Heavy metal pollution of soils is one of the most important environmental problem. Heavy metal accumulation in soils has an important influence not only on the fertility of soils and functions of ecosystem but also on the health of animals and human beings via food chains. Heavy metals in plant structure causes important decreases in crop quality and yield due to inhibition of plant physiological activity, decrease of fertility and die. Tolerance of plant to heavy metal toxicity depends on plant variety, element type, time of stress, plant tissue and organ. Therefore, knowing heavy metal type and quantity, availability, damage strength and type, and as well as damage formation process is important for plant growth and development.
Aksu, E and Yıldız, N., 2004. Heavy Metal Stress International Soil Congress on Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Development. Erzurum. of Plants. Anonim, 2006. Bakır. http://www.food
info.net/tr/min/copper.htm.
Chaffei, C., Pageau, K., Suzuki, A., Gouia, H., Ghorbel, M.H and Masclaux-Daubresse, C., 2004. Cadmium Toxicity Induced Changes in Nitrogen Management in Lycopersicon esculentum Leading to a Metabolic Safeguard Through an Amino Acid Storage Strategy. Plant Cell Physiol, 45(11):1681-1693.
Dunand, V.F., Epron, D., Sossé, A.B., Badot, P.M., 2002. Effects of copper on growth and on photosynthesis of mature and expanding leaves in cucumber plants. Plant Science, 163:53-58.
Dürüst, N., Dürüst, Y., Tuğrul, D and Zengin, M., 2004. Heavy Metal Contents of Pinus Radiata Trees of İzmit (Turkey). Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1129-1134.
El-Ghamery, A.A., El-Kholy, M.A and El- Yousser, cytological effects of Zn+2 in relation to germination and root growth of Nigella sativa L. And Triticum aestivum L., Mutation Research, 537:29-41. of
Gouia, H., Gorbel, M.H. and Meyer, C., 2000. Effects of cadmium on activity of nitrate reductase and on other enzymes of the nitrate assimilation pathway in bean. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 38:629-638.
Gür, N., Topdemir, A., Munzuroğlu, Ö ve Çobanoğlu, D., 2004. Ağır Metal İyonlarının (Cu+2, Pb+2, Hg+2, Cd+2) Clivia sp. Bitkisi Polenlerinin Çimlenmesi ve Tüp Büyümesi Üzerine Etkileri. F.Ü. Fen ve Matematik Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(2), 177-182.
Haktanır, K., 1987. Çevre Kirliliği. A.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Notu, Teksir No:140.
Haktanır, K ve Arcak, S., 1998. Çevre Kirliliği. Ankara Üni. Ziraat Fak. Toprak Bölümü, Ankara Üni. Yayın No: 1503, Ders Kitabı:457, Ankara.
Jain, R., Srivastava, S and Madan, V.K.,2000. Influence of chromium on growth and cell division of sugarcane. Indian J. Plant Physiol, (5);228-31.
Kacar, B ve Katkat, V., 2006. Bitki Besleme. Nobel Yayın No:849.
Kahvecioğlu, Ö., Kartal, G., Güven, A ve Timur, S., 2006. Metallerin Çevresel Etkileri-I. www.metalurji.org.tr/dergi/dergi136/d136 _4753.pdf.
Kennedy, C.D. and Gonsalves, F.A.N., 1987. The action of divalent zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper and lead on the trans-root potential and efflux of excised roots, J.Exp. Bot., 38, 800-817.
Khan, A.G.,Kuek, C., Chaudhry, T.M., Khoo, C.S. and Hayes, W.J., 2000. Role of plants, mycorrhizae and phytochelators in heavy remediation. Chemosphere (41):197-207. land
Krogmeier, M.J., McCarty, G.W., Shogren, D.R and Bremner, J.M., 1991. Effect of nickel deficiency phototoxicity of foliar applied urea. Plant and Soil 135:283-286. on the
Ouzounidou, G., 1994. Root growth and pigment composition in relationship to element uptake inSilene compacta plants treated with copper. J.Plant Nutr, 17:933-943.
Paschke, M.W., Valdecantos, A and Redente, E.F., 2005. Manganese toxicity thresholds for Environmental Pollution, 135:313-322. species.
Reeves, R.D and Baker, AJM., 1999. Metal- accumulating plants. In Phytoremediation of toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean up the Environment, eds, I Raskin, BD Ensley, pp 193-229, John Wiley&Sons Inc, New York.
Rout, G.R. and Das, P., 2003.Effect of metal toxicity on plant growth and metabolism: I.Zinc. Agronomie 23:3-11.
Salt, D., Price, R., Pickering, I and Raskin, I., 1995. Mechanisms of cadmium mobility and accumulation in Indian mustard. Plant Physiol., 109, 1427-1433.
Özbek, H., Kaya, Z., Gök, M ve Kaptan, H., 1995. Üniversitesi Ziraat Fak. Genel Yayın No: 73 Ders Kitapları Yayın No:16, ADANA.
Sharma, P and Dubey, R.S., 2005.Lead toxicity in plants. Braz. J. Plant Physiol., 17(1):35- 52.
Sheoran, I.S., Singal, H.R and Singh, R., 1990. Effect of cadmium and nickel on photosynthesis and enzymes of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle in pigeon Photosynthesis Research, 23, 345-351. cajan L.). with carbonhydrate
Sönmez, S., Kaplan, M., Sönmez, N.K., Kaya, H and Uz, İ., 2006 a. High level of copper application to soil and leaves reduce the growth and yield of tomato plants. Sci. Agric.(Piracicaba, Braz.), 63(3);213-218.
Sönmez, S., Kaplan, M., Sönmez, N.K ve Kaya, H., 2006 b. Topraktan yapılan bakır uygulamalarının toprak pH’sı ve bitki besin maddesi içerikleri üzerine etkisi. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1);151-158.
Stresty, T.V.S. and Madhava Rao, K.V., 1999. Ultrastructural alterations in response to zinc and nickel stress in the root cell of pigeonpea, Environ Exp Bot., 41, 3-13.
Xu, J., Yang, L., Wang, Z., Dong, G., Huang, J and Wang, Y., 2006. Toxicity of copper on rice growth and accumulation of copper contaminated soil. Chemosphere 62:602- 607. in copper
Vaillant, N., Monnet, F., Hitmi, A., Sallanon, H and Coudret, A., 2005. Comparative study of responses in four Datura species to a zinc stress. Chemosphere, 59: 1005-1013.
Van Assche, F.V and Clijsters, H., 1990. Effects of metals on enzyme activity in plants. Plant Cell Environ. 13, 95-206.
Verma, S ve Dubey, RS., 2003. Lead toxcitiy induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants. Plant Sci. 164:645- 655.
Veselov, D., Kudoyarova, G., Symonyan,M and Veselov, St., 2003. Effect of Cadmium on Ion Uptake, Transpiration and Cytokinin Content in Wheat Seedlings. Bulg. J. Plant Physiol., Special İssue, 353-359.
Yağmur, B., Hakerlerler, H ve Kılınç, R., 2003. Gübreler ve İnsan Sağlığı. Çiftçi Dergisi sayı:2.
Zengin, K.F ve Munzuroğlu, Ö., 2005. Fasulye Fidelerinin (Phaseolus vulgaris L.Strike) Klorofil ve Karotenoid Miktarı Üzerine Bazı Ağır Metallerin (Ni+2, Co+2, Cr+3, Zn+2) Etkileri. F.Ü. Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1); 164-172.
AĞIR METAL TOKSİSİTESİNİN BİTKİ METABOLİZMASI ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ
Year 2006,
Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 36 - 45, 01.06.2006
Günümüzde toprakta ağır metal kirliliği önemli çevresel problemlerden birisidir. Ağır metallerin toprakta birikmesinin sadece toprak verimliliği ve ekosistem fonksiyonları üzerinde değil aynı zamanda besin zinciri yoluyla havyan ve insan sağlığı üzerinde de önemli etkileri vardır. Bitki bünyesine ulaşan ağır metaller bitkilerin fizyolojik aktivitelerini engellemekte, verimliliklerini azaltmakta ve ölümlerine neden olmakta dolayısıyla ürün kalite ve miktarının azalmasına yol açmaktadırlar. Bitkilerin ağır metal toksisitesine karşı toleransları bitki türüne, element türüne, strese maruz kalma süresine ve strese maruz kalan doku veya organın yapısına bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Bu nedenle ağır metalin tür ve miktarı, yarayışlılığı, zararın şiddeti ve türü ayrıca zarar oluşum sürecinin bilinmesi bitkilerin gelişimi ve canlılığı açısından oldukça önemlidir.
Aksu, E and Yıldız, N., 2004. Heavy Metal Stress International Soil Congress on Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Development. Erzurum. of Plants. Anonim, 2006. Bakır. http://www.food
info.net/tr/min/copper.htm.
Chaffei, C., Pageau, K., Suzuki, A., Gouia, H., Ghorbel, M.H and Masclaux-Daubresse, C., 2004. Cadmium Toxicity Induced Changes in Nitrogen Management in Lycopersicon esculentum Leading to a Metabolic Safeguard Through an Amino Acid Storage Strategy. Plant Cell Physiol, 45(11):1681-1693.
Dunand, V.F., Epron, D., Sossé, A.B., Badot, P.M., 2002. Effects of copper on growth and on photosynthesis of mature and expanding leaves in cucumber plants. Plant Science, 163:53-58.
Dürüst, N., Dürüst, Y., Tuğrul, D and Zengin, M., 2004. Heavy Metal Contents of Pinus Radiata Trees of İzmit (Turkey). Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1129-1134.
El-Ghamery, A.A., El-Kholy, M.A and El- Yousser, cytological effects of Zn+2 in relation to germination and root growth of Nigella sativa L. And Triticum aestivum L., Mutation Research, 537:29-41. of
Gouia, H., Gorbel, M.H. and Meyer, C., 2000. Effects of cadmium on activity of nitrate reductase and on other enzymes of the nitrate assimilation pathway in bean. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 38:629-638.
Gür, N., Topdemir, A., Munzuroğlu, Ö ve Çobanoğlu, D., 2004. Ağır Metal İyonlarının (Cu+2, Pb+2, Hg+2, Cd+2) Clivia sp. Bitkisi Polenlerinin Çimlenmesi ve Tüp Büyümesi Üzerine Etkileri. F.Ü. Fen ve Matematik Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(2), 177-182.
Haktanır, K., 1987. Çevre Kirliliği. A.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Notu, Teksir No:140.
Haktanır, K ve Arcak, S., 1998. Çevre Kirliliği. Ankara Üni. Ziraat Fak. Toprak Bölümü, Ankara Üni. Yayın No: 1503, Ders Kitabı:457, Ankara.
Jain, R., Srivastava, S and Madan, V.K.,2000. Influence of chromium on growth and cell division of sugarcane. Indian J. Plant Physiol, (5);228-31.
Kacar, B ve Katkat, V., 2006. Bitki Besleme. Nobel Yayın No:849.
Kahvecioğlu, Ö., Kartal, G., Güven, A ve Timur, S., 2006. Metallerin Çevresel Etkileri-I. www.metalurji.org.tr/dergi/dergi136/d136 _4753.pdf.
Kennedy, C.D. and Gonsalves, F.A.N., 1987. The action of divalent zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper and lead on the trans-root potential and efflux of excised roots, J.Exp. Bot., 38, 800-817.
Khan, A.G.,Kuek, C., Chaudhry, T.M., Khoo, C.S. and Hayes, W.J., 2000. Role of plants, mycorrhizae and phytochelators in heavy remediation. Chemosphere (41):197-207. land
Krogmeier, M.J., McCarty, G.W., Shogren, D.R and Bremner, J.M., 1991. Effect of nickel deficiency phototoxicity of foliar applied urea. Plant and Soil 135:283-286. on the
Ouzounidou, G., 1994. Root growth and pigment composition in relationship to element uptake inSilene compacta plants treated with copper. J.Plant Nutr, 17:933-943.
Paschke, M.W., Valdecantos, A and Redente, E.F., 2005. Manganese toxicity thresholds for Environmental Pollution, 135:313-322. species.
Reeves, R.D and Baker, AJM., 1999. Metal- accumulating plants. In Phytoremediation of toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean up the Environment, eds, I Raskin, BD Ensley, pp 193-229, John Wiley&Sons Inc, New York.
Rout, G.R. and Das, P., 2003.Effect of metal toxicity on plant growth and metabolism: I.Zinc. Agronomie 23:3-11.
Salt, D., Price, R., Pickering, I and Raskin, I., 1995. Mechanisms of cadmium mobility and accumulation in Indian mustard. Plant Physiol., 109, 1427-1433.
Özbek, H., Kaya, Z., Gök, M ve Kaptan, H., 1995. Üniversitesi Ziraat Fak. Genel Yayın No: 73 Ders Kitapları Yayın No:16, ADANA.
Sharma, P and Dubey, R.S., 2005.Lead toxicity in plants. Braz. J. Plant Physiol., 17(1):35- 52.
Sheoran, I.S., Singal, H.R and Singh, R., 1990. Effect of cadmium and nickel on photosynthesis and enzymes of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle in pigeon Photosynthesis Research, 23, 345-351. cajan L.). with carbonhydrate
Sönmez, S., Kaplan, M., Sönmez, N.K., Kaya, H and Uz, İ., 2006 a. High level of copper application to soil and leaves reduce the growth and yield of tomato plants. Sci. Agric.(Piracicaba, Braz.), 63(3);213-218.
Sönmez, S., Kaplan, M., Sönmez, N.K ve Kaya, H., 2006 b. Topraktan yapılan bakır uygulamalarının toprak pH’sı ve bitki besin maddesi içerikleri üzerine etkisi. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1);151-158.
Stresty, T.V.S. and Madhava Rao, K.V., 1999. Ultrastructural alterations in response to zinc and nickel stress in the root cell of pigeonpea, Environ Exp Bot., 41, 3-13.
Xu, J., Yang, L., Wang, Z., Dong, G., Huang, J and Wang, Y., 2006. Toxicity of copper on rice growth and accumulation of copper contaminated soil. Chemosphere 62:602- 607. in copper
Vaillant, N., Monnet, F., Hitmi, A., Sallanon, H and Coudret, A., 2005. Comparative study of responses in four Datura species to a zinc stress. Chemosphere, 59: 1005-1013.
Van Assche, F.V and Clijsters, H., 1990. Effects of metals on enzyme activity in plants. Plant Cell Environ. 13, 95-206.
Verma, S ve Dubey, RS., 2003. Lead toxcitiy induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants. Plant Sci. 164:645- 655.
Veselov, D., Kudoyarova, G., Symonyan,M and Veselov, St., 2003. Effect of Cadmium on Ion Uptake, Transpiration and Cytokinin Content in Wheat Seedlings. Bulg. J. Plant Physiol., Special İssue, 353-359.
Yağmur, B., Hakerlerler, H ve Kılınç, R., 2003. Gübreler ve İnsan Sağlığı. Çiftçi Dergisi sayı:2.
Zengin, K.F ve Munzuroğlu, Ö., 2005. Fasulye Fidelerinin (Phaseolus vulgaris L.Strike) Klorofil ve Karotenoid Miktarı Üzerine Bazı Ağır Metallerin (Ni+2, Co+2, Cr+3, Zn+2) Etkileri. F.Ü. Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1); 164-172.