Çeltik Üretim Sistemleri

Abstract

Çeltik dünya nüfusunun % 40’nın temel besin kaynağı, yaklaşık 2.7 milyar insanın kalori ihtiyacının da % 80’ini karşılayan temel bir gıda maddesidir. Tropik ve ılıman bölgelerde yaygın olarak tarımı yapılan çeltiğin % 90’ı Asya ülkeleri tarafından üretilip tüketilmektedir. Dünya'da çeltik tarımı su rejimine göre beş yetiştirme sisteminde yapılmaktadır. Bu sistemler ekim alanı dikkate alındığında, % 45 sulamayla, % 30 yağmurla, % 11 derin suda, % 10 kır’da ve % 4’de yüzen çeltik olarak yetiştirilmektedir. Ülkemizde ise çeltik üretim sistemi devamlı sulamayla, tarla su altında tutularak yetiştirilmektedir. Ekimden hasada 20 gün kalana kadar, tarla yüzeyi suyla kaplıdır. Su yüksekliği, bitkilerin gelişmesine bağlı bir şekilde tedrici olarak yükseltilir ve maksimum gelişme devresinde 15 cm civarında tutulur. Dünyada sulamalı çeltik üretim sisteminde kullanılan ekim yöntemleri ülkelerin ekonomik, ekolojik ve sosyal durumuna bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Bunlar, suya serpme ekim (elle, gübre saçıcıları ve uçakla), mibzerle kuruya ekim, sırta ekim ve fideleme (elle ve mibzerle fideleme) şeklinde uygulanmaktadır. Ülkemizde ise genelde suya serpme ekim yöntemi uygulanmaktadır. Ancak, son yıllarda çeltik ekim alanlarının lazerli tesviye aletleri ile tam mekanizasyon fideleme makinalarının girmesi sayesinde fideleme yönteminin uygulanabilirliği artmıştır. Bu derlemede, iklim değişikliği, kuraklık, toprak ve su yönetimi gibi çeltik tarımının küresel sorunları karşısında sürdürülebilir bir çeltik üretimi için sistem ve yöntemler tartışılacaktır.

Keywords

• Çeltik, üretim sistemleri

Rice productıon systems

Abstract

Abstract Rice is the main food source, 40 % of the world's population, approximately 80 % of 2 billion people to meet the basic food staple calorie Rice is the main food source, 40 % of the world's population, approximately 80 % of 2 billion people to meet the basic food staple calorie needs. Rice is widely cultivated in tropical and temperate zones produced by 90% is consumed in Asian countries. According to the water regime of rice cultivation is done in five training system in the world. These systems are considering planting area, 45% irrigation, needs. Rice is widely cultivated in tropical and temperate zones produced by 90% are consumed in Asian countries. According to the water regime of rice cultivation is done in five training system in the world. These systems are considering planting area, 45% irrigation, 30% rain, 11% in deep water, floating in 4% and 10% of rice cultivated as upland. Continuous irrigated rice production system in our country, cultivated 30% rain, 11% in deep water, floating in 4% and 10% of rice cultivated as upland. Continuous irrigated rice production system in our fields will be kept under water. 20 days until harvest, planting, field surface is covered with water. Water height-dependent manner the country, cultivated fields will be kept under water. 20 days until harvest, planting, field surface is covered with water. Water heightdevelopment of plants is increased gradually, and the maximum growth stages are around 15 cm. Irrigated rice cultivation methods used in the dependent manner the development of plants is increased gradually, and the maximum growth stages are around 15 cm. Irrigated rice production system in the world of their economic, ecological and social status depend. They distribute seed to water (by hand, fertilizer scatter cultivation methods used in the production system in the world of their economic, ecological and social status depend. They distribute seed to and aircraft), to dry the seed drill sowing, ridge planting and planting (hand and the seed drill planting) implemented in the form. Method is water (by hand, fertilizer saçıcıları and aircraft), to dry the seed drill sowing, ridge planting and planting (hand and the seed drill planting) usually applied to distribute seed to water in our country. However, in recent years, laser leveling tools, and full mechanization of rice planting implemented in the form. Method is usually applied to distribute seed to water in our country. However, in recent years, laser leveling tools, areas with planting into machines has increased the applicability of the method. In this review, climate change, drought, soil and water and full mechanization of rice planting areas with planting planting into machines has increased the applicability of the method. In this review, climate change, drought, soil and water management in the face of global challenges, such as rice farming systems and methods for sustainable rice production will be discussed

Keywords

• Rice, production systems