Global review of hepatitis E virus infections transmitted by blood transfusion

Abstract

Although it was known that the most common route of transmission for hepatitis E virus (HEV) was the fecal-oral route in previous years, the possibility of transmission by blood transfusion has been advocated by many researchers recently. This transmission is thought to cause mild to modarate hepatitis, especially in immunosuppressive patients. It has been reported that especially HEV Genotype 3 is transmitted in blood transfusion. In this study, it was aimed to review the global literature in terms of HEV transmitted by blood transfusion.

Keywords

• Hepatitis E virus
• blood transfusion
• Genotype 3

Kan transfüzyonu ile bulaşan Hepatit E virüsü enfeksiyonlarının küresel düzeyde incelemesi

Abstract

Hepatit E virüsünün (HEV) önceki yıllarda en sık bulaş yolunun fekal-oral yol olduğu bilinmesine rağmen, son yıllarda birçok araştırmacı tarafından kan transfüzyonu ile bulaşma olasılığı savunulmaktadır. Bu geçişin, özellikle immünosupresif hastalarda hafif ile orta dereceli hepatite neden olduğu düşünülmektedir. Özellikle HEV Genotip 3'ün kan transfüzyonu ile bulaştığı bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada kan transfüzyonu ile bulaşan HEV açısından küresel literatürün gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

• Hepatit E virüsü
• kan transfüzyonu
• Genotip 3

References

1. 1. Goodnough LT, Panigrahi AK. Blood Transfusion Therapy. Med Clin North Am. 2017;101(2):431-447.
2. 2. Takei T, Amin NA, Schmid G, Dhingra-Kumar N, Rugg D. Progress in global blood safety for HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52(Suppl 2):S127–131.
3. 3. Perkins HA, Busch MP. Transfusion-associated infections: 50 years of relentless challenges and remarkable progress. Transfusion. 2010;50(10):2080-99.
4. 4. Fauci AS, Morens DM. Zika virus in the Americas–yet another arbovirus threat. N Engl J Med. 2016; 374: 601-604.
5. 5. Denner J, Pischke S, Steinmann E, Blümel J, Glebe D. Why all blood donations should be tested for hepatitis E virus (HEV). BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):541.
6. 6. Hartl J, Otto B, Madden RG, Webb G, Woolson KL, Kriston L, et al. Hepatitis E Seroprevalence in Europe: A Meta-Analysis. Viruses. 2016;8(8):211.
7. 7. Sven Pischke, Jens Hiller, Marc Lütgehetmann, Susanne Polywka, Meike Rybczynski, Francis Ayuk, et al. Blood-borne Hepatitis E Virus Transmission: A Relevant Risk for Immunosuppressed Patients, Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2016; 63(4): 569–570.
8. 8. Lhomme S, Dubois M, Abravanel F, Top S, Bertagnoli S, Guerin JL, Izopet J. Risk of zoonotic transmission of HEV from rabbits. J Clin Virol. 2013;58(2):357-362.

9. 9. Izopet J. Virus de l’hépatite E et risque de transmission par transfusion [HEV and transfusion-recipient risk]. Ann Pharm Fr. 2018;76(2):89-96.
10. 10. Niederhauser C, Widmer N, Hotz M, Tinguely C, Fontana S, Allemann G, et al. Current hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in Swiss blood donors and apparent decline from 1997 to 2016. Euro Surveill. 2018;23(35).
11. 11. Beale MA, Tettmar K, Szypulska R, Tedder RS. Ijaz S. Is there evidence of recent hepatitis E virus infection in English and north welsh blood donors? Vox Sang. 2011;100(3):340–342.
12. 12. Vollmer T, Diekmann J, Johne R, Eberhardt M, Knabbe C, Dreier J. Novel approach for detection of hepatitis E virus infection in German blood donors. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(8):2708–2713.
13. 13. Hewitt PE, Ijaz S, Brailsford SR, Brett R, Dicks S, Haywood B, et al. Hepatitis E virus in blood components: a prevalence and transmission study in Southeast England. Lancet. 2014;384(9956):1766–1773.
14. 14. Boxall E, Herborn A, Kochethu G, Pratt G, Adams D, Ijaz S, et al. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in a 'nonhyperendemic' country. Transfus Med. 2006;16(2):79–83.
15. 15. Dreier J, Knabbe C, Vollmer T. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E: NAT screening of blood donations and infectious dose. Front Med (Lausanne). 2018; 5:5.
16. 16. Westhölter D, Hiller J, Denzer U, Polywka S, Ayuk F, Rybczynski M, et al. HEV-positive blood donations represent a relevant infection risk for immunosuppressed recipients. J Hepatol. 2018;69(1):36–42.
17. 17. Tedder RS, Ijaz S, Kitchen A, Ushiro-Lumb I, Tettmar KI, Hewitt P, Andrews N. Hepatitis E risks: pigs or blood-that is the question. Transfusion. 2017;57(2):267–272.
18. 18. Rein DB, Stevens GA, Theaker J, Wittenborn JS, Wiersma ST. The global burden of hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. Hepatology. 2012; 55:988-997.
19. 19. Kumar S, Subhadra S, Singh B, Panda BK. Hepatitis E virus: the current scenario. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17: e228-e233.
20. 20. Mishra KK, Patel K, Trivedi A, Patel P, Ghosh K, Bharadva S. Risk of hepatitis-E virus infections among blood donors in a regional blood transfusion centre in western India. Transfus Med. 2021;31(3):193-199.
21. 21. Loyrion E, Trouve-Buisson T, Pouzol P, Larrat S, Decaens T, Payen J-F. Hepatitis E virus infection after platelet transfusion in an immunocompetent trauma patient. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017; 23:146-147.
22. 22. Baylis SA, Corman VM, Ong E, Linnen JM, Nübling CM, Blümel J. Hepatitis E viral loads in plasma pools for fractionation. Transfusion. 2016; 56:2532-2537.
23. 23. Gupta BP, Lama TK, Adhikari A, Shrestha A, Rauniyar R, Sapkota B, et al. First report of hepatitis E virus viremia in healthy blood donors from Nepal. Virus Dis. 2016; 27:324-326.
24. 24. Zhang L, Jiao S, Yang Z, Xu L, Liu L, Feng Q, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection among blood donors in mainland China: a meta-analysis. Transfusion. 2017; 57:248–257.
25. 25. Kata H, Matsubayashi K, Takeda H. A nationwide survey for hepatitis E virus prevalence in Japanese blood donors with elevated alanine aminotransferase. Transfusion. 2008; 48:2568-2576.
26. 26. Domanovic D, Tedder R, Blumel J, Zaaijer H, Gallian P, Niederhauser C, et al. Hepatitis E and blood donation safety in selected European countries: a shift to screening? Euro Surveill. 2017; 22:30514.
27. 27. Al Dossary RA, Alnafie AN, Aljaroodi SA, Rahman JU, Hunasemarada BC, Alkharsah KR. Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection Among Blood Donors in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2021; 14:2381-2390.
28. 28. Alhatlani BY, Aljabr WA, Almarzouqi MS, Alhatlani SM, Alzunaydi RN, Alsaykhan AS, et al. Seroprevalence of the hepatitis E virus antibodies among blood donors in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Future Virol. 2021;16(6):383–388.
29. 29. Abdelaal M, Zawawi TH, Al Sobhi E. Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in male blood donors in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. IJMS. 1998;167(2):94.
30. 30. Alhatlani BY, Aljabr WA, Almarzouqi MS, Alhatlani SM, Alzunaydi RN, Alsaykhan AS, et al. Seroprevalence of the hepatitis E virus among blood donors in the Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. medRxiv. 2019; 2019:12.19.19015412. doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.19015412.
31. 31. Johargy AK, Mahomed MF, Khan MM, Kabrah S. Anti hepatitis E virus seropositivity in a group of male blood donors in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. J Pak Med Assoc. 2013;63(2):185–189.
32. 32. Arif M, Qattan I, Al-Faleh F, Ramia S. Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Saudi Arabia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1994;88(2):163–168. doi:10.1080/00034983.1994.11812854
33. 33. Ibrahim EH, Abdelwahab SF, Nady S, Hashem M, Galal G, Sobhy M, et al. Prevalence of anti-HEV IgM among blood donors in Egypt. Egypt J Immunol. 2011;18(2):47–58.
34. 34. Sia SG, De Guzman TS, Su GLS. Detection of IgM and IgG antibodies against hepatitis E virus in donated blood bags from a national voluntary blood bank in Metro Manila, Philippines. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2015;5(8):604–605. doi:10.1016/S2222-1808(15)60896-9.
35. 35. Ahmed AB. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus among blood donors in Omdurman locality, Sudan. Am J Res Commun. 2015;3(5):252–258.
36. 36. Marcantonio C, Pezzotti P, Bruni R, et al. Incidence of hepatitis E virus infection among blood donors in a high endemic area of Central Italy. J Viral Hepat. 2019;26(4):506–512. doi:10.1111/jvh.13049
37. 37. Ali IAO. Supervisor -Humodi Ahmed Saeed. Seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus among blood donors in Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; 2015. Available from: http://repository.sustech.edu//handle/123456789/13162. Accessed March 20, 2022.
38. 38. Nasrallah GK, Absi ESA, Ghandour R, Ali NH, Taleb S, Hedaya L, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus among blood donors in Qatar (2013–2016). Transfusion. 2017;57(7):1801–1807. doi:10.1111/trf.14116
39. 39. Ehteram H, Ramezani A, Eslamifar A, Sofian M, Banifazl M, Ghassemi S, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection among volunteer blood donors in central province of Iran in 2012. Iran J Microbiol. 2013;5(2):172–176.
40. 40. Assarehzadegan MA, Shakerinejad G, Amini A, Rezaee SAR. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in blood donors in Khuzestan Province, Southwest Iran. Int J Infect Dis. 2008;12(4):387–390. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2007.09.015
41. 41. Al-Kasaby NM, Zaki MES. Study of hepatitis E virus in blood donors. Open Microbiol J. 2019;13(1):285–291. doi:10.2174/1874285801913010285
42. 42. Saba N, Waheed U, Mohammad I, Wazeer A. Hepatitis E virus RNA in Pakistani blood donors: An emerging transfusion transmitted infection. Glob J Transfus Med [serial online] 2020 [cited 2022 March 22]; 5:233. Available from: https://www.gjtmonline.com/text.asp?2020/5/2/233/300641.
43. 43. Cleland A, Smith L, Crossan C, Blatchford O, Dalton HR, Scobie L, Petrik J. Hepatitis E virus in Scottish blood donors. Vox Sang. 2013;105(4):283-289. doi: 10.1111/vox.12056.
44. 44. Thom K, Gilhooly P, McGowan K, Malloy K, Jarvis LM, Crossan C, et al. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Scotland: evidence of recent increase in viral circulation in humans. Euro Surveill. 2018;23(12):17-00174. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.12.17-00174.
45. 45. Corman VM, Drexler JF, Eckerle I, Roth WK, Drosten C, Eis‐Hübinger AM. Zoonotic hepatitis E virus strains in German blood donors. Vox Sang. 2013;104(2):179–180. doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2012.01638.x
46. 46. Vollmer T, Diekmann J, Johne R, Eberhardt M, Knabbe C, Dreier J. Novel approach for detection of hepatitis E virus infection in German blood donors. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(8):2708. doi:10.1128/JCM.01119-12
47. 47. Zhuang W, Ding X, Lyu C, Xiang L, Teng H, Li J. Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence among blood donors in Jiangsu Province, East China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2014; 26:9–11.
48. 48. Katiyar H, Goel A, Sonker A, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus viremia and antibodies among healthy blood donors in India. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2018;37(4):342–346. doi:10.1007/s12664-018-0880-7.
49. 49. Meldal BHM, Sarkodie F, Owusu-Ofori S, Allain J-P. Hepatitis E virus infection in Ghanaian blood donors- The importance of immunoassay selection and confirmation. Vox Sang. 2013;104(1):30–36. doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2012.01637.x
50. 50. Nouhin J, Prak S, Madec Y, Barennes H, Weissel R, Hok K, et al. Hepatitis E virus antibody prevalence, RNA frequency, and genotype among blood donors in Cambodia (Southeast Asia). Transfusion. 2016;56(10):2597–2601. doi:10.1111/trf.13731
51. 51. O’Riordan J, Boland F, Williams P, Donnellan J, Hogema BM, Ijaz S, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in the Irish blood donor population. Transfusion. 2016;56(11):2868–2876. doi:10.1111/trf.13757.
52. 52. Sauleda S, Ong E, Bes M, Janssen A, Cory R, Babizki M, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and detection of HEV RNA with a transcription-mediated amplification assay in blood donors from Catalonia (Spain). Transfusion. 2015;55(5):972–979. doi:10.1111/trf.12929
53. 53. Grabarczyk P, Sulkowska E, Gdowska J, Kopacz A, Liszewski G, Kubicka-Russel D, et al. Molecular and serological infection marker screening in blood donors indicates high endemicity of hepatitis E virus in Poland. Transfusion. 2018; 58:1245-1253.
54. 54. Shrestha AC, Flower RL, Seed CR, Rajkarnikar M, Shrestha SK, Thapa U, et al. Hepatitis E virus seroepidemiology: a post-earthquake study among blood donors in Nepal. BMC Infect Dis. 2016; 16:707.
55. 55. Traoré KA, Ouoba JB, Rouamba H, Nébié YK, Dahourou H, Rossetto F, et al. Hepatitis E Virus Prevalence among Blood Donors, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016; 22:755-757.
56. 56. Lucarelli C, Spada E, Taliani G, Chionne P, Madonna E, Marcantonio C, et al. High prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies among blood donors in central Italy, February to March 2014. Euro Surveill. 2016;21.
57. 57. Cheung CKM, Wong SH, Law AWH, Law MF. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E: What we know so far? World J Gastroenterol. 2022; 28(1): 47-75.
58. 58. Haïm-Boukobza S, Ferey MP, Vétillard AL, Jeblaoui A, Pélissier E, Pelletier G, et al. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in a misleading context of autoimmunity and drug-induced toxicity. J Hepatol. 2012; 57:1374-1378.
59. 59. Al-Sadeq DW, Majdalawieh AF, Nasrallah GK. Seroprevalence and incidence of hepatitis E virus among blood donors: A review. Rev Med Virol. 2017. doi: 10.1002/rmv.1937.
60. 60. Lee G‐H, Tan B‐H, Teo EC‐Y, Lim SG, Dan YY, Wee A, et al. Chronic infection with camelid hepatitis E virus in a liver transplant recipient who regularly consumes camel meat and milk. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(2):355‐357. e353.
61. 61. Khuroo MS, Kamili S, Yattoo GN. Hepatitis E virus infection may be transmitted through blood transfusions in an endemic area. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19(7):778‐784.
62. 62. Matsubayashi K, Nagaoka Y, Sakata H, Sato S, Fukai K, Kato T, et al. Transfusion‐transmitted hepatitis E caused by apparently indigenous hepatitis E virus strain in Hokkaido. Japan Transfusion. 2004;44(6):934‐940.
63. 63. Matsubayashi K, Kang JH, Sakata H, Takahashi K, Shindo M, Kato M, et al. A case of transfusion‐transmitted hepatitis E caused by blood from a donor infected with hepatitis E virus via zoonotic food‐borne route. Transfusion. 2008;48(7):1368‐1375.
64. 64. Tamura A, Shimizu YK, Tanaka T, Kuroda K, Arakawa Y, Takahashi K, et al. Persistent infection of hepatitis E virus transmitted by blood transfusion in a patient with T‐cell lymphoma. Hepatol Res. 2007;37(2):113‐120.
65. 65. Pawlotsky J‐M. Hepatitis E screening for blood donations: an urgent need? The Lancet. 2014;384(9956):1729‐1730.
66. 66. Li T‐C, Saito M, Ogura G, Ishibashi O, Miyamura T, Takeda N. Serologic evidence for hepatitis E virus infection in mongoose. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;74(5):932‐936.
67. 67. Boxall E, Herborn A, Kochethu G, et al. Transfusion‐transmitted hepatitis E in a ‘nonhyperendemic’ country. Transfus Med. 2006;16(2):79‐83.
68. 68. Bi H, Yang R, Wu C, Xia J. Hepatitis E virus and blood transfusion safety. Epidemiol Infect. 2020;148:e158. doi: 10.1017/S0950268820001429.
69. 69. Boland F, Martinez A, Pomeroy L, O'Flaherty N. Blood Donor Screening for Hepatitis E Virus in the European Union. Transfus Med Hemother. 2019;46(2):95-103. doi: 10.1159/000499121.
70. 70. Satake M, Matsubayashi K, Hoshi Y, Taira R, Furui Y, Kokudo N, et al. Unique clinical courses of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in patients with immunosuppression. Transfusion. 2017; 57:280-288.
71. 71. McPherson S, Elsharkawy AM, Ankcorn M, Ijaz S, Powell J, Rowe I, et al. Summary of the British Transplantation Society UK Guidelines for Hepatitis E and Solid Organ Transplantation. Transplantation. 2018; 102:15-20.
72. 72. Kamar N, Garrouste C, Haagsma EB, Garrigue V, Pischke S, Chauvet C, et al. Factors associated with chronic hepatitis in patients with hepatitis E virus infection who have received solid organ transplants. Gastroenterology. 2011; 140:1481-1489.
73. 73. Wang Y, Zhou X, Debing Y, Chen K, Van Der Laan LJ, Neyts J, et al. Calcineurin inhibitors stimulate and mycophenolic acid inhibits replication of hepatitis E virus. Gastroenterology. 2014; 146:1775-1783.
74. 74. Wu X, Chen P, Lin H, Hao X, Liang Z. Hepatitis E virus: Current epidemiology and vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016; 12:2603-2610.
75. 75. Arankalle VA, Chobe LP: Retrospective analysis of blood trasfusion recipients: evidence for post-transfusion hepatitis E. Vox Sang 2000;79:72.