyager) (2017) EWHC 2579; (2018) EWCA Civ 2413.
  • Efploia Shipping Co v Canadian Transport Co (The Pantanassa) (1958) 2 Lloyd’s Rep 449.
  • Evera SA Commercial v North Shipping Co Ltd (1957) 2 Lloyd’s Rep 367.
  • Finnish Government (Ministry of Food) v H Ford & Co Ltd (1921) 6 Ll L Rep 188.
  • Geogas SA v Trammo Gas Ltd (The Baleares) (1993) 1 Lloyd’s Rep 215.
  • Hongkong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd (The Hongkong Fir) (1962) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 478.
  • Louis Dreyfus & Co v Lauro (1938) 60 Lloyd’s Rep 94.
  • Macpherson Train & Co Ltd v Howard Ross & Co Ltd (1955) 1 Lloyd’s Rep 518.
  • Marbienes Compania Naviera SA v Ferrostal AG (The Democritos) (1975) 1 Lloyd’s Rep 386; (1976) 2 Lloyd’s Rep 149.
  • Maredelanto Compania Naviera SA v Bergbau-Handel GmbH (The Mihalis Angelos) (1970) 2 Lloyd’s Rep 43.
  • Mitsui OSK Lines Ltd v Garnac Grain Co Inc (The Mytros) (1984) 2 Lloyd’s Rep 449.
  • Monroe Brothers Ltd v Ryan (1935) 51 Lloyd’s Rep 179.
  • Nelson & Sons v Dundee East Coast Shipping (1907) SC 927.
  • Poussard v Spiers and Pond (1876) 1 QBD 410.
  • R Pagnan & Fratelli v NGJ Schouten (The Filipinas I) (1973) 1 Lloyd’s Rep 349.
  • 15/93, in Lloyds Maritime Law Newsletter, Issue 359.
  • BALTIME 1939 (as revised 2001).
  • BPTIME 3.
  • GENCON 1994.
  • INTERNTANKVOY 76.
  • NYPE 46.
  • NYPE 93.
  • SHELLTIME 4.
  • SHELLVOY 4.
  • TANKERVOY 87.

Geminin Tahmini Varış Süresine İlişkin Düzenlemeler: Sefere Zamanında Başlama Yükümlülüğünün Zaman Çarteri Sözleşmesi Açısından İncelenmesi

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 3 - 32, 01.06.2022

Abstract

Geminin tahmini varış süresine ilişkin çarter sözleşmesinde yer alan düzenlemeler genellikle sefer çarterleri açısından tartışmalara tabii tutulmaktadır. Fakat, böyle bir düzenlemenin varlığı, gemiye yapılacak olan ilk yüklemeye ilişkin ayarlamaların düzenli bir şekilde yapılabilmesi için faydalı ve çarterere geminin ne zaman teslim edileceği yere ulaşacağına dair fikir verme konusunda yardımcı olacağından, gemiyi tahsis eden ve zaman çartereri (tahsis olunan) de böyle bir düzenlemeyi zaman çarteri sözleşmesine dahil etmeyi tercih edebilir. Bu noktada, bu makalenin amacı geminin çarterere teslim edileceği yere ulaşmasına ilişkin olarak verilen tahmini varış süresinin, zaman çarteri ilişkisi üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek olarak belirlenmiştir.
Sefer çarteri sözleşmesinin geminin yükleme yerine tahmini varış süresine ilişkin olarak düzenleme içermesi durumunda, çarter edenin, normal şartlar altında gemi uygun hızla gittiğinde yükleme yerine belirtilen tahmini varış süresinde ulaşabileceği bir zamanda yükleme yerine doğru sefere çıkılması gerekmektedir. Gemiyi tahsis edene bu tarz bir yükümlülüğün zaman çarteri sözleşmesi altında yüklenip yüklenemeyeceği hususu şu ana kadar netleşmemiştir. Bu makalede, yazar hukukta var olan bu alandaki boşluğu doldurmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu açıdan, zaman çarteri sözleşmesinin geminin teslimi için tahmini varış süresi içerdiği durumda, gemiyi tahsis edenin zamanında teslim yerine doğru sefere başlama yükümlülüğünün olup olmadığı hususu makalenin odaklandığı temel soru olarak karşımıza çıkacaktır. Bu sorunun cevabı ise sefer çarteri kapsamında sefere zamanında başlama yükümlülüğünün arkasındaki sebepler ışığında cevaplanmaya çalışılacaktır. Çarter sözleşmeleri alanında İngiliz Hukuku hakim olduğu için, bu makaledeki inceleme İngiliz Hukuku perspektifinden yapılacaktır.

References

  • Soyer, B.: Warranties in Marine Insurance, 3rd Edn., Abingdon 2017.
  • Macdonald, E. - Atkins, R.: Koffman & Macdonald's Law of Contract, 9th Edn., Oxford 2018.
  • Ülgener, F.: Çarter Sözleşmeleri I – Genel Hükümler ve Sefer Çarteri Sözleşmesi, 1st Edn., İstanbul 2016.
  • Ülgener F.: Çarter Sözleşmeleri II – Zaman Çarteri Sözleşmeleri, 1st Edn., İstanbul 2016.
  • Treitel, G. H.: Some Landmarks of Twentieth Century Contract Law, 1st Edn., Oxford 2002.
  • Wilson, J. F.: Carriage of Goods by Sea, 7th Edn., Essex 2010.
  • Cooke J. - Young, T. - Ashcroft, M. - Taylor, A. - Kimball, J. D. - Martowski, D. - Lambert, L. - Sturley, M.: Voyage Charters, 4th Edn., Abingdon 2014.
  • Davies, P. S.: JC Smith's The Law of Contract, 3rd Edn., Oxford 2021.
  • Baughen, S.: Shipping Law, 6th Edn., Abingdon 2015.
  • Coghlin, T. - Baker, A. W. - Kenny, J. - Kimball, J. D. - Belknap, T.: Time Charters, 7th Edn., Abingdon 2014.
  • Ozeke, C.: “Assessing Seriousness In Repudiatory Breach Of Innominate Terms”, Journal of Business Law, 2017, Vol. 3, p. 198.
  • Williams, O.: “A Preference for Innominate Terms: The Good, the Bad Bargain and the Ugly”, Southampton Student L Rev, 2012, Vol. 2, p. 155.
  • Behn v Burness (1863) 3 B & S 751.
  • Christie & Vesey Ltd v Maatschappij Tot Exploitatie Van Schepen En Andere Zaken Helvetia NV (The Helvetia S) (1960) 1 Lloyd’s Rep 540.
  • CSSA Chartering and Shipping Services SA v Mitsui OSK Lines Ltd (The Pacific Voyager) (2017) EWHC 2579; (2018) EWCA Civ 2413.
  • Efploia Shipping Co v Canadian Transport Co (The Pantanassa) (1958) 2 Lloyd’s Rep 449.
  • Evera SA Commercial v North Shipping Co Ltd (1957) 2 Lloyd’s Rep 367.
  • Finnish Government (Ministry of Food) v H Ford & Co Ltd (1921) 6 Ll L Rep 188.
  • Geogas SA v Trammo Gas Ltd (The Baleares) (1993) 1 Lloyd’s Rep 215.
  • Hongkong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd (The Hongkong Fir) (1962) 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 478.
  • Louis Dreyfus & Co v Lauro (1938) 60 Lloyd’s Rep 94.
  • Macpherson Train & Co Ltd v Howard Ross & Co Ltd (1955) 1 Lloyd’s Rep 518.
  • Marbienes Compania Naviera SA v Ferrostal AG (The Democritos) (1975) 1 Lloyd’s Rep 386; (1976) 2 Lloyd’s Rep 149.
  • Maredelanto Compania Naviera SA v Bergbau-Handel GmbH (The Mihalis Angelos) (1970) 2 Lloyd’s Rep 43.
  • Mitsui OSK Lines Ltd v Garnac Grain Co Inc (The Mytros) (1984) 2 Lloyd’s Rep 449.
  • Monroe Brothers Ltd v Ryan (1935) 51 Lloyd’s Rep 179.
  • Nelson & Sons v Dundee East Coast Shipping (1907) SC 927.
  • Poussard v Spiers and Pond (1876) 1 QBD 410.
  • R Pagnan & Fratelli v NGJ Schouten (The Filipinas I) (1973) 1 Lloyd’s Rep 349.
  • 15/93, in Lloyds Maritime Law Newsletter, Issue 359.
  • BALTIME 1939 (as revised 2001).
  • BPTIME 3.
  • GENCON 1994.
  • INTERNTANKVOY 76.
  • NYPE 46.
  • NYPE 93.
  • SHELLTIME 4.
  • SHELLVOY 4.
  • TANKERVOY 87.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Space, Maritime and Aviation Law
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ceren Cerit Dindar 0000-0001-8309-3190

Early Pub Date May 14, 2024
Publication Date June 1, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Cerit Dindar, C. (2022). Estimated Time of Arrival Terms: Analysis of ‘Start Sailing on Time Obligation’ in the Context of Time Charters. DEHUKAM Journal of the Sea and Maritime Law, 4(1), 3-32.
AMA Cerit Dindar C. Estimated Time of Arrival Terms: Analysis of ‘Start Sailing on Time Obligation’ in the Context of Time Charters. DEHUKAMDER. June 2022;4(1):3-32.
Chicago Cerit Dindar, Ceren. “Estimated Time of Arrival Terms: Analysis of ‘Start Sailing on Time Obligation’ in the Context of Time Charters”. DEHUKAM Journal of the Sea and Maritime Law 4, no. 1 (June 2022): 3-32.
EndNote Cerit Dindar C (June 1, 2022) Estimated Time of Arrival Terms: Analysis of ‘Start Sailing on Time Obligation’ in the Context of Time Charters. DEHUKAM Journal of the Sea and Maritime Law 4 1 3–32.
IEEE C. Cerit Dindar, “Estimated Time of Arrival Terms: Analysis of ‘Start Sailing on Time Obligation’ in the Context of Time Charters”, DEHUKAMDER, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 3–32, 2022.
ISNAD Cerit Dindar, Ceren. “Estimated Time of Arrival Terms: Analysis of ‘Start Sailing on Time Obligation’ in the Context of Time Charters”. DEHUKAM Journal of the Sea and Maritime Law 4/1 (June 2022), 3-32.
JAMA Cerit Dindar C. Estimated Time of Arrival Terms: Analysis of ‘Start Sailing on Time Obligation’ in the Context of Time Charters. DEHUKAMDER. 2022;4:3–32.
MLA Cerit Dindar, Ceren. “Estimated Time of Arrival Terms: Analysis of ‘Start Sailing on Time Obligation’ in the Context of Time Charters”. DEHUKAM Journal of the Sea and Maritime Law, vol. 4, no. 1, 2022, pp. 3-32.
Vancouver Cerit Dindar C. Estimated Time of Arrival Terms: Analysis of ‘Start Sailing on Time Obligation’ in the Context of Time Charters. DEHUKAMDER. 2022;4(1):3-32.