Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

SUBARAKNOİD KANAMALI HASTADA VAZOSPAZMIN SAPTANMASINDA TRANSKRANİAL DOPPLER'İN (TCD) ETKİNLİĞİ

Year 2024, Volume: 38 Issue: 2, 83 - 96, 28.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.18614/deutip.1509298

Abstract

Amaç: Serebral arterlerdeki vazospazm, anevrizma cerrahisinde iskemiye bağlı mortalite ve morbiditenin önemli nedenlerinden biridir ve beyin cerrahisinde güncel bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. Serebral vazospazmın klinik önemine ilişkin tartışma, vazospazmın seyrini izlemeye yönelik kabul edilebilir, objektif bir ölçümün bulunmamasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Transkraniyal Doppler (TCD), kliniklerde vazospazmı anlamak için pratik, invaziv olmayan bir yöntem olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak vazospazmın tespitinde ilk noninvaziv yöntem olarak geliştirilen bu yöntemin etkinliği henüz belirlenmemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı TCD ile subaraknoid kanama sonrası vazospazmı izlemek, verileri hastanın klinik değerlendirmesi, görüntüleme yöntemleri ve Dijital Subtraksiyon Anjiyografi (DSA) sonuçlarıyla karşılaştırmak ve TCD yönteminin klinik tanı gücünü ortaya koymaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu amaçla kliniğimizde subaraknoid tanısıyla takip edilen 50 hastanın Fisher gruplaması yapıldı. Median serebral arter (MCA), anterior serebral arter (ASA), posterior serebral arter (PCA) ve basiller arter (BA) TCD'si dört kritere göre yapıldı ve analiz edildi. TCD farklı durumlarda tekrarlandı. Vazospazm DSA ile doğrulandı ve ilişkilendirildi.
Bulgular: TCD ile yapılan kan akımı ölçümlerinde teorik olarak beklendiği gibi en belirgin spazm Fisher 3'te görüldü. Fisher'a göre vazospazm Fisher grup 2'de %31, Fisher grup 3'te ise %27 idi. Hastalarda en belirgin vazospazm MCA anevrizması kanamasında saptandı. DSA ile klinik bulgular arasında en yüksek uyumun olduğu arterin MCA (%94,44) olduğu belirlendi. Anjiyografi ve TCD akım hızları arasında en yüksek uyumun olduğu arter BA (%88) idi. TKD akım hızları ile klinik bulgular arasında en yüksek uyumun olduğu arterin BA (%89) olduğu belirlendi. Ameliyat sonrası muayenelere bakıldığında; BA (%85) klinik ve TCD akım hızları ile en yüksek uyum gösteren arterdi. Bu arter sırasıyla; Bunu MCA (%84), ACA (%70), PCA (P1 ve P2) (%57) takip etti.
Sonuç: Subaraknoid kanamalı hastalarda vazospazmın tespitinde DSA gibi birçok yöntem mevcut olmasına rağmen TCD noninvaziv bir yöntem olarak ayrı bir öneme sahiptir. Muayenenin daha iyi rehberlik sağlayabilmesi için hastaların günde en az bir kez bakılması gerekir. Bu nedenle damar patolojisi nedeniyle tedavi gören hastaların bulunduğu her yoğun bakım ünitesinde veya ilgili klinikte, noninvaziv bir muayene olan TCD'nin hastanın yanında bulundurulmasının hem hasta hem de klinisyen açısından faydalı olacağı bir gerçektir.

Ethical Statement

Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Nöroşirürji AD de 2002 yılında 123625 numaralı uzmanlık tezi olarak yapılmış ve kurumsal onay alınmıştır

Supporting Institution

Yok

References

  • 1. Kordestani RK. Counelis GJ. McBride DQ. Martin N. Cerebral Arteriel Spasm after Penetration Craniocerebral Gunshot Wounds:Transcranial Doppler and Cerebral Blood Flow Findings. Neurosurgery, 1997, 41.
  • 2. Vora Y. Almaroz MS. Steinke DV. Martin ML. Findlay JM. Role of Transcranial Doppler Monitoring in the Diagnosis Cerebral Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurosurgery, 1999, 44.
  • 3. Giller CA. Hatab MR. Giller AM. Estimation of Vessel Flow ana Diameter during Cerebral Vasospasm Using Transcranial Doppler Indices.Neurosurgery, 1998, 42.
  • 4. Kasell NF, James MD, Torner C, et al:The İnternational Cooperativ Study on the timing of aneurysm surgery Part-1 Overall managment results. J.Neurosurg 73: 18-36
  • 5. Wilkins RH, Rengachary SS, Neurosurgery , 1996, Second Edition, Volüme 2A, Section C, 2191-2213.
  • 6. Dan Manor,Transcranial Doppler Clinical Aplications,Rimed ltd, January,1996.
  • 7. Aaslid R.Markwalder TM, Nornes H:Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries, J.Neurosurg, 1982, 57; 769-774.
  • 8. Clyde BL, Resnick DK, Yonas H, et al: The relationship of blood velocity as measured by transcranial doppler ultrasonography to cerebral blood flow as determined by stable xenon computered tomographic studies after aneursmal subaracnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery, 1996, 38: 896-905.
  • 9. Drake CG: Report of World Federation of neurological Surgeons Commitee on a Universal Subarachnoid Hemorrage Grading Scale . J.Neurosurg, 1988, 68: 985-986. (Letter)
  • 10. Harders AG, Gilsbach JM: Time course of blood velocity changes related to vasospasm in circle of Willis measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasound.J.Neurosurg 66:718-728.
  • 11. Lam JMK,Semilevski P, Czosnyka M, et al:Predicting delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage using a transient hyperemic response test of cerebral autoregulation. Neurosurgery, 1982, 47:86.
  • 12. Lanzino G, Kassell NF, Germanson T, et al:Plasma glucose levels and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrahage. J.Neurosurg 1993, 79,885-891.
  • 13. Laumer R, Steinmeier R, Gonner F, et al:Cerebral hemodinamies in subarachnoid hemorrhage evaluated by transcranial Doppler sonography..Part 1. Reliability of flow velocities in clinical management. Neurosurgery, 1993, 33:1-9.
  • 14. Ogilvy CS, Carter BS: A proposed comprehensive grading system to predict outcome for surgical management of intracranial aneurysms. Neusurgery, 1998, 42:959-970.
  • 15. Seiler RW, Grolimund P, et al: Cerebral vasospasm evaluated by transcranial doppler ultrasound correlated with clinical grade and CT-visualized subarachnoid hemorrhage.J.Neursurg, 1986, 64:594-600.
  • 16. Sundt TM, Kobayashi S, Fode NC, et al: Results and complications of surgical management of 809 intracranial aneurysms in 722 cases.Related ve unrelated to grade of patient, type of aneurysm, timing of surgery. J.Neurosurg, 1982, 56:753-765.
  • 17. Van Gijn J, Hijda A, Wijdicks EF, et al: Acurte hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J.Neurosurg, 1985, 63:355-362.
  • 18. Yonas H, Smith HA, Durham SR, et al: İncreased stroke risk predicted by compromised cerebral blood flow reactivity. J.Neurosurg, 1993, 79:483-489.
  • 19. Adnan I.Qureshi, M. Fareed K.Suri, Abutaher M, Yahia, Jose I.Suarez, Lee R.Guterman, L.Nelson Hopkins, Rafael J.Tamargo, Risk factors for Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Neurosurgery, 2001, 49, 607-610.
  • 20. Sarıoğlu AÇ, Subaranoid Kanama,1997, İstanbul,
  • 21. Marks S.Greenberg, Handbook of Neurosurgery (Nöroşirürji Elkitabı), 1994 711-746. Nobel Tıp Kitabecleri,İstanbul.
  • 22. Dönertaş K,Spontan subaraknoid kanamalarda prognozu belirleyen etkenler, Uzmanlık Tezi, 1998, İzmir.
  • 23. Balkır K, İskemik İnmelerde Transkranial Doppler İle Embolizasyon Çalışması, Uzmanlık Tezi, 2001 İzmir,
  • 24. Naderi N, Serebral Vazospazmın Erken Tanısında Spectin Yeri, Uzmanlık Tezi, 1989, Ankara.
  • 25. Özdamar N, Kumral K, Nöroloji-Nöroşirürji Kitabı, 1992, 155-209, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, İzmir.
  • 26. Bozbuğa M,Lindsay, Bone, Callander, Resimli Açıklamaları ile Nöroloji ve Nöroşirürji (Neurology And Neurosurgery Illustrated) Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2000.
  • 27. Tüzün Y. Kayalıoğlu ÇR, Takçı E. Gündoğdu C.Aydın İH, Deneysel Subaraknoid kanama ve 6-Hidroksidopamin’le Baziler Arter Duvarında Oluşan Ultrastrüktürel Değişiklikler ve Denervasyon Aşırı Duyarlılığı, Atatürk Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Nöroşirürji,Patoloji Anabilim Dalları,Erzurum, Türk Nöroşirürji Dergisi, Aralık-1997, 76-81.
  • 28. Güngör N, Migrende Transkranial Dopplerin Yeri, Uzmanlık Tezi, 1996, İzmir.
  • 29. Winn HR, Transcranial Doppler,Departman os Neurological Surgery, 1985, Univesity of Washington, Washington.
  • 30. Hacıyakuboğlu S. SAK’ın Medikal Tedavisi, Temel Nöroşirürji, Türk Nöroşirürji Derneği Yayını, 1997, Ankara.
  • 31. Övül İ. Subaraknoid Kanamalar. Temel Nöroşirürji.türk Nöroşirürji Yayını, 1997, Ankara.
  • 32. Ratsep T. Asser T. PH. Cerebral hemodinamic impairment after aneurysmal subaraknoid hemorrhage as evaluated using trancranial doppler ultrasonugraphy : relationship to delayed cerebral ischemia and clinical outcome. J.Neursurg, September 2001, 95.
  • 33. Giller CA. Giller AM. Batjer HH. Koitnik TA. An Unusual Transcranial Doppler Waveform Associated with Vessel Distorsiyon in Giant Intracranial Aneuryms.Nerosurgery, 1994, 34.
  • 34. Yasui N. Magarita S. Suzuki A. Nishiruma H. Okudera T. Abe T. Subaraknoid Hemorrhage Caused by Previously Diagnosed,Previously Unruptured İntracranial Aneurysm:A Retrospective Analysis of 25 Cases.Neurosurgery, 1996, 39.

The effectiveness of Transcranial Doppler (TCD) in detection of vasospasm in patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage

Year 2024, Volume: 38 Issue: 2, 83 - 96, 28.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.18614/deutip.1509298

Abstract

Aim: Vasospasm in cerebral arteries is one of the important causes of mortality and morbidity in aneurysm surgery due to ischemia and remains a current problem in neurosurgery. Controversy regarding the clinical significance of cerebral vasospasm arises from the fact that there is no acceptable, objective measure for tracking the course of vasospasm. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is used in clinics as a practical noninvasive method to understand vasospasm. However, the effectiveness of this method, which was developed as the first noninvasive method in the detection of vasospasm, has not yet been determined. The aim of this study is to monitor vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage with TCD, to compare the data with the clinical evaluation of the patient, imaging methods and Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) results, and to reveal the clinical diagnostic power of the TCD method.
Material And Methods: For this purpose, Fisher grouping of 50 patients in our clinic, who were followed up with the diagnosis of subarachnoid, was performed. Median cerebral artery (MCA), anterior cerebral artery (ASA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and bacillary artery (BA) TCD were performed and analyzed according to four criteria. TCD was repeated in different situations. Vasospasm was confirmed by DSA and correlated.
Results: In blood flow measurements with TCD, the most prominent spasm was seen in Fisher 3, as theoretically expected. According to Fisher, vasospasm was 31% in fisher group 2 and 27% in fisher group 3. The most prominent vasospasm in patients was detected in MCA aneurysm bleeding. The artery with the highest agreement between DSA and clinical findings was found to be MCA (94.44%). The artery with the highest agreement between angiography and TCD flow rates was BA (88%). The artery with the highest concordance between TCD flow rates and clinical findings was found to be BA (89%). Considering the postoperative examinations; BA (85%) was the artery with the highest concordance with clinical and TCD flow rates. This artery is respectively; It was followed by MCA (84%), ACA (70%), PCA (P1 and P2) (57%).
Conclusion: Although there are many methods such as DSA in the detection of vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, TCD has a special importance as a noninvasive method. Patients should be looked at at least once a day so that the examination can provide better guidance. For this reason, it is a fact that it will be beneficial for both the patient and the clinician to have TCD, which is a noninvasive examination, next to the patient in every intensive care unit or related clinic where patients undergoing treatment for vascular pathology are hospitalized.

References

  • 1. Kordestani RK. Counelis GJ. McBride DQ. Martin N. Cerebral Arteriel Spasm after Penetration Craniocerebral Gunshot Wounds:Transcranial Doppler and Cerebral Blood Flow Findings. Neurosurgery, 1997, 41.
  • 2. Vora Y. Almaroz MS. Steinke DV. Martin ML. Findlay JM. Role of Transcranial Doppler Monitoring in the Diagnosis Cerebral Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurosurgery, 1999, 44.
  • 3. Giller CA. Hatab MR. Giller AM. Estimation of Vessel Flow ana Diameter during Cerebral Vasospasm Using Transcranial Doppler Indices.Neurosurgery, 1998, 42.
  • 4. Kasell NF, James MD, Torner C, et al:The İnternational Cooperativ Study on the timing of aneurysm surgery Part-1 Overall managment results. J.Neurosurg 73: 18-36
  • 5. Wilkins RH, Rengachary SS, Neurosurgery , 1996, Second Edition, Volüme 2A, Section C, 2191-2213.
  • 6. Dan Manor,Transcranial Doppler Clinical Aplications,Rimed ltd, January,1996.
  • 7. Aaslid R.Markwalder TM, Nornes H:Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries, J.Neurosurg, 1982, 57; 769-774.
  • 8. Clyde BL, Resnick DK, Yonas H, et al: The relationship of blood velocity as measured by transcranial doppler ultrasonography to cerebral blood flow as determined by stable xenon computered tomographic studies after aneursmal subaracnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery, 1996, 38: 896-905.
  • 9. Drake CG: Report of World Federation of neurological Surgeons Commitee on a Universal Subarachnoid Hemorrage Grading Scale . J.Neurosurg, 1988, 68: 985-986. (Letter)
  • 10. Harders AG, Gilsbach JM: Time course of blood velocity changes related to vasospasm in circle of Willis measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasound.J.Neurosurg 66:718-728.
  • 11. Lam JMK,Semilevski P, Czosnyka M, et al:Predicting delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage using a transient hyperemic response test of cerebral autoregulation. Neurosurgery, 1982, 47:86.
  • 12. Lanzino G, Kassell NF, Germanson T, et al:Plasma glucose levels and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrahage. J.Neurosurg 1993, 79,885-891.
  • 13. Laumer R, Steinmeier R, Gonner F, et al:Cerebral hemodinamies in subarachnoid hemorrhage evaluated by transcranial Doppler sonography..Part 1. Reliability of flow velocities in clinical management. Neurosurgery, 1993, 33:1-9.
  • 14. Ogilvy CS, Carter BS: A proposed comprehensive grading system to predict outcome for surgical management of intracranial aneurysms. Neusurgery, 1998, 42:959-970.
  • 15. Seiler RW, Grolimund P, et al: Cerebral vasospasm evaluated by transcranial doppler ultrasound correlated with clinical grade and CT-visualized subarachnoid hemorrhage.J.Neursurg, 1986, 64:594-600.
  • 16. Sundt TM, Kobayashi S, Fode NC, et al: Results and complications of surgical management of 809 intracranial aneurysms in 722 cases.Related ve unrelated to grade of patient, type of aneurysm, timing of surgery. J.Neurosurg, 1982, 56:753-765.
  • 17. Van Gijn J, Hijda A, Wijdicks EF, et al: Acurte hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J.Neurosurg, 1985, 63:355-362.
  • 18. Yonas H, Smith HA, Durham SR, et al: İncreased stroke risk predicted by compromised cerebral blood flow reactivity. J.Neurosurg, 1993, 79:483-489.
  • 19. Adnan I.Qureshi, M. Fareed K.Suri, Abutaher M, Yahia, Jose I.Suarez, Lee R.Guterman, L.Nelson Hopkins, Rafael J.Tamargo, Risk factors for Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Neurosurgery, 2001, 49, 607-610.
  • 20. Sarıoğlu AÇ, Subaranoid Kanama,1997, İstanbul,
  • 21. Marks S.Greenberg, Handbook of Neurosurgery (Nöroşirürji Elkitabı), 1994 711-746. Nobel Tıp Kitabecleri,İstanbul.
  • 22. Dönertaş K,Spontan subaraknoid kanamalarda prognozu belirleyen etkenler, Uzmanlık Tezi, 1998, İzmir.
  • 23. Balkır K, İskemik İnmelerde Transkranial Doppler İle Embolizasyon Çalışması, Uzmanlık Tezi, 2001 İzmir,
  • 24. Naderi N, Serebral Vazospazmın Erken Tanısında Spectin Yeri, Uzmanlık Tezi, 1989, Ankara.
  • 25. Özdamar N, Kumral K, Nöroloji-Nöroşirürji Kitabı, 1992, 155-209, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, İzmir.
  • 26. Bozbuğa M,Lindsay, Bone, Callander, Resimli Açıklamaları ile Nöroloji ve Nöroşirürji (Neurology And Neurosurgery Illustrated) Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2000.
  • 27. Tüzün Y. Kayalıoğlu ÇR, Takçı E. Gündoğdu C.Aydın İH, Deneysel Subaraknoid kanama ve 6-Hidroksidopamin’le Baziler Arter Duvarında Oluşan Ultrastrüktürel Değişiklikler ve Denervasyon Aşırı Duyarlılığı, Atatürk Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Nöroşirürji,Patoloji Anabilim Dalları,Erzurum, Türk Nöroşirürji Dergisi, Aralık-1997, 76-81.
  • 28. Güngör N, Migrende Transkranial Dopplerin Yeri, Uzmanlık Tezi, 1996, İzmir.
  • 29. Winn HR, Transcranial Doppler,Departman os Neurological Surgery, 1985, Univesity of Washington, Washington.
  • 30. Hacıyakuboğlu S. SAK’ın Medikal Tedavisi, Temel Nöroşirürji, Türk Nöroşirürji Derneği Yayını, 1997, Ankara.
  • 31. Övül İ. Subaraknoid Kanamalar. Temel Nöroşirürji.türk Nöroşirürji Yayını, 1997, Ankara.
  • 32. Ratsep T. Asser T. PH. Cerebral hemodinamic impairment after aneurysmal subaraknoid hemorrhage as evaluated using trancranial doppler ultrasonugraphy : relationship to delayed cerebral ischemia and clinical outcome. J.Neursurg, September 2001, 95.
  • 33. Giller CA. Giller AM. Batjer HH. Koitnik TA. An Unusual Transcranial Doppler Waveform Associated with Vessel Distorsiyon in Giant Intracranial Aneuryms.Nerosurgery, 1994, 34.
  • 34. Yasui N. Magarita S. Suzuki A. Nishiruma H. Okudera T. Abe T. Subaraknoid Hemorrhage Caused by Previously Diagnosed,Previously Unruptured İntracranial Aneurysm:A Retrospective Analysis of 25 Cases.Neurosurgery, 1996, 39.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Neurosciences (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Veli Çıtışlı 0000-0002-1631-3795

Osman Tayfun Dalbastı This is me 0009-0003-1190-2819

Publication Date August 28, 2024
Submission Date July 2, 2024
Acceptance Date July 8, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 38 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Çıtışlı V, Dalbastı OT. The effectiveness of Transcranial Doppler (TCD) in detection of vasospasm in patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage. DEU Tıp Derg. 2024;38(2):83-96.