Erken Dönem Hıristiyan Teolojisinde Meryem

Year 2024, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 105 - 131, 30.04.2024

Rumeysa Çiçek

Abstract

Meryem, Hıristiyanlıkta teslis inancından sonra en çok bahse konu edilen figür olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bugün Hıristiyanların ibadet hayatında da manevi hayatlarında da önemli bir yer tutan Meryem’in adeta bir tanrıça konumuna sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Adına kiliseler inşa edilen, ilahiler yazılan, kendisine dualar edilen Meryem’in Hıristiyanların yalnızca dini hayatında değil edebiyat, kültür ve sanat hayatında da büyük bir etkisi olduğu görülmektedir. İznik (325) ve Efes (431) Konsillerinden sonra Meryem’in Tanrı Annesi kabul edilmesiyle Meryem kültünün canlandığı ve bunun Meryem’e tapınmaya kadar götürüldüğü bilinmektedir. Yüzyıllar içinde şekillenerek gelişen Meryem kültünün barındırdığı unsurlara ve bunların Helenistik kökenlerine, antik dünyanın tanrıça tasavvurlarına ilişkin çok sayıda çalışma yapılmıştır. Ancak Meryem’in erken dönem Hıristiyan dünyasında ve inanç hiyerarşisindeki konumunun ne olduğu tam olarak açıklığa kavuşmamıştır. Henüz Hıristiyan adının yeni kullanılmaya başladığı dönemde Hıristiyan cemaatlerin nazarında Meryem’in yerinin ne olduğu konusu önemini hala korumaktadır. Bugün neredeyse bir tanrıça gibi yüceltilen, tazim ve rağbet gören Meryem, İsa’nın takipçileri ve sonra gelen Hıristiyanlar nazarında bugünkü kadar önemli miydi sorusuna net bir cevap bulunmamaktadır. Hıristiyan inancının tarihsel süreçte şekillendiği, akidesinin konsillerde kabul edilen esaslarla netlik kazandığı bilinmektedir. Bu araştırmada Meryem’in ilahi hiyerarşiye giriş süreci ve bugünkü konumuna gelmesinin arkasındaki etkenleri ortaya koymak amacıyla ilk üç yüzyıla tarihlenen kanonik kutsal metinler ve apokrif literatür muhteviyatı, ilk beş yüzyılda etkin olan kilise babalarının eserleri ve konsil kayıtları incelenerek Meryem’in Hıristiyanlığın şekillendiği erken dönemde sahip olduğu konum tespit edilmeye çalışılmaktadır.

Keywords

Hıristiyanlık, İncil, Meryem, Konsiller, Kilise Babaları.

Mary in Early Christian Theology

Abstract

Mary is the most frequently mentioned figure in the Christian religion after the belief in the Trinity. It is seen that Mary, who holds an important place in the worship and spiritual lives of Christians today, has a position nearly close to a deity. Mary, for whom churches were built, hymns were written and prayers were offered, had a great influence not only in the religious life of Christians but also in their literary, cultural and artistic life. It is known that after the Councils of Nicaea (325) and Ephesus (431), the cult of Mary was revived with the acceptance of Mary as the Mother of God, and this was taken to the worship of Mary. Many studies have been conducted on the elements of the cult of Mary, which developed over the centuries, its Hellenistic origins, and the goddess imaginations of the ancient world. However, the position of Mary in the early Christian world and the hierarchy of faith has not been fully clarified. The question of Mary's place in the eyes of Christian communities at a time when the name Christian was just beginning to be used remains important. There is no clear answer to the question of whether Mary, who today is glorified, venerated and revered almost like a goddess, was as important as she is today in the eyes of Jesus' followers and later Christians. It is known that the Christian faith has been shaped in the historical process and its creed has gained clarity with the principles accepted in the councils. In this study, to reveal the process of Mary's entry into the divine hierarchy and the factors behind her current position in Christianity, the content of canonical sacred texts and apocryphal literature dating back to the first three centuries, the works of the church fathers who were active in the first five centuries and the records of the councils are examined to determine the position of Mary in the early period when Christianity was shaped.

Keywords

Christianity, Bible, Mary, Councils, Church Fathers.

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