Karalekeye dayanıklı elma çeşit ıslahındaki gelişmeler

Abstract

Karaleke, Venturia inaequalis etmeninin neden olduğu fungal bir hastalıktır. Dünya elma üretiminde büyük ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Kayıplar daha çok verim ve kaliteyi etkileyen meyve enfeksiyonundan kaynaklanır. Zarar şiddeti, ilkbaharda iklim koşulları ve çeşit hassasiyetine göre önemli ölçüde değişir. Kayıpları önlemek için üreticiler, kimyasal (fungusit) uygulamalarını artırma; araştırıcılar ise azaltma çabaları içindedirler. Kimyasal kullanımının azaltılmasına yönelik olarak yapılan çalışmaların başında dayanıklılık ıslahı gelmektedir. Dayanıklı elma çeşitlerinin geliştirilmesi amacıyla başta ABD, Almanya, Çek Cumhuriyeti ve Rusya olmak üzere dünyanın birçok ülkesinde ıslah çalışmaları başlatılmıştır. Bu çalışmaların sonucu olarak çok sayıda dayanıklı veya toleranslı çeşit (Örn: Goldstar, Redfree, Topaz, Rajka, William’s Pride vb.) elde edilmiş ve bazıları üretime sunulmuştur. Ayrıca bugüne kadar hastalık etmeninin 8 ırkı ve 16 adet dayanıklılık geni belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

• Malus x domestica; Venturia inaequalis; Dayanıklılık; Fungusit

Development of apple variety breeding for scab resistance

Abstract

Apple scab is a fungal disease caused by Venturia inaequalis. It causes great economic losses in the world apple production. Losses are caused by fruit infections affecting the yield and fruit quality. Damage severity varies significantly according to the sensitivities of variety and climatic conditions in the spring. The growers to prevent losses caused by disease, chemical (fungicide) applications increase, the researchers are also efforts to reduce it. Resistance breeding in order to reduce chemical use comes at the beginning of the studies. Many studies to improve of apple scab resistant varieties in many counties all over the world, mostly the USA, Germany, the Czech Republic and Russia, had been started. In the results of these works, many varieties which are resistant or tolerant (For example, Florina, Modi, Topaz, Rajka, William’s Pride) were obtained and released. In addition, the 8 race of disease and 16 resistant genes to apple scab were found.

Keywords

• Malus x domestica; Venturia inaequalis; Resistance; Fungicide

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