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TOOTH DECAY IN CHILDREN AND THE ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATED FACTORS

Year 2018, Volume: 32 Issue: 3, 219 - 226, 15.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.5505/deutfd.2018.70883

Abstract

Objective: The aim of the present study is to assess risk
factors for tooth decay in children
.



Material and Method: A total of
189 patients aging between 5 to13 years were included. The dependent variable
was the presence of tooth decay and the independent variables were gender,
education level of the mother, consumption of sugary snacks, frequency of
brushing teeth, sweetening of food during infantile period. Patients are
classified as Group 1 (5 – 7), Group 2(8 – 10) and Group 3 (11 – 13) years. The
presence of tooth decay was grouped as no caries (caries free), moderate caries
(1 – 5 teeth) and severe caries (>6 teeth). Unstimulated saliva was
collected in each patient and saliva FR, pH, Ca and
PO4levels
were measured.





Results: Of them,
48.7% were female, and 51.3% were male. There was no statistical significant
difference between gender for the number of decayed teeth, saliva pH, FR, Ca
and
PO4 levels. Saliva FR, pH, Ca and  PO4levels were significantly lower in the presence
of increased number of decayed teeth in all ages(p<0.05). The number of
decayed teeth was decreased with increased brushing frequency and higher
education level of the mother, whereas it was increased with consumption of
sugary snacks and sweetening of food during infantile period(p<0.001).
Saliva FR, pH, Ca and
PO4 levels were significantly
lower in many caries group when compared to no caries group.


Conclusion:  Saliva FR, pH, Ca and PO4 levels have impact on the
development of tooth decay in children. Educational level of mother, brushing
frequency, consumption of sugary snacks and sweetening of food during
infantile period may have influence on the development of tooth decay as
well.


References

  • McDonald RE, Avery DR, Stookey GK. Dental caries in the child and adolescent. In: Mc-Donald RE, Avery DR, Dean JA, (Eds). Dentistry for the child and adolescent. 8th ed. New Delhi, Elsevier, 2005; 203-235.
  • Ben-Aryeh H, Fisher M, Szargel R, Laufer D. Composition of whole unstimulated saliva of healthy children: changes with age. Arch Oral Biol 1990; 11:929-931.
  • Van Houte J. Role of Micro-organisms in caries etiology. J Dent Res 1994; 73:672-681.
  • Gopinath VK, Arzreanne AR. Saliva as a diagnostic tool for assessment of dental caries. Arch Orofac Sci 2006; 1:57-59.
  • Edgar WM. Saliva: its secretion, composition and functions. Br Dent J 1992; 172:305-312.
  • Kılınç G, Çetin M, Ellidokuz H. Çocuklarda Tükürük Akım Oranı ve pH ile Diş Çürüğü İlişkisi. J Pediatr Res 2015;2:87-91.
  • De Almeida Pdel V, Grégio AM, Machado MA, de Lima AA, Azevedo LR. Saliva composition and functions: a comprehensive review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008; 9:72- 80.
  • Maheswari E, Pradeep Kumar R, Meignana Arumugham, I Sri Sakthi D, Lakshmi T. Evaluation of salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, total calcium, protein, and total antioxidant capacity level among caries-free and caries-active children: A systematic review. JAPER 2017; 7:132-136
  • Dezan CC. Nicolau J, Souza DN, Walter LR. Flow rate, amylase activity, and protein and sialic acid concentrations of saliva from children aged 18, 30 and 42 months attending a baby clinic. Arch Oral Biol 2002; 47:423-427.
  • De Farias DG, Bezerra AC. Salivary antibodies, amylase and protein from children with early childhood caries. Clin Oral Investinq 2003; 7:154-157.
  • Motamayell FA, Goodarzi MT, Hendi SS, Abdolsamadil H, Rafieian N. Evaluation of salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, calcium and total protein levels in caries free and caries active adolescence. J Dent Oral Hyg. 2013; 5:35-39.
  • Al-Zahawi SM, Al-Refai AS. The Relationship between Calcium, Magnesium, and Inorganic Phosphate of Human Mixed Saliva and Dental Caries. MDJ. 2007; 4:156–161.
  • Preethi BP, Reshma D, Anand P. Evaluation of Flow Rate, pH, Buffering Capacity, Calcium, Total Proteins and Total Antioxidant Capacity Levels of Saliva in Caries Free and Caries Active Children: An In Vivo Study. Indian J Clin Biochen 2010; 25:425-428.
  • Battino M, Ferreior MS, Gallardo I, Newman HN, Bullon P. The antioxidant capacity of saliva. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29: 189–194.
  • Jolly L, Shetty A. Calcium and inorganic phosphorous levels in stimulated and unstimulated saliva in early childhood caries - A comparative study. J Acade Dent Educa 2014; 1: 5-11.
  • Wu KP, Ke JY, Chung CY, et al. Relationship between unstimulated salivary flow rate and saliva composition of healthy children in Taiwan. Chang Gung Med J 2008; 31:281-286.
  • Bretz WA, do Valle EV, Jacobson JJ, et al. Unstimulated salivary flow rates of young children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 91:541-545
  • Farsi N. Dental caries in relation to salivary factors in Saudi population groups. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008; 9:1-10
  • Güngör K, Tüner G, Bal B. Eğitim düzeyi ile ağız sağlığı arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi. GU Diş Hek Fak Derg 1999; 16:15-20.
  • Namal N, Ertem VH, Vehid S, Can G. On-oniki yaş grubu çocukların diş sağlığını etkileyen anneye ait faktörlerin araştırılması. Çocuk Derg 2009; 9:123-126.
  • Wierzbicka M, Peterson PE, Szatko F, Dybizbanska E, Kalo I. Changing Oral health status and oral health behaviour of schoolchildren in Poland. Community Dent Health 2002; 19:243-250.
  • Saied-Moallemi Z, Murtomaa H, Tehranchi A, Virtanen JI. Oral health behavior of Iranian mothers and their 9-year-old children. Oral Health Prev Dent 2007; 5:263-269.
  • Koçanalı B, Topaloğlu A, Çoğulu D. Çocuklarda diş çürüğüne neden olan faktörlerin incelenmesi. J Pediatr Res 2014; 1:76-79.
  • Ahmed NA, Astrøm AN, Skaug N, Petersen PE. Dental caries prevalence and risk factors among 12-year old schoolchildren from Baghdad, Iraq: a post-war survey. Int Dent J 2007; 57:36-44.

Çocuklarda diş çürüğü ve etkileyen faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi

Year 2018, Volume: 32 Issue: 3, 219 - 226, 15.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.5505/deutfd.2018.70883

Abstract

Amaç: Çalışmanın
amacı, çocuklarda diş çürüğüne yol açan faktörlerin değerlendirilmesidir.



Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya
5 – 13 yaş aralığında, 189 hasta dahil edildi. Araştırmanın bağımlı değişkeni
diş çürüğü, bağımsız değişkenleri; cinsiyet, annenin eğitim düzeyi, ara
öğünlerde şekerli gıda tüketimi, diş fırçalama sıklığı, bebeklikte yiyeceklerin
tatlandırılma durumu, tükürük akım oranı, pH’ı, kalsiyum (Ca) ve inorganik
fosfat (PO4) değerleridir. Hastalar Grup1 (5 – 7 yaş), Grup2 (8 – 10
yaş) ve Grup3 (11 – 13 yaş) olarak gruplandı. Diş çürüğü varlığı; çürüksüz
(sıfır çürük), az çürüklü (1 – 5 diş) ve çok çürüklü(6 ve üzeri diş) olarak
gruplandı. Hastalardan uyarılmamış tükürük örnekleri alınarak tükürük akım
oranı, pH’ı, Ca ve PO4 değerleri ölçüldü. Anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05
kabul edildi.



Bulgular: Hastaların
%48,7’si kız, %51,3’ü erkekti. Cinsiyetle çürük diş sayısı, tükürük akım oranı,
pH, Ca ve PO4 değerleri arasında istatistiksel fark gözlenmedi. Tüm
yaşlarda çürük sayısı arttıkça tükürük akım oranı, pH, Ca, PO4 değerleri
anlamlı olarak azalmaktaydı (p<0,05). Fırçalama sıklığının ve annenin eğitim
düzeyinin artması, çürük diş sayısını anlamlı olarak azaltmakta, ara öğünlerde
şekerli gıda alma alışkanlığı, bebekken yiyeceklerinin tatlandırılması artırmaktaydı
(p<0,001). Grup I, II ve III’teki çocukların tükürük akım hızı, pH, Ca ve PO4
değerleri karşılaştırıldığında çürüksüze göre çok çürüklü grupların değerleri
anlamlı olarak düşük bulundu.



Sonuç: Çocuklarda
tükürük akım oranı, pH, Ca ve PO4 değerlerinin düşük olması diş
çürüğü oluşumunda etkilidir. Annenin eğitimi, diş fırçalama sıklığı, sık
şekerli gıda tüketimi ve bebekken yiyeceklerin tatlandırılması da diş çürüğü
oluşumunu etkilemektedir.

References

  • McDonald RE, Avery DR, Stookey GK. Dental caries in the child and adolescent. In: Mc-Donald RE, Avery DR, Dean JA, (Eds). Dentistry for the child and adolescent. 8th ed. New Delhi, Elsevier, 2005; 203-235.
  • Ben-Aryeh H, Fisher M, Szargel R, Laufer D. Composition of whole unstimulated saliva of healthy children: changes with age. Arch Oral Biol 1990; 11:929-931.
  • Van Houte J. Role of Micro-organisms in caries etiology. J Dent Res 1994; 73:672-681.
  • Gopinath VK, Arzreanne AR. Saliva as a diagnostic tool for assessment of dental caries. Arch Orofac Sci 2006; 1:57-59.
  • Edgar WM. Saliva: its secretion, composition and functions. Br Dent J 1992; 172:305-312.
  • Kılınç G, Çetin M, Ellidokuz H. Çocuklarda Tükürük Akım Oranı ve pH ile Diş Çürüğü İlişkisi. J Pediatr Res 2015;2:87-91.
  • De Almeida Pdel V, Grégio AM, Machado MA, de Lima AA, Azevedo LR. Saliva composition and functions: a comprehensive review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008; 9:72- 80.
  • Maheswari E, Pradeep Kumar R, Meignana Arumugham, I Sri Sakthi D, Lakshmi T. Evaluation of salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, total calcium, protein, and total antioxidant capacity level among caries-free and caries-active children: A systematic review. JAPER 2017; 7:132-136
  • Dezan CC. Nicolau J, Souza DN, Walter LR. Flow rate, amylase activity, and protein and sialic acid concentrations of saliva from children aged 18, 30 and 42 months attending a baby clinic. Arch Oral Biol 2002; 47:423-427.
  • De Farias DG, Bezerra AC. Salivary antibodies, amylase and protein from children with early childhood caries. Clin Oral Investinq 2003; 7:154-157.
  • Motamayell FA, Goodarzi MT, Hendi SS, Abdolsamadil H, Rafieian N. Evaluation of salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, calcium and total protein levels in caries free and caries active adolescence. J Dent Oral Hyg. 2013; 5:35-39.
  • Al-Zahawi SM, Al-Refai AS. The Relationship between Calcium, Magnesium, and Inorganic Phosphate of Human Mixed Saliva and Dental Caries. MDJ. 2007; 4:156–161.
  • Preethi BP, Reshma D, Anand P. Evaluation of Flow Rate, pH, Buffering Capacity, Calcium, Total Proteins and Total Antioxidant Capacity Levels of Saliva in Caries Free and Caries Active Children: An In Vivo Study. Indian J Clin Biochen 2010; 25:425-428.
  • Battino M, Ferreior MS, Gallardo I, Newman HN, Bullon P. The antioxidant capacity of saliva. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29: 189–194.
  • Jolly L, Shetty A. Calcium and inorganic phosphorous levels in stimulated and unstimulated saliva in early childhood caries - A comparative study. J Acade Dent Educa 2014; 1: 5-11.
  • Wu KP, Ke JY, Chung CY, et al. Relationship between unstimulated salivary flow rate and saliva composition of healthy children in Taiwan. Chang Gung Med J 2008; 31:281-286.
  • Bretz WA, do Valle EV, Jacobson JJ, et al. Unstimulated salivary flow rates of young children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 91:541-545
  • Farsi N. Dental caries in relation to salivary factors in Saudi population groups. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008; 9:1-10
  • Güngör K, Tüner G, Bal B. Eğitim düzeyi ile ağız sağlığı arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi. GU Diş Hek Fak Derg 1999; 16:15-20.
  • Namal N, Ertem VH, Vehid S, Can G. On-oniki yaş grubu çocukların diş sağlığını etkileyen anneye ait faktörlerin araştırılması. Çocuk Derg 2009; 9:123-126.
  • Wierzbicka M, Peterson PE, Szatko F, Dybizbanska E, Kalo I. Changing Oral health status and oral health behaviour of schoolchildren in Poland. Community Dent Health 2002; 19:243-250.
  • Saied-Moallemi Z, Murtomaa H, Tehranchi A, Virtanen JI. Oral health behavior of Iranian mothers and their 9-year-old children. Oral Health Prev Dent 2007; 5:263-269.
  • Koçanalı B, Topaloğlu A, Çoğulu D. Çocuklarda diş çürüğüne neden olan faktörlerin incelenmesi. J Pediatr Res 2014; 1:76-79.
  • Ahmed NA, Astrøm AN, Skaug N, Petersen PE. Dental caries prevalence and risk factors among 12-year old schoolchildren from Baghdad, Iraq: a post-war survey. Int Dent J 2007; 57:36-44.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gülser Kılınç 0000-0002-7422-0482

Publication Date December 15, 2018
Submission Date September 2, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 32 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Kılınç G. Çocuklarda diş çürüğü ve etkileyen faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi. DEU Tıp Derg. 2018;32(3):219-26.