Weed control in no-till farming and minimum-till farming systems

Abstract

In recent years no-till drop production has became increasingly important. The advent of no-till farming and minimum-till farming has shown that tillage is not essential to grow crops and may do more control of weeds. No-till and minimum farming systems has been shown that the damage done to soil and made weed problem worse by excessive moldboard plowing. Minimum and no-tillage systems affect the weed control. Any method of weed control that minimizes tillage is potentially of benefit to soil structure. The importance of weed control in these systems is great; and complete weed control is necessary to successfully produce crops. In this review weed management practices for minimum-till and no-till cropping systems to provide economic stability while minimizing environmental risk was explained. doğrudan ekim ve azaltılmış toprak işleme sistemlerinde çevreye zarar vermeden sürdürülebilirlik ve ekonomik stabiliteyi sağlamak amacıyla yabancı otlarla mücadele yöntemleri açıklanmıştır.

Keywords

• No-tillage; Minimum-tillage; Weed control

Koruyucu toprak işleme ve doğrudan ekim sistemlerinde yabancı ot mücadelesi

Abstract

Son yıllarda doğrudan ekimin önemi gittikçe artmaktadır. Doğrudan ekim ve azaltılmış toprak işlemenin ortaya çıkışı; toprak işlemenin ürün yetiştiriciliği açısından çok fazla önemli olmadığını ve toprak işlemenin daha çok yabancı otları kontrol amacıyla yapıldığını göstermiştir. Doğrudan ekim ve azaltılmış toprak işleme sistemleri aşırı toprak işlemenin toprağa zarar verdiğini ve yabancı ot sorununu artırdığını ortaya koymuştur. Doğrudan ekim ve azaltılmış toprak işleme sistemleri yabancı ot mücadelesini etkilemektedir. Toprak işlemeyi azaltan yabancı ot mücadele metodu potansiyel olarak toprak strüktürü için faydalıdır. Bu sistemlerde yabancı ot kontrolünün önemi büyük olup başarılı yetiştiricilik için yabancı otlarla mücadele edilmelidir. Bu derlemede doğrudan ekim ve azaltılmış toprak işleme sistemlerinde çevreye zarar vermeden sürdürülebilirlik ve ekonomik stabiliteyi sağlamak amacıyla yabancı otlarla mücadele yöntemleri açıklanmıştır.

Keywords

• Doğrudan ekim; Azaltılmış toprak işleme; Yabancı ot mücadelesi

References

1. Almeida, F.S., Rodrigues, B.N. 1985. Guia de Herbicidas. In:Contribuição para o uso adequado em plantio direto e convencional. IAPAR, Londrina, PR, Brazil, 482 pp.
2. Ascard, J. 1998. Comparison of flaming and Infrared Radiation Techniques for Thermal Weed Control. Weed Research, 38:69–76.
3. Ascard, J., Hatcher, P.E., Melander, B., Upadhyaya, M.K. 2007. Thermal Weed Control. pp. 155-176. In. Upadhyaya, M.K. (ed.) Non-Chemical Weed Management Principles, Concepts and Technology. ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 290 9, CAB International.
4. Aykas, E., Yalçın, H., Çakır, E. 2005. Koruyucu Toprak İşleme Yöntemleri ve Doğrudan Ekim. Ege Üniv. Ziraat. Fak. Dergisi, 42(3):195-205.
5. Ball, D.A. Miller, S.D. 1990. Weed Seed Population Response to Tillage and Herbicide Use in Three İrrigated Cropping Sequences. Weed Sci., 38:522–527.
6. Begna, S.H., Hamilton, R.I., Dwyer, L.M., Stewart, D.W., Cloutier, C., Assemat, L., Foroutan-pour, K., Smith, D.L. 2001. Weed Biyomass Production Response to Plant Spacing and Corn (Zea mays) Hybrids Differing in Canopy Architecture. Weed Technol., 15:647–653.
7. Blackshaw, R.E, Anderson, R.L., Lemerle, D. 2007. Cultural Weed Management. pp. 35-47. In. Upadhyaya, M.K. (ed.) Non-Chemical Weed Management Principles, Concepts and Technology. ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 290 9, CAB International.
8. Blackshaw, R.E., Moyer, J.R., Doram, R.C. Boswell, A.L. 2001. Yellow Sweetclover, Green Manure, and Its Residues Effectively Suppress Weeds During Fallow. Weed Sci., 49:406–413.

9. Brennan, E.B., Smith, R.F. 2005. Winter Cover Crop Growth and Weed Suppression on The Central Coast of California. Weed Technol., 19:1017–1024.
10. Calegari, A., Ferro, M., Darolt, M. 1998. Towards Sustainable Agriculture with A No- Tillage System. Advances in GeoEcology, 31:1205–1209.
11. Carsky, R.J., Singh, L., Ndikawa, R. 1994. Suppression of Striga hermonthica on Sorghum Using a Cowpea Intercrop. Experimental Agriculture, 30:349–358.
12. Creamer, N.G., Baldwin, K.R. 2000. An Evaluation of Summer Cover Crops for Use in Vegetable Production Systems in North Carolina. HortScience, 35:600–603.
13. DiTomaso, J. 1995. Approaches for Improving Crop Competitiveness Through Manipulation of Fertilization Strategies. Weed Sci., 43:491–497.
14. Donald, W.W., Kitchen, N.R., Sudduth, K.A. 2001. Between-Row Mowing Banded Herbicide to Control Annual Weeds and Reduce Herbicide Use in No-Till Soybean (Glycine max) and Corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol., 15:576–584.
15. Feil, B. 2001. Pflanzenproduktion in lebenden Mulchen-eine Ueberrsicht. Pflanzenbauwiss, 5:15-23.
16. Fogelberg, F. 2004. Water-Jet Cutting of Potato Tops: Some Experiences from Sweden. p.111. In: Cloutier, D. and Ascard, J. (eds) 6th EWRS Workshop on Physical and Cultural Weed Control, Lillehammer, Norway.
17. Güncan, A. 2009. Yabancı Otlar ve Mücadele Prensipleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Konya 282 s. ISBN 975-448-157-1.
18. Heisel, T., Schou, J., Andreasen, C., Christensen, S. 2002. Using Laser to Measure Stem Thickness and Cut Weed Stems. Weed Research, 42:242–248.
19. Isık, D., Kaya, E., Ngouajio, M., Mennan, H. 2009a. Summer Cover Crops for Weed Management and Yield Improvement in Organic Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Production. Phytoparasitica, 37(2):193–203.
20. Isık, D., Kaya, E., Ngouajio, M., Mennan, H. 2009b. Weed Suppression in Organic Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) with Winter Cover Crops. Crop Protection, 28:356–363.
21. Itulya, F.M., Aguyoh, J.N. 1998. The Effects of Intercropping Kale with Beans on Yield and Suppression of Redroot Pigweed Under High Altitude Conditions in Kenya. Experimental Agriculture, 34:171–176.
22. Jordon, N. 1993. Prospects for Weed Control Through Weed Suppression. Ecological Applications, 3:84–91.
23. Lemerle, D., Gill, G.S., Murphy, C.E., Walker, S.R., Cousens, R.D., Mokhtari, S., Peltzer, S.J., Coleman, R., Luckett, D.J. 2001. Genetic Improvement and Agronomy for Enhanced Wheat Competitiveness with Weeds. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 52:527–548.
24. Liebman, M., Dyck, E. 1993. Crop Rotation and Intercropping Strategies for Weed Management. Ecological Applications, 3:92–122.
25. Mennan, H., Işık, D. 2003. Buğday Tohumluğunda Bulunan Yabancı Ot Tohumlarının Yoğunlukları ve Bitkiye Dönüşüm Oranlarının Saptanması. Türkiye Herboloji Dergisi, 6(1):8-15.
26. Mennan, H., Ngouajio, M., Işık, D., Kaya, E. 2006. Effects of Alternative Management Systems on Weed Populations in Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). Crop Protection, 25:(8):835-841.
27. Mennan, H., Ngouajio, M., Kaya, E., Dogan, I. 2009a. Weed Management in Organically Grown Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) Using Alternative Cover Cropping Systems. Weed Technol., 23:81–88.
28. Mennan, H., Ngouajio, M., Isık, D., Kaya, E. 2009b. Effects of Alternative Winter Cover Cropping Systems on Weed Suppression in Organically Grown Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Phytoparasitica, 37(4):385–396.
29. Mohler, C.L. 1993. A Model of The Effect of Tillage on Emergence of Weed Seedlings. Ecological Applications, 3:53–73.
30. Murphy, S.D., Clements, D.R., Belaoussoff, S., Kevan, P.G., Swanton, C.J. 2006. Promotion of Weed Species Diversity and Reduction of Weed Seedbanks with Conservation Tillage and Crop Rotation. Weed Sci., 54:69–77.
31. Nice, G., Johnson, B., Bauman, T. 2007. Weed Control in No-Till Systems http:// www.btny.purdue.edu/weedscience/NoTillID/CT-2.html. Erişim Tarihi: 01 Haziran 2010.
32. Oerke, E.C., Dehne, H.W. 2004. Safequarding Production–Losses in Major Crops and The Role of Crop Protection. Crop Prot., 23:275–285.
33. Özer, Z. 1993. Niçin Yabancı Ot Bilimi. Türkiye L. Herboloji Kongresi Bildirileri. Adana, s:1-7.
34. Rasmussen, J., Ascard, J. 1995. Weed Control in Organic Farming Systems. In: Glen, D.M., Greaves, M.P. and Anderson, H.M. (eds) Ecology and Integrated Farming Systems: Proceedings of the 13th Long Ashton International Symposium. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp.49–67.
35. Reddy, K.N. 2003. Impact of Rye Cover Crop and Herbicides on Weeds, Yield, and Net Return in Narrow-Row Transgenic and Conventional Soybean (Glycina max). Weed Technol., 17:28-35.
36. Shrestha, A., Rajcan, I., Chandler, K., Swanton, C.J. 2001. An Integrated Weed Management Strategy for Glufosinate-Resistant Corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol., 15:517–522.
37. Sırma, M., Kadıoğlu, İ., Güncan, A. 1997. Tokat ve Yöresinde Tohumluk Buğdayda Selektörden Önce ve Sonra Ürüne Karışan Yabancı Ot Tohumlarının ve Yoğunluklarının Belirlenmesi. Türkiye II. Herboloji Kongresi,1-4 Eylül 1997 İzmir Ayvalık, Bildiriler: 279-287
38. Teasdale J.R., Brandsæter, L.O., Calegari, A., Skora Neto, F. 2007. Cover Crops and Weed Management. pp. 48-64. In. Upadhyaya, M.K. (ed.) Non-Chemical Weed Management Principles, Concepts and Technology. ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 290 9, CAB International.
39. Teasdale, J.R. 1996. Contribution of Cover Crops to Weed Management in Sustainable Agricultural Systems. J. Prod. Agric., 9:475-479.
40. Teasdale, J.R., Daughtry, C.S.T. 1993. Weed Suppression by Live and Desiccated Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa). Weed Sci., 41:207-212.
41. Walters, C. 1991. Weeds: Control Without Poisons. Acres U.S.A., Metairie, LA. 352 pp.
42. Weiner, J., Griepentrog, H.W., Kristenses, L. 2001. Suppression of Weedsb Spring Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Increases with Crop Density and Spatial Uniformity. Journal of Applied Ecology, 313:31–51.
43. Zimdahl, R.L. 2007. Fundamentals of Weed Science [Third Edition]. 666 p. Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0-12-372518-9.