Çocuklarda Kekemelik ve Dil Becerileri Arasındaki İlişki

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 339 - 367, 30.12.2022

Elif Atılgan

https://doi.org/10.58563/dkyad-2022.53.6

Abstract

Amaç: Çocuklarda dil becerileri ile kekemelik ilişkisi uzun yıllardır tartışılmaya devam edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada kekemelik ve dil becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin detaylı bir şekilde ele alınması amaçlanmış, kekemeliği olan çocukların dil becerileri, dil becerilerinin kekemelik başlangıcı ile spontan iyileşme üzerindeki etkisi ve yürütücü işlevler, dil ve kekemelik ilişkisi ile ilgili araştırmalar sentezlenmiştir. Yöntem: Çalışmada geleneksel derleme yöntemi kullanılmış olup alanyazındaki çocuklarda kekemelik ve dil ilişkisiyle ilgili olan makaleler taranmıştır. Bulgular: Kekemeliği olan ve olmayan çocukların dil becerilerini standardize dil testleriyle grup olarak kıyaslandığında tartışmalı sonuçlar elde edildiği görülmüştür. Kekemeliği olan çocukların dil becerilerinin kekemeliği olmayan çocuklardan daha zayıf olduğunu ortaya koyan birçok çalışma bulunmasına rağmen böyle bir genelleme yapmak mümkün değildir. Diğer yandan kekemeliği olan çocukların dil bileşenleri arasında performans dengesizliklerinin kekemeliği olmayan çocuklardan daha fazla olduğuna yönelik kanıtlara ulaşılmıştır. Hem yaşıtlarından daha zayıf dil becerilerinin hem de daha gelişmiş dil becerilerinin kekemeliğin başlangıcı ve devamlılığı için risk faktörü olabileceği görülmüştür. Araştırmalar kekemeliği olan çocukların dili kodlama, planlama, geri çağırma becerileri ve yürütücü işlevlerle ilgili sorunlar yaşadıklarına işaret etmektedir. Sonuç: Alanyazındaki araştırmalar doğrultusunda kekemeliğin değerlendirilmesinde kekemeliği olan çocukların dil becerilerinin de detaylı olarak incelenmesi gerektiği, dil becerilerinde bir yetersizlik görülmesi durumunda bu becerilere yönelik müdahalelerin kekemelik terapisine dahil edilmesi uygun olacaktır. Kekemeliği olan çocukların dil becerilerinde görülen zayıflıklar veya farklılıkların dili kodlama, planlama ve üretme aşamalarının hangisinden ya da hangilerinden kaynaklandığını açıklayabilmek için daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerekmektedir.

Keywords

kekemelik, gelişimsel kekemelik, dil becerileri, yürütücü işlevler

The Relationship Between Stuttering and Language Skills in Children

Abstract

Purpose: Between the ages of 2-4 years are the most common period that stuttering starts coincides with the period when children acquire syntax and semantic skills (Bernstein Ratner, 1997). According to psycholinguistic models, stuttering results from deficiencies in syntactic, lexical, phonological, phonetic, and/or suprasegmental encoding or recall during speech production (Postma & Kolk, 1993; Howell, 2004; Perkins et al., 1991). The relationship between language skills and stuttering in children has been the subject of discussion for many years. The aim of this article, is to review the literatüre about the relationship between stuttering and language skills in detail. Studies about the language skills of children with stuttering, the effect of language skills on the onset of stuttering, and spontaneous recovery; and the relationship between executive functions, language and stuttering are reviewed. Method: The traditional literature review method was used in this study. The available literature on the relationship between stuttering and language skills in children was studied. Results: The results of the review of the studies that compare the language skills of children who do and do not stutter with standardized language tests are controversial. Although there are many studies demonstrating that children who do stutter had poorer performance than children without stuttering, it is not possible to make such a generalization. On the other hand, almost all of the limited studies which compare the language performance of Turkish-speaking preschool children with and without stutter, have shown that children with stuttering have poorer language performances (Aydın Uysal & Fidan, 2017; Topsakal, 2019; Eyilikeder Tekin, 2021). In addition to this, there is evidence that children who do stutter have more performance dissociations across linguistic domains than children who do not stutter. Evidence has been found that both poorer and more advanced language skills are risk factors for the onset and persistence of stuttering. Research demonstrated that children who do stutter have problems with language coding, planning, recalling, and executive functions. Conclusion: The different results of studies comparing the language skills of children with and without stuttering may be due to methodological problems and/or individual differences. It would be more appropriate to interpret these weaknesses, which can be seen in the language skills of children with stuttering, as subtle differences, or deficiencies rather than as language disorders. In light of evidence from the literature, it seems necessary to examine the language skills of children in the assessment of stuttering. When deficiency in language skills is found, it would be appropriate to include interventions for these language skills in stuttering therapy. More research is needed to explain which phases of coding, planning and production are causes of the weakness or differences in the language skills of children with stuttering. Keywords: stuttering, developmental stuttering, language skills, executive functions

Keywords

stuttering, developmental stuttering, language skills, executive functions

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