FARKLI SPOR DALLARINDA EGZERSİZİN HORMONLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Abstract

Bu sistematik derleme ve istatistiksel tahmin çalışması, haftalık düzenli (4 gün ve üzeri) antrenman yapan futbol, atletizm, yüzme, basketbol, halter, futsal ve triatlon branşlarındaki sporcularda ağız sürüntüsü (tükürük) örneklerinden elde edilen hormonal ve immünolojik biyobelirteç düzeylerini sistematik olarak karşılaştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Çalışma, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) yönergelerine uygun olarak yürütülmüş ve 2016 yılına kadar yayımlanmış orijinal araştırmaların verilerini incelemeye odaklanmıştır. Veri tabanı taraması, Google Scholar, PubMed ve Web of Science Core Collection gibi platformlarda "salivary hormones", "cortisol", "testosterone", "IgA" ve "alpha amylase" gibi anahtar kelimelerin boolean kombinasyonları kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Dahil etme kriterlerini karşılayan 14 çalışma sistematik incelemeye alınmıştır4. İncelenen temel parametreler Kortizol, Testosteron, Sekretuar İmmünoglobulin A (sIgA) ve Alfa-amilaz düzeyleri olmuştur. Verilerin analizi, IBM SPSS Statistics 17.0 kullanılarak, normal dağılımı sağlandığında bağımsız örneklem t-testi ve sağlanmadığında Mann–Whitney U testi ile yapılmıştır. Branşlar arası ilişkiler Pearson korelasyonu (r) ile, etki büyüklükleri ise Cohen’s d ile raporlanmıştır.. Anlamlılık düzeyi p < 0.05 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bulgular Analiz sonuçlarına göre, farklı spor branşları arasında hormonal ve sempatik aktivite profillerinde anlamlı farklılıklar saptanmıştır (Tablo 2/3) Anabolik Baskınlık: Yüzme (T/C oranı Z = +0.49) ve Futsal (T/C oranı Z = +0.60) branşlarında en güçlü anabolik denge gözlemlenirken, Halter sporcularında en yüksek Testosteron düzeyi (180.2 ± 33.5 pg/mL, p = 0.029*) tespit edilmiştir. Katabolik Stres: Halter (Kortizol Z = +0.55) ve Triatlon (Kortizol Z = +0.33) sporcularında katabolik eğilimin ve akut stresin belirgin olduğu bulunmuştur. Yüzücülerde ise en düşük stres yükü (3.94±1.10 ng/mL, p = 0.048*) belirlenmiştir. Sempatik Aktivite: Halter (Alfa-amilaz Z= +0.58) ve Futsal (Alfa-amilaz Z = +0.48) branşlarında sempatik aktivite düzeyi yüksek iken, Futbolcular (48.7 ±12.9 U/mL, p = 0.012*) anlamlı sempatik aktivite göstermiştir. Bağışıklık Yanıtı: Atletizm sIgA Z = -0.36) ve Halter (sIgA Z = -0.41)$ branşlarında sIgA düzeylerinde baskılanma eğilimi mevcuttur. Yüzme (sIgAZ= +0.33) ve Futsal sIgAZ= +0.40) branşlarında ise bağışıklık yanıtı nispeten daha dengeli veya yüksek bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma, tükürük hormon analizlerinin farklı yüklenme profillerine sahip branşlarda nasıl değiştiğini sistematik biçimde karşılaştıran ilk Türkçe derlemelerden biri olması açısından önem taşımaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, antrenman yükü planlaması, sportif aşırı yüklenme (overtraining) erken uyarı sistemleri ve bireysel hormon profillerine göre toparlanma optimizasyonu konularında bilimsel katkı sağlamayı hedeflemektedir.

Keywords

• Tükürük Hormonları
• Kortizol
• Testosteron
• sIgA
• Alfa-amilaz
• Spor Bilimleri

EFFECT OF TAKING EXERCISE ON HORMONES IN DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF SPORTS

Abstract

This systematic review and statistical estimation study aimed to systematically compare the levels of hormonal and immunological biomarkers obtained from mouth swab (saliva) samples in athletes in football, track and field, swimming, basketball, weightlifting, futsal, and triathlon who train regularly (4 days or more) per week. The study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and focused on examining data from original studies published up to 2016. Database searches were conducted using Boolean combinations of keywords such as "salivary hormones," "cortisol," "testosterone," "IgA," and "alpha amylase" on platforms such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Web of Science Core Collection. Fourteen studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the systematic review. The main parameters examined were cortisol, testosterone, secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA), and alpha-amylase levels. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 17.0, using the independent samples t-test when normally distributed and the Mann–Whitney U test when not normally distributed.. Relationships between sport branches were reported with Pearson correlation (r), and effect sizes were reported with Cohen's d. The significance level was determined as p< 0.05. Findings According to the analysis results, significant differences were found in hormonal and sympathetic activity profiles among different sports branches (Table 2/3). Anabolic Dominance: While the strongest anabolic balance was observed in Swimming (T/C ratio Z = +0.49) and Futsal (T/C ratio Z = +0.60) branches, the highest Testosterone level (180.2 ± 33.5 pg/mL, p = 0.029*) was detected in Weightlifting athletes. Catabolic Stress: Catabolic tendency and acute stress were found to be significant in weightlifting (Cortisol Z = +0.55) and triathlon (Cortisol Z = +0.33) athletes. The lowest stress load was found in swimmers (3.94±1.10 ng/mL, p = 0.048*). Sympathetic Activity: While sympathetic activity levels were high in Weightlifting (Alpha-amylase Z= +0.58) and Futsal (Alpha-amylase Z = +0.48), Footballers (48.7 ±12.9 U/mL, p = 0.012*) showed significant sympathetic activity. Immune Response: There was a tendency for suppression in sIgA levels in athletics (sIgA Z = -0.36) and weightlifting (sIgA Z = -0.41 ) . In swimming (sIgA Z = +0.33) and futsal (sIgA Z = +0.40), the immune response was found to be relatively more balanced or higher. This study is important as it is one of the first Turkish reviews to systematically compare how salivary hormone analyses vary in sport branches/ disciplines with different loading profiles. The findings aim to provide scientific contributions to training load planning , athletic overtraining early warning systems , and recovery optimization based on individual hormone profiles.

Keywords

• Sports Sciences.
• Salivary Hormones
• Cortisol
• Testosterone
• sIgA
• Alpha-amylase

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