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Antik Mezopotamya’da Rahiplik

Year 2024, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 133 - 152, 30.04.2024

Abstract

İnsanlık tarihinde tarım, şehirleşme ve yazı gibi olguların ilk defa görüldüğü antik Mezopotamya, bu niteliğinden dolayı uygarlığın beşiği olarak ifade edilmektedir. Antik Mezopotamya coğrafyası hem şehirleşme temelli medeniyetin bir laboratuvarıdır hem de tapınak eksenli şehirleri, öncelikle rahipler olmak üzere sosyal sınıfları, kendine has dini inanç ve uygulamaları, farklı etnik yapılara ev sahipliği yapan kültürel dokusu ve zengin literatürü ile öne çıkmaktadır. Bu uygarlığın temel kaynakları çivi yazılı tabletler ve arkeolojik buluntulardır. Bu kaynaklarda, tanrılar, ritüeller, tapınaklar ve rahipler dikkat çekmektedir. Rahiplerin, antik Mezopotamya’nın sosyal, iktisadi, idari ve kültürel hayatı üzerinde göz ardı edilemeyecek bir oranda etkili olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Hatta bazı dönemlerde onları, iktidarı ele geçirecek kadar güçlendiğini görmek mümkündür. Kurumsal veya geleneksel bir yapı bağlamında tanrı kültünü ve ritüelleri aktif olarak yöneten rahiplerin, tarih öncesi dönemlere uzanan bir geçmişi bulunmaktadır. Antik Mezopotamya’da rahiplerin, sosyal yaşamda, tapınaklarda ve sarayda en çok dikkat çeken ve etkili olan figürlerden biri olduğu söylenebilir. Burada rahiplerin krallık, şifacılık, yöneticilik, tüccarlık, müzisyenlik, katiplik, zanaatkarlık, kahinlik, büyücülük, eğitmenlik ve hekimlik gibi çok farklı işlevleri olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Yaşamın neredeyse bütün alanlarında varlığını etkili bir tarzda hissettiren rahipler, dinin ve toplumsal hayatın başat bir öğesi olmayı başarmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, antik Mezopotamya’nın rahip sınıfını Dinler Tarihi disiplininin deskriptif metodu üzerinden ana hatlarıyla incelemektir.

References

  • Bertman, Stephen. Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. New York: Facts On File Publishing, 2003.
  • Black, Jeremy - Green, Anthony. Mezopotamya Mitolojisi Sözlüğü: Tanrılar İfritler Semboller. çev. Necdet Hasgül. İstanbul: Aram Yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Bordreuil, Pierre vd., Tarihin Başlangıçları: Eski Yakındoğu Kültür ve Uygarlıkları. çev. Levent Başara. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2014.
  • Brisch, Nicole. “The Priestess and the King: The Divine Kingship of Šū-Sîn of Ur”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 126 / 2 ( Apr-Jun 2006), 161-176.
  • Campbell, Gordon. Garden History: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
  • Carnine, Douglas vd. World History: Ancient Civilization. The USA: McDougal Littell Publishing, 2006.
  • Clayton, J. Nathan. Symbol, Service, and Song: The Levites of 1 Chronicles 10-29 in Rhetorical, Historical and Theological Perspectives. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2021.
  • Collon, Dominique. “Depictions of Priests and Priestesses in the Ancient Near East”, Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East. ed. Kazuko Watanabe. Heidelberg: Universitatsverlag V. Winter Publishing, 1999.
  • Cotterell, Arthur. The First Great Powers: Babylon and Assyria. London: Hurst&Company Publishing, 2019.
  • Day, John. From Creation to Abraham: Further Studies in Genesis 1-11. New York vd.: T&T Clark Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022.
  • De Lafayette, Maximillien, Encyclopedia of Gods and Goddesses of Mesopotamia Phoenicia, Ugarit, Canaan, Carthage, and the Ancient Middle East. Volume 2. New York-Berlin: Times Square Press, 2015.
  • Delaporte, Louis. Mesopotamia. çev. V. Gordon Childe. New York-Oxon: Routledge Publishing, 2013.
  • Dijkstra, Meindert. “Prophets, Men of God, Wise Women: Dreams and Prophecies in Hittite Stories”, Prophecy and Prophets in Stories. ed. Bob Becking - Hans M. Barstad. Leiden - Boston: Brill Publishing, 2015.
  • Forest, Jean-Daniel. “Aux Origines de l’architecture Obeidienne: Les Plans de Type Samara”, Akkadica 34, 1983.
  • Foster, Benjamin R. “Mesopotamia”, A Handbook of Ancient Religions. ed. John R. Hinnells., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Gılgamış Destanı. çev. Sait Maden. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 13. Basım, 2020.
  • Glaz, S. Enheduanna: Princess, Priestess, Poet, and Mathematician. Math Intelligencer 42, 31–46 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09914-7.
  • Güler, M. Emin. Mezopotamya Dininde Rahiplik. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2023.
  • Greenberg, Gary. 101 Myths of the Bible How Ancient Scribes Invented Biblical History. Illinois: Sourcebooks Publishing, 2000. Hahn, Scott. Catholic Bible Dictionary. New York: Crown Publishing, 2009.
  • Hambling, Dora Jane. “Has the Garden of Eden been Located at Last?”, Smithsonian Magazine 18 / 2 (May 1987), 127-133.
  • Head, Tom. Ancient Mesopotamia. Minnesota: Abdo Publishing, 2015.
  • Hole, Frank. “Symbols of Religion and Social Organization at Susa”. The Hilly Flanks and Beyond: Essays on the Prehistory of Southwestern Asia Presented to Robert J. Braidwood. ed. T. Cuyler Young vd. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1982, 315-333.
  • Hout, Jean-Louis. Les Premiers Villageois de Mesopotamie: Au Village a la Ville. Paris: Armand Collin Publishing, 1994.
  • Hunger, Hermann. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1992.
  • Kitabı Mukaddes. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2. Basım, 1997.
  • Klein, Jacob. “The God Martu in Sumerian Literature”, Sumerian Gods and Their Representations. ed. I.L. Finkel - Markham J. Geller. Groningen: STYX Publications, 1997.
  • Luckert, Karl W. Göbekli Tepe. çev. Leyla Tonguç Basmacı. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2015.
  • Leick, Gwendolyn. Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia. Lanham-Toronto-Plymouth: The Scarecrow Press, 2. Baskı, 2010.
  • Martins, Antonio Cavalcanti de Albuquerque. Divination Through Hepatoscopy: The Apogee and Downfall of the Liver. Brasil: Simplissimo Publishing, 2024.
  • Michalowski, Piotr. “Sumerians”. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. ed. Eric M. Meyers. Cilt 1. New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Mieroop, Marc Van De. Eski Yakındoğu Tarihi. çev. Sinem Gül. İstanbul: Homer Kitapevi, 2018.
  • Mumford, Lewis. Tarih Boyunca Kent: Kökenleri, Geçirdiği Dönüşümler ve Geleceği. çev. Gürol Koca - Tamer Tosun. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2007.
  • Nissen, Hans J. Ana Hatlarıyla Mezopotamya. çev. Z. Zühre İlkgelen. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2. Baskı, 2015.
  • Pollock, Susan. Antik Mezopotamya: Var Olmamış Cennet. çev. Burak Esen. İstanbul: Sümer Yayıncılık, 2017.
  • Radner, Karen. “The City of Aššur and the Kingdom of Assyria: Historical Overview”, The Assyrians: Kingdom of the God Aššur from Tigris to Taurus. ed. Kemalettin Köroğlu-Selim Ferruh Adalı. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2018.
  • Rohl, David. From Eden to Exile: The Epic History of the People of the Bible. London vd.: Arrow Books Publishing, 2003.
  • Sasson, Jack M. – Wallenfels, Ronald. The Ancient Near East: An Encyclopedia for Students. Cilt 1. New York vd.: Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing, 2000.
  • Schwemer, Daniel. “Mesopotamia”, Guide to the Study of Ancient Magic. ed. David Frankfurter. Leiden – London: Brill Publishing, 2019.
  • Sitchin, Zecharia. Tanrıların ve İnsanların Savaşları. çev. Gülden Özbilun. İstanbul: Ruh ve Madde Yayınları, 2005.
  • Sitchin, Zecharia. The Earth Chronicles Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to the Seven Books of the Earth Chronicles. Vermont: Bear & Company Publishing, 2009.
  • Sonik, Karen-Tinney, Steve. Journey to the City: A Companion to the Middle East Galleries at the Penn Museum. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.
  • Tekin, Halil. Tarih Öncesinde Mezopotamya: Yeni Yaklaşımlar, Yeni Yorumlar ve Yeni Kronoloji. Ankara: Bilgi Kültür Sanat Yayınları, 2. Baskı, 2019.
  • Uhlig, Helmut. Sümerler: Mezopotamya’nın Sıradışı Topluluğu. çev. Nilgün Ersoy. İstanbul: Totem Yayınları, 2018.
  • Vanstiphout, Herman. Epics of Sumerian Kings: the Matter of Aratta. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature Publishing, 2003.
  • Yıldırım, Ercüment. Eskiçağ Mezopotamya’sında Liderler, Krallar, Kahramanlar. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2017.
  • Waerzeggers, Caroline. “The Pious King: Royal Patronage of Temples”, The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture. ed. Karen Radner-Eleanor Robson. Oxford vd.: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Westenholz, Joan G. “The Ministering Clergy”, The Sumerian World. ed. Harriet Crawford. London - New York: Routledge Publishing, 2013.
  • Woolsey, John Martin. The Original Garden of Eden Discovered, and the Final Solution of the Mystery of the Woman, the Tree and the Serpent: Being the Lunar Theory of Mythology. London - New York : Cochrane Publishing, 1910.
  • İnternet Kaynakları Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. “CDLI”. Erişim 1 Şubat 2024. https://cdli.ucla.edu/. Daily Mail. “5,000-year-old stone tablet containing the 'first ever signature' sells for £175,000”. Erişim 29 Şubat 2024. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8635405/5-000-year-old-clay-tablet-depicting-beer-southern-Iraq-sells-175-000.html.

Priesthood in Ancient Mesopotamia

Year 2024, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 133 - 152, 30.04.2024

Abstract

Ancient Mesopotamia, where such phenomena as agriculture, urbanization, and writing were first seen in human history, is called the cradle of civilization because of this characteristic. The geography of ancient Mesopotamia is not only a laboratory of urbanization-based civilization but is also characterized by its temple-based cities, social classes, especially priests, unique religious beliefs and practices, cultural texture hosting different ethnic structures, and rich literature. The main sources of this civilization are cuneiform tablets and archaeological findings. In these sources, gods, rituals, temples, and priests stand out. It turns out that priests had a significant influence on the social, economic, administrative, and cultural life of ancient Mesopotamia. In some periods, it is even possible to see them becoming powerful enough to seize power. Priests, who actively managed the worship of gods and rituals in the context of an institutional or traditional structure, have a history dating back to prehistoric times. In ancient Mesopotamia, priests were among the most prominent and influential figures in social life, temples, and palaces. It is believed that priests had many different functions, such as kingship, healing, administration, trade, music, writing, craftsmanship, divination, sorcery, teaching, and judging. By making their presence felt effective in almost all areas of life, priests were a dominant element of religion and social life. This study aims to analyze the priestly class of ancient Mesopotamia through the descriptive method of the discipline of the History of Religions.

References

  • Bertman, Stephen. Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. New York: Facts On File Publishing, 2003.
  • Black, Jeremy - Green, Anthony. Mezopotamya Mitolojisi Sözlüğü: Tanrılar İfritler Semboller. çev. Necdet Hasgül. İstanbul: Aram Yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Bordreuil, Pierre vd., Tarihin Başlangıçları: Eski Yakındoğu Kültür ve Uygarlıkları. çev. Levent Başara. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2014.
  • Brisch, Nicole. “The Priestess and the King: The Divine Kingship of Šū-Sîn of Ur”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 126 / 2 ( Apr-Jun 2006), 161-176.
  • Campbell, Gordon. Garden History: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
  • Carnine, Douglas vd. World History: Ancient Civilization. The USA: McDougal Littell Publishing, 2006.
  • Clayton, J. Nathan. Symbol, Service, and Song: The Levites of 1 Chronicles 10-29 in Rhetorical, Historical and Theological Perspectives. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2021.
  • Collon, Dominique. “Depictions of Priests and Priestesses in the Ancient Near East”, Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East. ed. Kazuko Watanabe. Heidelberg: Universitatsverlag V. Winter Publishing, 1999.
  • Cotterell, Arthur. The First Great Powers: Babylon and Assyria. London: Hurst&Company Publishing, 2019.
  • Day, John. From Creation to Abraham: Further Studies in Genesis 1-11. New York vd.: T&T Clark Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022.
  • De Lafayette, Maximillien, Encyclopedia of Gods and Goddesses of Mesopotamia Phoenicia, Ugarit, Canaan, Carthage, and the Ancient Middle East. Volume 2. New York-Berlin: Times Square Press, 2015.
  • Delaporte, Louis. Mesopotamia. çev. V. Gordon Childe. New York-Oxon: Routledge Publishing, 2013.
  • Dijkstra, Meindert. “Prophets, Men of God, Wise Women: Dreams and Prophecies in Hittite Stories”, Prophecy and Prophets in Stories. ed. Bob Becking - Hans M. Barstad. Leiden - Boston: Brill Publishing, 2015.
  • Forest, Jean-Daniel. “Aux Origines de l’architecture Obeidienne: Les Plans de Type Samara”, Akkadica 34, 1983.
  • Foster, Benjamin R. “Mesopotamia”, A Handbook of Ancient Religions. ed. John R. Hinnells., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Gılgamış Destanı. çev. Sait Maden. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 13. Basım, 2020.
  • Glaz, S. Enheduanna: Princess, Priestess, Poet, and Mathematician. Math Intelligencer 42, 31–46 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09914-7.
  • Güler, M. Emin. Mezopotamya Dininde Rahiplik. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2023.
  • Greenberg, Gary. 101 Myths of the Bible How Ancient Scribes Invented Biblical History. Illinois: Sourcebooks Publishing, 2000. Hahn, Scott. Catholic Bible Dictionary. New York: Crown Publishing, 2009.
  • Hambling, Dora Jane. “Has the Garden of Eden been Located at Last?”, Smithsonian Magazine 18 / 2 (May 1987), 127-133.
  • Head, Tom. Ancient Mesopotamia. Minnesota: Abdo Publishing, 2015.
  • Hole, Frank. “Symbols of Religion and Social Organization at Susa”. The Hilly Flanks and Beyond: Essays on the Prehistory of Southwestern Asia Presented to Robert J. Braidwood. ed. T. Cuyler Young vd. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1982, 315-333.
  • Hout, Jean-Louis. Les Premiers Villageois de Mesopotamie: Au Village a la Ville. Paris: Armand Collin Publishing, 1994.
  • Hunger, Hermann. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1992.
  • Kitabı Mukaddes. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2. Basım, 1997.
  • Klein, Jacob. “The God Martu in Sumerian Literature”, Sumerian Gods and Their Representations. ed. I.L. Finkel - Markham J. Geller. Groningen: STYX Publications, 1997.
  • Luckert, Karl W. Göbekli Tepe. çev. Leyla Tonguç Basmacı. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2015.
  • Leick, Gwendolyn. Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia. Lanham-Toronto-Plymouth: The Scarecrow Press, 2. Baskı, 2010.
  • Martins, Antonio Cavalcanti de Albuquerque. Divination Through Hepatoscopy: The Apogee and Downfall of the Liver. Brasil: Simplissimo Publishing, 2024.
  • Michalowski, Piotr. “Sumerians”. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. ed. Eric M. Meyers. Cilt 1. New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Mieroop, Marc Van De. Eski Yakındoğu Tarihi. çev. Sinem Gül. İstanbul: Homer Kitapevi, 2018.
  • Mumford, Lewis. Tarih Boyunca Kent: Kökenleri, Geçirdiği Dönüşümler ve Geleceği. çev. Gürol Koca - Tamer Tosun. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2007.
  • Nissen, Hans J. Ana Hatlarıyla Mezopotamya. çev. Z. Zühre İlkgelen. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2. Baskı, 2015.
  • Pollock, Susan. Antik Mezopotamya: Var Olmamış Cennet. çev. Burak Esen. İstanbul: Sümer Yayıncılık, 2017.
  • Radner, Karen. “The City of Aššur and the Kingdom of Assyria: Historical Overview”, The Assyrians: Kingdom of the God Aššur from Tigris to Taurus. ed. Kemalettin Köroğlu-Selim Ferruh Adalı. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2018.
  • Rohl, David. From Eden to Exile: The Epic History of the People of the Bible. London vd.: Arrow Books Publishing, 2003.
  • Sasson, Jack M. – Wallenfels, Ronald. The Ancient Near East: An Encyclopedia for Students. Cilt 1. New York vd.: Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing, 2000.
  • Schwemer, Daniel. “Mesopotamia”, Guide to the Study of Ancient Magic. ed. David Frankfurter. Leiden – London: Brill Publishing, 2019.
  • Sitchin, Zecharia. Tanrıların ve İnsanların Savaşları. çev. Gülden Özbilun. İstanbul: Ruh ve Madde Yayınları, 2005.
  • Sitchin, Zecharia. The Earth Chronicles Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to the Seven Books of the Earth Chronicles. Vermont: Bear & Company Publishing, 2009.
  • Sonik, Karen-Tinney, Steve. Journey to the City: A Companion to the Middle East Galleries at the Penn Museum. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.
  • Tekin, Halil. Tarih Öncesinde Mezopotamya: Yeni Yaklaşımlar, Yeni Yorumlar ve Yeni Kronoloji. Ankara: Bilgi Kültür Sanat Yayınları, 2. Baskı, 2019.
  • Uhlig, Helmut. Sümerler: Mezopotamya’nın Sıradışı Topluluğu. çev. Nilgün Ersoy. İstanbul: Totem Yayınları, 2018.
  • Vanstiphout, Herman. Epics of Sumerian Kings: the Matter of Aratta. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature Publishing, 2003.
  • Yıldırım, Ercüment. Eskiçağ Mezopotamya’sında Liderler, Krallar, Kahramanlar. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2017.
  • Waerzeggers, Caroline. “The Pious King: Royal Patronage of Temples”, The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture. ed. Karen Radner-Eleanor Robson. Oxford vd.: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Westenholz, Joan G. “The Ministering Clergy”, The Sumerian World. ed. Harriet Crawford. London - New York: Routledge Publishing, 2013.
  • Woolsey, John Martin. The Original Garden of Eden Discovered, and the Final Solution of the Mystery of the Woman, the Tree and the Serpent: Being the Lunar Theory of Mythology. London - New York : Cochrane Publishing, 1910.
  • İnternet Kaynakları Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. “CDLI”. Erişim 1 Şubat 2024. https://cdli.ucla.edu/. Daily Mail. “5,000-year-old stone tablet containing the 'first ever signature' sells for £175,000”. Erişim 29 Şubat 2024. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8635405/5-000-year-old-clay-tablet-depicting-beer-southern-Iraq-sells-175-000.html.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religious Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Emin Güler 0000-0002-1483-0262

Early Pub Date April 28, 2024
Publication Date April 30, 2024
Submission Date February 8, 2024
Acceptance Date March 3, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

ISNAD Güler, Mehmet Emin. “Antik Mezopotamya’da Rahiplik”. Dinler Tarihi 1/1 (April 2024), 133-152.

Journal of the History of Religions is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Licence.