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Andrew Lang and the Four Origins of His Supreme Beings Theory

Year 2024, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 171 - 195, 30.04.2024

Abstract

Andrew Lang is a sceptical Scottish intellectual who positioned himself against the rigid evolutionary approaches of the new disciplines in the nineteenth century regarding the origin of religion. Born in Selkirk, a border town of Scotland where industrialization had not yet destroyed its medieval mythical surroundings, and spending his childhood there, Lang’s upbringing not only provided him with an enthusiasm for folklore studies but also allowed him to present effective criticisms of the origin theories of contemporary intellectuals such as Max Müller, Thomas Henry Huxley, and Edward Burnett Tylor in comparative mythology and religious studies. In this article, we will examine the idea of origin, which can be called an addiction to base any theories among the Victorian intellectuals, and Lang’s unusual examples of it. Lang constructs the Supreme Beings explored among the native Australian tribes through implications with the material culture of their followers, similarities with contemporary Christianity, the analogy with Jewish God and the concept of deus otiosus that would subsequently occupy a significant place in modern religious studies. Although his contemporaries often associated Lang’s provocative theory on the origins and development of religion with degeneration narratives found in apologetic literature common in the early modern period, he continued to insist on determining the origins of supreme beings within material culture. Thus, while exposing the inconsistency of existing theories on the origin of religion based on the same sources of knowledge, he inadvertently contributed to the development of modern apologetic literature, as seen in the example of theories on primitive monotheism

References

  • Adıbelli, Ramazan. “Monoteizm ve Yüce Varlık Konusunda Wilhelm Schmidt ile Raffaele Pettazzoni Arasındaki Tartışma”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 50/2 (2009), 113-152.
  • Adıbelli, Ramazan. Mircea Eliade ve Din. İstanbul: İz Yayınları, 2011.
  • Alıcı, Mustafa, Evrimci Politeizmden Devrimci Monoteizme. İstanbul: Rağbet Yayınları, 2013.
  • Bengtson, R. Dale. “R. R. Marrett and the Study of Religion”. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 47/4 (1979), 646-659.
  • Capps, Walter H. Religious Studies: The Making of a Discipline. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995.
  • Carroll, Michael P. “Some Third Thoughts on Max Müller and Solar Mythology”. European Journal of Sociology 26/2 (1985), 263-281.
  • Davidson, H. R. Ellis. “Folklore and Myth”. Folklore 87/2 (1976), 131-145.
  • Demirci, Kürşat. Dinler Tarihinin Meseleleri. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2002.
  • Dimock, Hedley S. “Trends in the Redefinition of Religion”. The Journal of Religion 8/3 (1928), 434-452.
  • Dixon, Roland B. “Notes on Anthropology”. Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York 31/3 (1899), 464-468.
  • Dorson, Richard M. “The Eclipse of Solar Mythology”. The Journal of American Folklore. 68/270 (1955), 393-416.
  • Duff-Cooper, Andrew. “Andrew Lang: Aspects of his Work in Relation to Current Social Anthropology”. Folklore 97 (1986), 186-205.
  • Eliade, Mircea. “The Quest for the Origins" of Religion”. History of Religions 4/1 (1964), 154-169.
  • Eliade, Mircea. Dinin Anlamı ve Sosyal Fonksiyonu. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1990.
  • Green, Roger Lancelyn. Andrew Lang: A Critical Bibliography. Leicester: Edmund Ward, 1946.
  • Goldenweiser, Alexander. “The Death of Andrew Lang”. The Journal of American Folklore. 25/ 98 (1912), 372-373. Harris, Marvin. The Rise of Anthropological Theory. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1968.
  • Hartland, Edwin Sidney. “Australian Gods: Rejoinder”. Folklore 10/1 (1899), 46-62.
  • Huxley, Thomas H. The Evolution of Theology: An Anthropological Study. London: K. Paul, Trench, 1886. Karsten, Rafael. The Origins of Religion. London: Kegan Paul, 1935.
  • Lang, Andrew. “Anthropology and the Vedas.” The Folk-Lore Journal 1/4 (1883), 107-114.
  • Lang, Andrew. “Australian Gods A Reply”. Folklore 10/1 (1899), 1-46.
  • Lang, Andrew. “Mythology and Fairy Tales”. Fortnightly Review 13 (1873), 618-631.
  • Lang, Andrew. The Making of Religion. London: Longsman, Green & Co. 1898.
  • Lang, Andrew. Myth, Ritual and Religion. London: Longman & Green Co, 1913.
  • Lang, Andrew. The Origins of Religion. London: Watts & Co, 1908.
  • Lang, Andrew. “The Supreme Being and Totems in Sarawak”. Man 2 (1902), 107-108.
  • Lecourt, Sebastian. Cultivating Belief: Victorian Anthropology, Liberal Aesthetics and the Secular Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • Marett, Robert Ranulph, “Pre-Animistic Religion”. Folklore 11/2 (1900), 162-184.
  • Roberts, Jon H. “Religious Reactions to Darwin”. Ed. Peter Harrison. The Cambrdige Companion to Science and Religion içinde 80-103. London: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Pettazzoni, Raffaele. The All-Knowing God. New York: Arno Press, 1978.
  • Pritchard, E. E. Evans. Theories of Primitive Religion. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1965.
  • Psomiades, Kathy A. “Hidden Meaning: Andrew Lang, H. Rider Haggard, Sigmund Freud, and Interpretation.” Romanticism on the Net. 64 (2014).
  • Schmidt, Wilhelm. The Origin and Growth of Religion: Facts and Theories. London: Methuen Co. Ltd, 1931.
  • Sera-Shriar, Efram. Historicizing Humans: Deep Time, Evolution, and Race in Nineteenth-Century British Sciences. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018.
  • Sera-Shriar, Efram. Psychic Investigators: Anthropology, Modern Spiritualism, and Credible Witnessing in the Late Victorian Age. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2022.
  • Sharpe, Eric J. “Andrew Lang and the Making of Myth”. Ethnography Is a Heavy Rite: Studies of Comparative Religion in Honor of Juha Pentikäinen. ed. Nills G. Holm 35-43. Finland: Åbo Akademi UP, 2000.
  • Stocking, George W. After Tylor British Social Anthropology 1888-1951. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.
  • Strenski, Ivan. Understanding Theories of Religion. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.
  • Sumpter, Caroline. “Devulgarizing Dickens: Andrew Lang, Homer and the Rise of Psycho-Folklore”. ELH 87/3 (2020), 733-759.
  • Sutherland, Liam T. Edward Burnett Tylor, Religion and Culture. Oxford: Bloomsbury, 2017.
  • Şahin, Mehmet. “Andrew Lang’ın Eserlerinde Folklor, Mitoloji, Din ve Yüce Varlık Anlayışı”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü 8 (2002), 305-322.
  • Şahin, Mehmet. Andrew Lang’ın Eserlerinde Din ve Yüce Tanrı Kavramı. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi, 2002. Taşpınar, İsmail. Dinler: Tarih ve Sembolizm. İstanbul: M. Ü. İlahiyat Fakültesi Yayınlar, 2017.
  • Teverson, Andrew (ed.). The Edinburg Critical Edition of Selected Writings of Andrew Lang. 1. Cilt. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015.
  • Wheeler-Barclay, Marjorie. The Science of Religion in Britain, 1860-1915. London: University of Virginia Press, 2010.
  • Yoshino, Yuki. Desire for Perpetuation: Fairy Writing and Re-creation of National Identity in the Narratives of Walter Scott, John Black, James Hogg and Andrew Lang. The University of Edinburg, Doktora Tezi, 2013.

Andrew Lang ve Yüce Varlıklar Teorisinin Dört Kökeni

Year 2024, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 171 - 195, 30.04.2024

Abstract

Andrew Lang, dinin menşeine dair on dokuzuncu yüzyıldaki yeni disiplinlerin katı evrimci yaklaşımları karşısında konumlanan şüpheci bir İskoç aydınıdır. İskoçya’nın sınır kasabası olan ve henüz sanayileşmenin Orta Çağ’a özgü masalsı çevresini tahrip etmediği Selkrik’te dünyaya gelmesi ve çocukluğunu burada geçirmesi, Lang’ın folklor çalışmalarına yönelik iştiyakını temin etmekle kalmayacak aynı zamanda karşılaştırmalı mitoloji ve din araştırmalarında Max Müller, Thomas Henry Huxley ve Edward Burnett Tylor gibi muasırı aydınların dinin kökenine yönelik teorilerine etkili eleştiriler ortaya koymasına fırsat sağlayacaktır. Bu makale dahilinde; Viktorya dönemi aydınları arasında bir iptila addedilebilecek köken düşüncesinin Lang’a ait alışık olmadık örnekleri ele alınacaktır. Lang, Avustralya’daki yerli topluluklar arasında keşfedilen yüce varlıkları; müntesiplerinin maddi kültürleri, çağdaş Hıristiyanlıkla var olan benzerlikleri, Kitab-ı Mukaddes’teki İbrani Tanrısı’yla kurulan analoji ve müteakip din çalışmalarında önemli bir yer edinecek deus otiosus kavramına ima ile inşa etmektedir. Her ne kadar muasırları Lang’ın dinin kökeni ve gelişimine dair bu kışkırtıcı teorisini erken modern dönemlerde sık rastlanan apolojik literatür dahilindeki dejenerasyon anlatılarıyla ilişkilendirmiş olsa da o, yüce varlıkların kökenlerini maddi kültür dahilinde saptama konusundaki ısrarını sürdürecektir. Bu sayede, dinin menşeine dair mevcut teorilerin aynı bilgi kaynakları üzerinden üretilen yorumlarının tutarsızlığını ortaya koyarken diğer yandan farkında olmadan ilkel monoteizm düşüncesi örneğinde olduğu üzere çağdaş apolojik literatürün gelişmesine katkı sağlayacaktır

References

  • Adıbelli, Ramazan. “Monoteizm ve Yüce Varlık Konusunda Wilhelm Schmidt ile Raffaele Pettazzoni Arasındaki Tartışma”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 50/2 (2009), 113-152.
  • Adıbelli, Ramazan. Mircea Eliade ve Din. İstanbul: İz Yayınları, 2011.
  • Alıcı, Mustafa, Evrimci Politeizmden Devrimci Monoteizme. İstanbul: Rağbet Yayınları, 2013.
  • Bengtson, R. Dale. “R. R. Marrett and the Study of Religion”. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 47/4 (1979), 646-659.
  • Capps, Walter H. Religious Studies: The Making of a Discipline. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995.
  • Carroll, Michael P. “Some Third Thoughts on Max Müller and Solar Mythology”. European Journal of Sociology 26/2 (1985), 263-281.
  • Davidson, H. R. Ellis. “Folklore and Myth”. Folklore 87/2 (1976), 131-145.
  • Demirci, Kürşat. Dinler Tarihinin Meseleleri. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2002.
  • Dimock, Hedley S. “Trends in the Redefinition of Religion”. The Journal of Religion 8/3 (1928), 434-452.
  • Dixon, Roland B. “Notes on Anthropology”. Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York 31/3 (1899), 464-468.
  • Dorson, Richard M. “The Eclipse of Solar Mythology”. The Journal of American Folklore. 68/270 (1955), 393-416.
  • Duff-Cooper, Andrew. “Andrew Lang: Aspects of his Work in Relation to Current Social Anthropology”. Folklore 97 (1986), 186-205.
  • Eliade, Mircea. “The Quest for the Origins" of Religion”. History of Religions 4/1 (1964), 154-169.
  • Eliade, Mircea. Dinin Anlamı ve Sosyal Fonksiyonu. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1990.
  • Green, Roger Lancelyn. Andrew Lang: A Critical Bibliography. Leicester: Edmund Ward, 1946.
  • Goldenweiser, Alexander. “The Death of Andrew Lang”. The Journal of American Folklore. 25/ 98 (1912), 372-373. Harris, Marvin. The Rise of Anthropological Theory. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1968.
  • Hartland, Edwin Sidney. “Australian Gods: Rejoinder”. Folklore 10/1 (1899), 46-62.
  • Huxley, Thomas H. The Evolution of Theology: An Anthropological Study. London: K. Paul, Trench, 1886. Karsten, Rafael. The Origins of Religion. London: Kegan Paul, 1935.
  • Lang, Andrew. “Anthropology and the Vedas.” The Folk-Lore Journal 1/4 (1883), 107-114.
  • Lang, Andrew. “Australian Gods A Reply”. Folklore 10/1 (1899), 1-46.
  • Lang, Andrew. “Mythology and Fairy Tales”. Fortnightly Review 13 (1873), 618-631.
  • Lang, Andrew. The Making of Religion. London: Longsman, Green & Co. 1898.
  • Lang, Andrew. Myth, Ritual and Religion. London: Longman & Green Co, 1913.
  • Lang, Andrew. The Origins of Religion. London: Watts & Co, 1908.
  • Lang, Andrew. “The Supreme Being and Totems in Sarawak”. Man 2 (1902), 107-108.
  • Lecourt, Sebastian. Cultivating Belief: Victorian Anthropology, Liberal Aesthetics and the Secular Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • Marett, Robert Ranulph, “Pre-Animistic Religion”. Folklore 11/2 (1900), 162-184.
  • Roberts, Jon H. “Religious Reactions to Darwin”. Ed. Peter Harrison. The Cambrdige Companion to Science and Religion içinde 80-103. London: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Pettazzoni, Raffaele. The All-Knowing God. New York: Arno Press, 1978.
  • Pritchard, E. E. Evans. Theories of Primitive Religion. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1965.
  • Psomiades, Kathy A. “Hidden Meaning: Andrew Lang, H. Rider Haggard, Sigmund Freud, and Interpretation.” Romanticism on the Net. 64 (2014).
  • Schmidt, Wilhelm. The Origin and Growth of Religion: Facts and Theories. London: Methuen Co. Ltd, 1931.
  • Sera-Shriar, Efram. Historicizing Humans: Deep Time, Evolution, and Race in Nineteenth-Century British Sciences. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018.
  • Sera-Shriar, Efram. Psychic Investigators: Anthropology, Modern Spiritualism, and Credible Witnessing in the Late Victorian Age. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2022.
  • Sharpe, Eric J. “Andrew Lang and the Making of Myth”. Ethnography Is a Heavy Rite: Studies of Comparative Religion in Honor of Juha Pentikäinen. ed. Nills G. Holm 35-43. Finland: Åbo Akademi UP, 2000.
  • Stocking, George W. After Tylor British Social Anthropology 1888-1951. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.
  • Strenski, Ivan. Understanding Theories of Religion. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.
  • Sumpter, Caroline. “Devulgarizing Dickens: Andrew Lang, Homer and the Rise of Psycho-Folklore”. ELH 87/3 (2020), 733-759.
  • Sutherland, Liam T. Edward Burnett Tylor, Religion and Culture. Oxford: Bloomsbury, 2017.
  • Şahin, Mehmet. “Andrew Lang’ın Eserlerinde Folklor, Mitoloji, Din ve Yüce Varlık Anlayışı”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü 8 (2002), 305-322.
  • Şahin, Mehmet. Andrew Lang’ın Eserlerinde Din ve Yüce Tanrı Kavramı. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi, 2002. Taşpınar, İsmail. Dinler: Tarih ve Sembolizm. İstanbul: M. Ü. İlahiyat Fakültesi Yayınlar, 2017.
  • Teverson, Andrew (ed.). The Edinburg Critical Edition of Selected Writings of Andrew Lang. 1. Cilt. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015.
  • Wheeler-Barclay, Marjorie. The Science of Religion in Britain, 1860-1915. London: University of Virginia Press, 2010.
  • Yoshino, Yuki. Desire for Perpetuation: Fairy Writing and Re-creation of National Identity in the Narratives of Walter Scott, John Black, James Hogg and Andrew Lang. The University of Edinburg, Doktora Tezi, 2013.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religious Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Dücane Demirtaş 0000-0003-0958-6098

Early Pub Date April 28, 2024
Publication Date April 30, 2024
Submission Date February 23, 2024
Acceptance Date April 7, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

ISNAD Demirtaş, Dücane. “Andrew Lang Ve Yüce Varlıklar Teorisinin Dört Kökeni”. Dinler Tarihi 1/1 (April 2024), 171-195.

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