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İsa’nın Günah Keçisi Olarak Kabulünün Arka Planı

Year 2024, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 249 - 272, 31.10.2024

Abstract

Kurban ibadeti, kadim çağlardan günümüze kadar çeşitli kültür ve geleneklerde dinî uygulamaların temel taşı olmuştur. Canlı ya da cansız olarak sunulan kurbanlarla gerçekleşen bu ibadet biçimi, bireylerin ve toplulukların günahlarının kefaretini ödemeleri, ilahi lütuf aramaları ve Tanrı ile ilişkilerini yeniden kurmaları için bir araç olmuştur. Dahası, pek çok gelenekte bu kurbanlar, günahtan arınmayı ve manevi bağların yenilenmesini simgeleyen derin kefaret özellikleri taşımıştır. Bunun en belirgin örneği Yahudilikte Yom Kippur’da sunulan iki keçidir. Hıristiyanlıkta ise hayvan kurbanının yerini İsa’nın aldığı görülmektedir. İsa’nın hem kurbanlık kuzuyu hem de günah keçisini temsil etmesi ve çarmıhta canını vermesi, insanların günahının kefareti olarak görülmesi, kurban ibadetinin anlayışında ve uygulamasında önemli bir değişim olduğunu göstermektedir. Makale temel olarak Yeni Ahit’in, İsa’nın çarmıhta ölümünü kurban düşüncesi bağlamında nasıl resmettiğini ve erken dönem Hıristiyanlarının İsa’nın çarmıhta kurban edilmesini nasıl yorumladıklarını açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. İsa’nın kurbanlığının arka planının anlaşılması için Hitit, Yunan ve Roma geleneklerinde günah keçisi uygulamasının nasıl gerçekleştiği, Yahudilikteki kefaret kurbanı, günahın aktarılabilirliği ve temsilî acı çekme konuları ele alınacaktır. Bu bağlamda günah keçisi kavramının kadim geleneklerden Hıristiyanlığa nasıl geldiği, nasıl etki ettiği ve Hıristiyanlığın bu düşünceye kendi teolojik düşünce sisteminde nasıl yeni anlamlar kazandırdığı ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılacaktır.

References

  • Avishur, Isaac. “Isaiah (Chapters 34-55)”. Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. Fred Skolnik. 10/68-73. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.
  • Bremmer, Jan. “Scapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greece”. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 87 (1983), 299-320. https://doi.org/10.2307/311262
  • Bremmer, Jan N. Greek Religion and Culture, the Bible and the Ancient Near East. Leiden: Brill Academic Pub, 2008.
  • Craig, William Lane. Atonement and the Death of Christ. Baylor University Press, 2020.
  • DeMaris, Richard E. The New Testament in its Ritual World. Oxford: Routledge, 1. Basım, 2008.
  • Ehrman, Bart D. (ed.). The Apostolic Fathers, Volume II: Epistle of Barnabas. Papias and Quadratus. Epistle to Diognetus. The Shepherd of Hermas. çev. Bart D. Ehrman. London: Harvard University Press, 2003.
  • Ezra, Daniel Stökl Ben. The Impact of Yom Kippur on Early Christianity: the Day of Atonement from Second Temple Judaism to the Fifth Century. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003.
  • Flood, Derek. “Substitutionary Atonement and the Church Fathers: A Reply to the Authors of Pierced for Our Transgressions”. EQ 82/2 (2010), 142-159.
  • Gagné, Renaud. Ancestral Fault in Ancient Greece. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  • Gaster, T.H. “Azazel”. The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible. ed. George Arthur Buttrick. 1/325-362. Tennessee: Abingdon Press, 1962.
  • Geyser-Fouchè, Ananda B. - Munengwa, Thomas M. “The Concept of Vicarious Suffering in the Old Testament”. HTS Theological Studies 75/4 (2019), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v75i4.5352
  • Grimm, Carl Ludwig Willibald - Joseph Henry Thayer (ed.). A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Being Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti. Corrected Edition. New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2010.
  • Güç, Ahmet. “Kurban”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 26/433-435. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2002.
  • Harman, Ömer Faruk. “Günah”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 14/278-282. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1996.
  • Helmke, Laura. “Isaiah and the Suffering Servant: A Look at Isaiah 52:13-53:12”. Presidential Scholars Theses (1990 – 2006). https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pst/81
  • Henninger, Joseph. “Sacrifice [First Edition]”. Encyclopedia of Religion. 12/7997-8008. Michigan: Thomson Gale, 2005.
  • Katar, Mehmet. “Dinlerde Keffaret Anlayışı”. Dini Araştırmalar 1/1 (01 Haziran 1998), 44-58.
  • Kraljik, Dalibor. “The Notion of Blood in the Old Testament: Blood That Purifies and Blood That Defiles”. Kairos 16/1 (20 Haziran 2022), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.32862/k.16.1.1
  • Ladd, George Eldon. A Theology of the New Testament. Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1993.
  • Maclean, Jennifer K. Berenson. “Barabbas, the Scapegoat Ritual, and the Development of the Passion Narrative”. The Harvard Theological Review 100/3 (2007), 309-334.
  • Maller, Allen S. “Isaiah’s Suffering Servant: A New View”. Jewish Bible Quarterly 37/4 (2009), 243-249.
  • Martyr, Justin. “Dialogue with Trypho”. çev. Thomas B. Falls. The First Apology, The Second Apology, Dialogue with Trypho, Exhortation to the Greeks, Discourse to the Greeks, The Monarchy of the Rule of God. 6/139-368.
  • Fathers of the Church Patristic Series. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2008.
  • Moscicke, Hans. “Jesus as Goat of the Day of Atonement in Recent Synoptic Gospels Research”. Currents in Biblical Research 1/17 (2018), 59-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476993X17751295
  • Moss, Candida R. “Suffering and Sacrifice”. The Oxford Handbook of the Synoptic Gospels. ed. Stephan P. Ahearne-Kroll. 245-259. New York: Oxford University Press, 2023.
  • Murphy, Mark C., The Society of Christian Philosophers. “Not Penal Substitution but Vicarious Punishment”: Faith and Philosophy 26/3 (2009), 253-273. https://doi.org/10.5840/faithphil200926314
  • Ogden, Daniel. The Blackwell Companion to Greek Religion. Blackwell, 2007.
  • Origen. “Against Celsus”. çev. Philip Schaff. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second. Ante-Nicene Fathers. Grand Rapids, 1885.
  • Origen. Commentary on the Gospel According to John Books 1-10. çev. Ronald E. Heine. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1989.
  • Origen. Homilies on Leviticus : 1-16. çev. Gary Wayne Barkley. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1990. http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=dd771c0c42adf75b3cdc9ee150920b07
  • Öztürk, Nermin. “İlahi Dinlerde Yemin, Keffaret Ve Kurban”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 13/13 (01 Şubat 2002).
  • Schreiner, Thomas R. Commentary on Hebrews. ed. T. Desmond Alexander vd. Nashville: Holman Reference, 2015.
  • Sider-Hamilton, Catherine. The Death of Jesus in Matthew: Innocent Blood and the End of Exile. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Tertullianus. “The Five Books Against Marcion”. çev. Peter Holmes. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian I. Apologetic; II. Anti-Marcion; III. Ethical. ed. Alexander Roberts - James Donaldson. Ante-Nicene Fathers. Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2. Basım, 1995.
  • Wenham, Gordon J. The Book of Leviticus. ed. R.K. Harrison - Robert L. Hubbard. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979.
  • Wolf, William J. “Atonement: Christian Doctrine”. Encyclopedia of Religion. ed. Lindsay Jones. 1/594-598. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005.
  • Yetim, Merve. “Belgesel Hipotez’e Göre Yahudilikteki Kurban İbadetinin Tarihsel Süreci”. Milel ve Nihal 17/1 (30 Haziran 2020), 61-85. https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.639982
  • Young, Frances. “Atonement”. Encyclopedia of Early Christianity. ed. Everett Ferguson. 143-148. Abingdon: Routledge, 1999.

The Background of the Idea Jesus Being a Scapegoat

Year 2024, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 249 - 272, 31.10.2024

Abstract

The worship of sacrifice has been the cornerstone of religious practices in various cultures and traditions from ancient times to the present day. This form of worship, which involves sacrifices offered as living or non-living, has served as a means for individuals and communities to atone for their sins, seek divine grace, and rebuild their relationship with God. Moreover, in many traditions, these sacrifices had profound penance characteristics, symbolizing the cleansing of sin and the renewal of spiritual bonds. The most obvious example of this is the two goats offered on Yom Kippur in Judaism. In Christianity, it is seen that Jesus replaced animal sacrifice. The fact that Jesus represents both the sacrificial lamb and the scapegoat and that his death on the cross is believed to be the atonement for people’s sins shows that there is a significant change in the understanding and practice of sacrificial worship. The article basically aims to understand how the New Testament portrays Jesus’ death on the cross in the context of the idea of sacrifice and how early Christians interpreted Jesus’ sacrifice on the cross. In order to understand the background of Jesus’ sacrifice, how the scapegoat practice took place in the Hittite, Greek and Roman traditions, the atoning sacrifice in Judaism, the transferability of sin and representative suffering will be discussed. In this context, it will be tried to reveal how the concept of scapegoat came from ancient traditions, and how Christianity gave this idea new meanings in its own theological thought system.

References

  • Avishur, Isaac. “Isaiah (Chapters 34-55)”. Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. Fred Skolnik. 10/68-73. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.
  • Bremmer, Jan. “Scapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greece”. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 87 (1983), 299-320. https://doi.org/10.2307/311262
  • Bremmer, Jan N. Greek Religion and Culture, the Bible and the Ancient Near East. Leiden: Brill Academic Pub, 2008.
  • Craig, William Lane. Atonement and the Death of Christ. Baylor University Press, 2020.
  • DeMaris, Richard E. The New Testament in its Ritual World. Oxford: Routledge, 1. Basım, 2008.
  • Ehrman, Bart D. (ed.). The Apostolic Fathers, Volume II: Epistle of Barnabas. Papias and Quadratus. Epistle to Diognetus. The Shepherd of Hermas. çev. Bart D. Ehrman. London: Harvard University Press, 2003.
  • Ezra, Daniel Stökl Ben. The Impact of Yom Kippur on Early Christianity: the Day of Atonement from Second Temple Judaism to the Fifth Century. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003.
  • Flood, Derek. “Substitutionary Atonement and the Church Fathers: A Reply to the Authors of Pierced for Our Transgressions”. EQ 82/2 (2010), 142-159.
  • Gagné, Renaud. Ancestral Fault in Ancient Greece. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  • Gaster, T.H. “Azazel”. The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible. ed. George Arthur Buttrick. 1/325-362. Tennessee: Abingdon Press, 1962.
  • Geyser-Fouchè, Ananda B. - Munengwa, Thomas M. “The Concept of Vicarious Suffering in the Old Testament”. HTS Theological Studies 75/4 (2019), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v75i4.5352
  • Grimm, Carl Ludwig Willibald - Joseph Henry Thayer (ed.). A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Being Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti. Corrected Edition. New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2010.
  • Güç, Ahmet. “Kurban”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 26/433-435. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2002.
  • Harman, Ömer Faruk. “Günah”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 14/278-282. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1996.
  • Helmke, Laura. “Isaiah and the Suffering Servant: A Look at Isaiah 52:13-53:12”. Presidential Scholars Theses (1990 – 2006). https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pst/81
  • Henninger, Joseph. “Sacrifice [First Edition]”. Encyclopedia of Religion. 12/7997-8008. Michigan: Thomson Gale, 2005.
  • Katar, Mehmet. “Dinlerde Keffaret Anlayışı”. Dini Araştırmalar 1/1 (01 Haziran 1998), 44-58.
  • Kraljik, Dalibor. “The Notion of Blood in the Old Testament: Blood That Purifies and Blood That Defiles”. Kairos 16/1 (20 Haziran 2022), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.32862/k.16.1.1
  • Ladd, George Eldon. A Theology of the New Testament. Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1993.
  • Maclean, Jennifer K. Berenson. “Barabbas, the Scapegoat Ritual, and the Development of the Passion Narrative”. The Harvard Theological Review 100/3 (2007), 309-334.
  • Maller, Allen S. “Isaiah’s Suffering Servant: A New View”. Jewish Bible Quarterly 37/4 (2009), 243-249.
  • Martyr, Justin. “Dialogue with Trypho”. çev. Thomas B. Falls. The First Apology, The Second Apology, Dialogue with Trypho, Exhortation to the Greeks, Discourse to the Greeks, The Monarchy of the Rule of God. 6/139-368.
  • Fathers of the Church Patristic Series. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2008.
  • Moscicke, Hans. “Jesus as Goat of the Day of Atonement in Recent Synoptic Gospels Research”. Currents in Biblical Research 1/17 (2018), 59-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476993X17751295
  • Moss, Candida R. “Suffering and Sacrifice”. The Oxford Handbook of the Synoptic Gospels. ed. Stephan P. Ahearne-Kroll. 245-259. New York: Oxford University Press, 2023.
  • Murphy, Mark C., The Society of Christian Philosophers. “Not Penal Substitution but Vicarious Punishment”: Faith and Philosophy 26/3 (2009), 253-273. https://doi.org/10.5840/faithphil200926314
  • Ogden, Daniel. The Blackwell Companion to Greek Religion. Blackwell, 2007.
  • Origen. “Against Celsus”. çev. Philip Schaff. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second. Ante-Nicene Fathers. Grand Rapids, 1885.
  • Origen. Commentary on the Gospel According to John Books 1-10. çev. Ronald E. Heine. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1989.
  • Origen. Homilies on Leviticus : 1-16. çev. Gary Wayne Barkley. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1990. http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=dd771c0c42adf75b3cdc9ee150920b07
  • Öztürk, Nermin. “İlahi Dinlerde Yemin, Keffaret Ve Kurban”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 13/13 (01 Şubat 2002).
  • Schreiner, Thomas R. Commentary on Hebrews. ed. T. Desmond Alexander vd. Nashville: Holman Reference, 2015.
  • Sider-Hamilton, Catherine. The Death of Jesus in Matthew: Innocent Blood and the End of Exile. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Tertullianus. “The Five Books Against Marcion”. çev. Peter Holmes. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian I. Apologetic; II. Anti-Marcion; III. Ethical. ed. Alexander Roberts - James Donaldson. Ante-Nicene Fathers. Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2. Basım, 1995.
  • Wenham, Gordon J. The Book of Leviticus. ed. R.K. Harrison - Robert L. Hubbard. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979.
  • Wolf, William J. “Atonement: Christian Doctrine”. Encyclopedia of Religion. ed. Lindsay Jones. 1/594-598. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005.
  • Yetim, Merve. “Belgesel Hipotez’e Göre Yahudilikteki Kurban İbadetinin Tarihsel Süreci”. Milel ve Nihal 17/1 (30 Haziran 2020), 61-85. https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.639982
  • Young, Frances. “Atonement”. Encyclopedia of Early Christianity. ed. Everett Ferguson. 143-148. Abingdon: Routledge, 1999.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Christian Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Rabia Kocataş 0000-0002-7052-7647

Publication Date October 31, 2024
Submission Date August 20, 2024
Acceptance Date October 1, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Kocataş, Rabia. “İsa’nın Günah Keçisi Olarak Kabulünün Arka Planı”. Dinler Tarihi 1/2 (October 2024), 249-272.

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