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Orthodontics and Smile Aesthetics

Year 2016, Issue: 1, 5 - 12, 01.01.2016

Çağla Börekçi Nurhat Özkalaycı

https://doi.org/10.21306/jids.2016.1.16

Abstract

In the modern orthodontic approach, the investigation of face aesthetic has become more important in the orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning with the development of soft tissue paradigm. For this purpose, studies on parameters of soft tissue esthetic evaluation have gained importance in recent years. Smile aesthetics is discussed as a separate topic in studies evaluate facial tissues like nose, lips and chin. In the present study, Studies include smile aesthetics were collected and ant the topic was revised

Keywords

Aesthetics Smile Orthodontics Soft tissue

References

  • 1. Isiksal E, Hazar S, Akyalcin S. Smile esthetics: perception and comparison of treated and untreated smiles. AmJ Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 129: 8–16.
  • 2. Holdaway RA. A Soft tissue analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Am J Orthod 1983; 84: 1-28.
  • 3. Proffit W, Fields HW, Sarver DM. Orthodontic Diagnosis. In: Proffit W, Fields HW, Sarver DM, authors. Contemporary orthodontics 4th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006. 189.
  • 4. Ackerman MB, Brensinger C, Landis JR. An evaluation of dynamic lip-tooth characteristics during speech and smile in adolescents. Angle orthod 2004; 74: 43-50.
  • 5. Bergman RT. Cephalometric soft tissue facial analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999; 116: 373–389.
  • 6. Farkas LG, Katic MJ, Hreczko TA, et al. Anthropometric proportions in the upper lip–lower lip–chin area of the lower face in young white adults. Am J Orthod 1984; 86: 52–60.
  • 7. Proffit WR. The soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning: a new view for a new century. J Esthet Dent 2000; 12: 46–49.
  • 8. Yang IH, Nahm DS, Baek SH. Which hard and soft tissue factors relate with the amount of buccal corridor space during smiling. Angle Orthod 2008; 78: 5–11.
  • 9. Geron S, Atalia W. Influence of sex on the perception of oral and smile esthetics with different gingival display and incisal plane inclination. Angle Orthod 2005; 75: 778–784.
  • 10. Ioia H, Nakatab S, Counts AL. Effects of buccal corridors on smile esthetics in Japanese. Angle Orthod 2009; 79: 628–633.
  • 11. Ritter DE, Gandini LG, Pinto Ados S, et al. Esthetic influence of negative space in the buccal corridor during smiling. Angle Orthod 2006; 76: 198–203.
  • 12. Ackerman MB, Ackerman.JL. Smile analysis and design in the digital era. J Clin Orthod 2002; 36: 221-236.
  • 13. Kalia A, Mirdehghan N, Khandekar S, Patil W. Multi-disciplinary approach for enhancing orthodontic esthetics – case report. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2015; 13: 83-89
  • 14. Nanda RS, Ghosh J. Facial soft tissue harmony and growth in orthodontic treatment. Semin Orthod 1995; 1: 67-81.
  • 15. Stoner MM. A photometric analysis of the facial profile. Am J Orthod 1955; 41: 453-469.
  • 16. Cao L, Zhang K, Bai D, Jing Y, Tian Y, Guo Y. Effect of maxillary incisor labiolingual inclination and anteroposterior position on smiling profile esthetics. Angle Orthod 2011; 81: 121-129.
  • 17. James A, McNamara Jr. A method of cephalometric evaluation. Am J Orthod 1984; 86: 449-469.
  • 18. Andrews LF, Andrews WA. Syllabus of the Andrews Orthodontic Philosophy. 8th ed., San Diego, Calif; 1999.
  • 19. Andrews WA. AP relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white females. Angle Orthod 2008; 78: 662-669.
  • 20. Schlosser JB, Preston CB, Lampasso J. The effects of computer- aided anteroposterior maxillary incisor movement on ratings of facial attractiveness. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 127: 17–24
  • 21. Park NS, Park JH, Bayome M, Mo SS, Kim Y, Kook YA. An evaluation of preferred lip positions according to different age groups. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 42: 637-642
  • 22. Khan WU, Abdullah S, Jan HU. Effect of non-extraction orthodontic treatment of impacted and malposed maxillary canines on upper lip strain and thickness. POJ 2015; 7: 25-29.
  • 23. Kirschneck C, Proff P, Reicheneder C, Lippold C. Shortterm effects of systematic premolar extraction on lip profile, vertical dimension and cephalometric parameters in borderline patients for extraction therapy—a retrospective cohort study. Clin Oral Invest 2016; 20: 865-874.
  • 24. Abraham A, George J, Peter E, Philip K, Chankramath R, Johns DA, Bhaskar A. Establishment of a new relationship between posed smile width and lower facial height: A crosssectional study. Eur J Dent 2015; 9: 394-399.
  • 25. Geld PV, Oosterveld P, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Age-related changes of the dental esthetic zone at rest and during spontaneous smiling and speech. Eur J Orthod 2008; 30: 366-373.
  • 26. Rubin LR. The anatomy of a smile: its importance in the treatment of facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1974; 53: 384–387.
  • 27. Roget’s II: The New Thesaurus. 3rd ed. Available at: http:// www.answers.com/topic/smile. Accessed January 1, 2006.
  • 28. LaFrance M, Hecht MA, Paluck EL. The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling. Psychol Bull 2003; 129: 305-334.
  • 29. Priya K. Rahul DP, Varma S, Namitha R. Norms for crafting a beautiful smile. J Med 2013; 9: 1–44.
  • 30. Walder JF, Freeman K, Lipp MJ, Nicolay OF, Cisneros GJ. Photographic and videographic assessment of the smile: Objective and subjective evaluations of posed and spontaneous smiles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013; 144: 793801.
  • 31. Profitt W. Contemporary Orthodontics. 2nd ed., St Louis, Mosby; 1997.
  • 32. Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M. The gingival smile line. Angle Orthod 1992; 62: 91100.
  • 33. Desai S, Upadhyay M, Nanda R. Dynamic smile analysis: Changes with age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 136: 310.e1–310.e10.
  • 34. Geld PV, Oosterveld P, Berge SJ, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Tooth display and lip position during spontaneous and posed smiling in adults. Acta Odontol Scand 2008; 66: 207–213.
  • 35. Sabri R. The eight components of a balanced smile. JCO 2005; 39: 155-167.
  • 36. Janzen EK. A balanced smile—a most important treatment objective. Am J Orthod 1977; 72: 359-372.
  • 37. Sarver DM, Ackerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: Part I. Evolution of the concept and dynamic records for smile capture. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 124: 4–12.
  • 38. Liang LZ, Hu WJ, Zhang YL,Chung KH. Analysis of dynamic smile and upper lip curvature in young Chinese. International Journal of Oral Science 2013; 5: 49-53.
  • 39. Sarver DM. The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001; 120: 98-111.
  • 40. Husley CM. An esthetic evaluation of lip-teeth relationships present in the smile. Am J Orthod 1970; 57: 132-144.
  • 41. Sarver DM, Ackerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 124: 116-127.
  • 42. Roden-Johnson D, Gallerano R, English J. The effects of buccal corridor spaces and arch form on smile esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 127: 343-350.
  • 43. Parekh S, Fields HW, Beck FM, Rosenstiel SF. The acceptability of variations in smile arc and buccal corridor space. Orthod Craniofac Res 2007; 10: 15–21.
  • 44. Ker AJ, Chan R, Fields HW, Beck M, Rosenstiel S. Esthetics and smile characteristics from the layperson’s perspective: a computer-based survey study. J Am Dent Assoc 2008; 139: 1318–1327.
  • 45. Parekh SM, Fields HW, Beck M, Rosenstiel S. Attractiveness of variations in the smile arc and buccal corridor space as judged by orthodontists and laymen. Angle Orthod 2006; 76: 557–563.
  • 46. Erum G, Fida M. Changes in smile parameters as perceived by orthodontists, dentists, artists, and laypeople. World J Orthod 2008; 9: 132–140.
  • 47. Rodrigues CD, Magnani R, Machado MS, Oliveira OB. The perception of smile attractiveness. Angle Orthod 2009; 79: 634–639.
  • 48. McNamara L, McNamara JA Jr, Ackerman MB, Baccetti T. Hard- and soft-tissue contributions to the esthetics of the posed smile in growing patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 133: 491–499.
  • 49. Janson G, Branco NC, Fernandes TMF, Sathler R, Garib D, Lauris JRP. Influence of orthodontic treatment, midline position, buccal corridor and smile arc on smile attractiveness A systematic review. Angle Orthod 2011; 81: 153-161.
  • 50. Krishnan V, Daniel ST, Lazar D,Asok A. Characterization of posed smile by using visual analog scale, smile arc, buccal corridor measures, and modified smile index. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 133: 515-523.
  • 51. Frush JP, Fisher RD. The dynesthetic interpretation of the dentogenic concept. J Prosthet Dent 1958; 8: 558-581.
  • 52. Farrukh A, Ehsan AA, Sakrani H. Incidence of buccal corridor area show during posed smile in patients reporting to Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine. POJ 2014; 6: 48-52.
  • 53. Gracco A, Cozzani M, D’Elia L, Manfrini M, Peverada CGS. The smile buccal corridors: aesthetic value for dentists and laypersons. Prog Orthod 2006; 7: 56–65.
  • 54. Ritter DE, Gandini LG Jr, Pinto AS, Locks A. Analysis of the smile photograph. World J Orthod 2006; 7: 279-285.
  • 55. Arnett GW Bergman RT. Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning part-II. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1993; 103: 395-411.
  • 56. Suliman A, Qaisi RH. Smile perception in dentistry. Cairo Dental Journal 2009; 25: 53-60.
  • 57. Sarver DH. Principles of cosmetic dentistry in orthodontics Part 1.Shape and proportionality of anterior teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004; 126: 749-753.

Ortodonti ve Gülümseme Estetiği

Year 2016, Issue: 1, 5 - 12, 01.01.2016

Çağla Börekçi Nurhat Özkalaycı

https://doi.org/10.21306/jids.2016.1.16

Abstract

Modern ortodontik yaklaşımda yumuşak doku paradigmasının gelişimiyle birlikte ortodontik tanı ve tedavi planlamasında tüm yüz estetiğinin incelenmesi önem kazanmıştır. Bu amaçla yumuşak doku estetiğinin değerlendirilme parametreleri konusundaki çalışmalar son dönemde ağırlık kazanmıştır. Yüze ait alın, burun, dudak ve çene ucu gibi yapıların değerlendirildiği çalışmalarda gülümseme estetiği ayrı bir başlık olarak ele alınmıştır. Sunulan çalışmada, gülümseme estetiği konusu ile ilgili çalışmalar ele alınıp incelenmiş ve konu derlenmiştir

Keywords

Estetik Gülümseme Ortodonti Yumuşak doku.

References

  • 1. Isiksal E, Hazar S, Akyalcin S. Smile esthetics: perception and comparison of treated and untreated smiles. AmJ Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 129: 8–16.
  • 2. Holdaway RA. A Soft tissue analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Am J Orthod 1983; 84: 1-28.
  • 3. Proffit W, Fields HW, Sarver DM. Orthodontic Diagnosis. In: Proffit W, Fields HW, Sarver DM, authors. Contemporary orthodontics 4th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006. 189.
  • 4. Ackerman MB, Brensinger C, Landis JR. An evaluation of dynamic lip-tooth characteristics during speech and smile in adolescents. Angle orthod 2004; 74: 43-50.
  • 5. Bergman RT. Cephalometric soft tissue facial analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999; 116: 373–389.
  • 6. Farkas LG, Katic MJ, Hreczko TA, et al. Anthropometric proportions in the upper lip–lower lip–chin area of the lower face in young white adults. Am J Orthod 1984; 86: 52–60.
  • 7. Proffit WR. The soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning: a new view for a new century. J Esthet Dent 2000; 12: 46–49.
  • 8. Yang IH, Nahm DS, Baek SH. Which hard and soft tissue factors relate with the amount of buccal corridor space during smiling. Angle Orthod 2008; 78: 5–11.
  • 9. Geron S, Atalia W. Influence of sex on the perception of oral and smile esthetics with different gingival display and incisal plane inclination. Angle Orthod 2005; 75: 778–784.
  • 10. Ioia H, Nakatab S, Counts AL. Effects of buccal corridors on smile esthetics in Japanese. Angle Orthod 2009; 79: 628–633.
  • 11. Ritter DE, Gandini LG, Pinto Ados S, et al. Esthetic influence of negative space in the buccal corridor during smiling. Angle Orthod 2006; 76: 198–203.
  • 12. Ackerman MB, Ackerman.JL. Smile analysis and design in the digital era. J Clin Orthod 2002; 36: 221-236.
  • 13. Kalia A, Mirdehghan N, Khandekar S, Patil W. Multi-disciplinary approach for enhancing orthodontic esthetics – case report. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2015; 13: 83-89
  • 14. Nanda RS, Ghosh J. Facial soft tissue harmony and growth in orthodontic treatment. Semin Orthod 1995; 1: 67-81.
  • 15. Stoner MM. A photometric analysis of the facial profile. Am J Orthod 1955; 41: 453-469.
  • 16. Cao L, Zhang K, Bai D, Jing Y, Tian Y, Guo Y. Effect of maxillary incisor labiolingual inclination and anteroposterior position on smiling profile esthetics. Angle Orthod 2011; 81: 121-129.
  • 17. James A, McNamara Jr. A method of cephalometric evaluation. Am J Orthod 1984; 86: 449-469.
  • 18. Andrews LF, Andrews WA. Syllabus of the Andrews Orthodontic Philosophy. 8th ed., San Diego, Calif; 1999.
  • 19. Andrews WA. AP relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white females. Angle Orthod 2008; 78: 662-669.
  • 20. Schlosser JB, Preston CB, Lampasso J. The effects of computer- aided anteroposterior maxillary incisor movement on ratings of facial attractiveness. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 127: 17–24
  • 21. Park NS, Park JH, Bayome M, Mo SS, Kim Y, Kook YA. An evaluation of preferred lip positions according to different age groups. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 42: 637-642
  • 22. Khan WU, Abdullah S, Jan HU. Effect of non-extraction orthodontic treatment of impacted and malposed maxillary canines on upper lip strain and thickness. POJ 2015; 7: 25-29.
  • 23. Kirschneck C, Proff P, Reicheneder C, Lippold C. Shortterm effects of systematic premolar extraction on lip profile, vertical dimension and cephalometric parameters in borderline patients for extraction therapy—a retrospective cohort study. Clin Oral Invest 2016; 20: 865-874.
  • 24. Abraham A, George J, Peter E, Philip K, Chankramath R, Johns DA, Bhaskar A. Establishment of a new relationship between posed smile width and lower facial height: A crosssectional study. Eur J Dent 2015; 9: 394-399.
  • 25. Geld PV, Oosterveld P, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Age-related changes of the dental esthetic zone at rest and during spontaneous smiling and speech. Eur J Orthod 2008; 30: 366-373.
  • 26. Rubin LR. The anatomy of a smile: its importance in the treatment of facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1974; 53: 384–387.
  • 27. Roget’s II: The New Thesaurus. 3rd ed. Available at: http:// www.answers.com/topic/smile. Accessed January 1, 2006.
  • 28. LaFrance M, Hecht MA, Paluck EL. The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling. Psychol Bull 2003; 129: 305-334.
  • 29. Priya K. Rahul DP, Varma S, Namitha R. Norms for crafting a beautiful smile. J Med 2013; 9: 1–44.
  • 30. Walder JF, Freeman K, Lipp MJ, Nicolay OF, Cisneros GJ. Photographic and videographic assessment of the smile: Objective and subjective evaluations of posed and spontaneous smiles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013; 144: 793801.
  • 31. Profitt W. Contemporary Orthodontics. 2nd ed., St Louis, Mosby; 1997.
  • 32. Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M. The gingival smile line. Angle Orthod 1992; 62: 91100.
  • 33. Desai S, Upadhyay M, Nanda R. Dynamic smile analysis: Changes with age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 136: 310.e1–310.e10.
  • 34. Geld PV, Oosterveld P, Berge SJ, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Tooth display and lip position during spontaneous and posed smiling in adults. Acta Odontol Scand 2008; 66: 207–213.
  • 35. Sabri R. The eight components of a balanced smile. JCO 2005; 39: 155-167.
  • 36. Janzen EK. A balanced smile—a most important treatment objective. Am J Orthod 1977; 72: 359-372.
  • 37. Sarver DM, Ackerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: Part I. Evolution of the concept and dynamic records for smile capture. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 124: 4–12.
  • 38. Liang LZ, Hu WJ, Zhang YL,Chung KH. Analysis of dynamic smile and upper lip curvature in young Chinese. International Journal of Oral Science 2013; 5: 49-53.
  • 39. Sarver DM. The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001; 120: 98-111.
  • 40. Husley CM. An esthetic evaluation of lip-teeth relationships present in the smile. Am J Orthod 1970; 57: 132-144.
  • 41. Sarver DM, Ackerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 124: 116-127.
  • 42. Roden-Johnson D, Gallerano R, English J. The effects of buccal corridor spaces and arch form on smile esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 127: 343-350.
  • 43. Parekh S, Fields HW, Beck FM, Rosenstiel SF. The acceptability of variations in smile arc and buccal corridor space. Orthod Craniofac Res 2007; 10: 15–21.
  • 44. Ker AJ, Chan R, Fields HW, Beck M, Rosenstiel S. Esthetics and smile characteristics from the layperson’s perspective: a computer-based survey study. J Am Dent Assoc 2008; 139: 1318–1327.
  • 45. Parekh SM, Fields HW, Beck M, Rosenstiel S. Attractiveness of variations in the smile arc and buccal corridor space as judged by orthodontists and laymen. Angle Orthod 2006; 76: 557–563.
  • 46. Erum G, Fida M. Changes in smile parameters as perceived by orthodontists, dentists, artists, and laypeople. World J Orthod 2008; 9: 132–140.
  • 47. Rodrigues CD, Magnani R, Machado MS, Oliveira OB. The perception of smile attractiveness. Angle Orthod 2009; 79: 634–639.
  • 48. McNamara L, McNamara JA Jr, Ackerman MB, Baccetti T. Hard- and soft-tissue contributions to the esthetics of the posed smile in growing patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 133: 491–499.
  • 49. Janson G, Branco NC, Fernandes TMF, Sathler R, Garib D, Lauris JRP. Influence of orthodontic treatment, midline position, buccal corridor and smile arc on smile attractiveness A systematic review. Angle Orthod 2011; 81: 153-161.
  • 50. Krishnan V, Daniel ST, Lazar D,Asok A. Characterization of posed smile by using visual analog scale, smile arc, buccal corridor measures, and modified smile index. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 133: 515-523.
  • 51. Frush JP, Fisher RD. The dynesthetic interpretation of the dentogenic concept. J Prosthet Dent 1958; 8: 558-581.
  • 52. Farrukh A, Ehsan AA, Sakrani H. Incidence of buccal corridor area show during posed smile in patients reporting to Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine. POJ 2014; 6: 48-52.
  • 53. Gracco A, Cozzani M, D’Elia L, Manfrini M, Peverada CGS. The smile buccal corridors: aesthetic value for dentists and laypersons. Prog Orthod 2006; 7: 56–65.
  • 54. Ritter DE, Gandini LG Jr, Pinto AS, Locks A. Analysis of the smile photograph. World J Orthod 2006; 7: 279-285.
  • 55. Arnett GW Bergman RT. Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning part-II. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1993; 103: 395-411.
  • 56. Suliman A, Qaisi RH. Smile perception in dentistry. Cairo Dental Journal 2009; 25: 53-60.
  • 57. Sarver DH. Principles of cosmetic dentistry in orthodontics Part 1.Shape and proportionality of anterior teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004; 126: 749-753.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Çağla Börekçi This is me

Nurhat Özkalaycı This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Börekçi, Ç., & Özkalaycı, N. (2016). Ortodonti ve Gülümseme Estetiği. Journal of International Dental Sciences (Uluslararası Diş Hekimliği Bilimleri Dergisi)(1), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.21306/jids.2016.1.16
AMA Börekçi Ç, Özkalaycı N. Ortodonti ve Gülümseme Estetiği. J Int Dent Sci. January 2016;(1):5-12. doi:10.21306/jids.2016.1.16
Chicago Börekçi, Çağla, and Nurhat Özkalaycı. “Ortodonti Ve Gülümseme Estetiği”. Journal of International Dental Sciences (Uluslararası Diş Hekimliği Bilimleri Dergisi), no. 1 (January 2016): 5-12. https://doi.org/10.21306/jids.2016.1.16.
EndNote Börekçi Ç, Özkalaycı N (January 1, 2016) Ortodonti ve Gülümseme Estetiği. Journal of International Dental Sciences (Uluslararası Diş Hekimliği Bilimleri Dergisi) 1 5–12.
IEEE Ç. Börekçi and N. Özkalaycı, “Ortodonti ve Gülümseme Estetiği”, J Int Dent Sci, no. 1, pp. 5–12, January 2016, doi: 10.21306/jids.2016.1.16.
ISNAD Börekçi, Çağla - Özkalaycı, Nurhat. “Ortodonti Ve Gülümseme Estetiği”. Journal of International Dental Sciences (Uluslararası Diş Hekimliği Bilimleri Dergisi) 1 (January 2016), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.21306/jids.2016.1.16.
JAMA Börekçi Ç, Özkalaycı N. Ortodonti ve Gülümseme Estetiği. J Int Dent Sci. 2016;:5–12.
MLA Börekçi, Çağla and Nurhat Özkalaycı. “Ortodonti Ve Gülümseme Estetiği”. Journal of International Dental Sciences (Uluslararası Diş Hekimliği Bilimleri Dergisi), no. 1, 2016, pp. 5-12, doi:10.21306/jids.2016.1.16.
Vancouver Börekçi Ç, Özkalaycı N. Ortodonti ve Gülümseme Estetiği. J Int Dent Sci. 2016(1):5-12.

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