MANAGEMENT OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCES

Abstract

Most of studies showed that the temporomandıbular disorders (TMD) caused by multifactorial aetiology. Oral parafunctions, malocclusion, joint anatomy, pathophysiology, genetic, psychosocial aspects (emotional status) and trauma are the known contributing factors. Population-based studies report that 10% to 15% of adults experience TMD, and it is more commonly encountered in women. Multidisciplinary approach including multiple specialties, comprising general dentistry, orofacial pain, physical therapy, surgery, orthodontics and psychiatry could be necessary to fully address the problem from all perspectives. Aims of treatment are decreasing pain, increasing function and opening level of mouth, preventing further joint damage, improving quality of life. 

Keywords

• temporomandıbular disorders,bruxism,children

References

1. 1. Barbosa T de S, Miyakoda LS, Pocztaruk R de L, Rocha CP, Gavião MBD. Temporomandibular disorders and bruxism in childhood and adolescence: Review of the literature. Int J PediatrOtorhinolaryngol. 2008;72(3):299–314.
2. 2. Christidis N, LindströmNdanshau E, Sandberg A, Tsilingaridis G. Prevalence and treatment strategies regarding temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents—A systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2019;46(3):291–301.
3. 3. Huhtela O, Näpänkangas R, Joensuu T, Raustia A, Kunttu K, Sipilä K. Self-Reported Bruxism and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorders in Finnish University Students. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2016;30(4):311–7.
4. 4. Michelotti A, Cioffi I, Festa P, Scala G, Farella M. Oral parafunctions as risk factors for diagnostic TMD subgroups. J Oral Rehabil. 2010 Mar;37(3):157–62.
5. 5. Wieckiewicz M, Grychowska N, Wojciechowski K, Pelc A, Augustyniak M, Sleboda A, et al. Prevalence and correlation between TMD based on RDC/TMD diagnoses, oral parafunctions and psychoemotional stress in Polish University students. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014.
6. 6. Atsü SS, Güner S, Palulu N, Bulut AC, Kürkçüoğlu I. Oral parafunctions, personality traits, anxiety and their association with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in the adolescents. Afr Health Sci. 2019;19(1):1801–10.
7. 7. Egermark I, Magnusson T, Gunnar ;, Carlsson E. A 20-Year Follow-up of Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorders and Malocclusions in Subjects With and Without Orthodontic Treatment in Childhood. Angle Orthod. 2003;73(2):109.
8. 8. Pereira LJ, Pereira-Cenci T, Cury AADB, Pereira SM, Pereira AC, Ambosano GMB, et al. Risk Indicators of Temporomandibular Disorder Incidences in Early Adolescence. Pediatr Dent. 2010;32(4):324–8.

9. 9. Gavish A, Halachmi M, Winocur E, Gazit E. Oral habits and their association with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in adolescent girls. J Oral Rehabil. 2000;27(1):22–32.
10. 10. Marpaung C, Lobbezoo F, van Selms MKA. Temporomandibular Disorders among Dutch Adolescents: Prevalence and Biological, Psychological, and Social Risk Indicators. Pain Res Manag. 2018;2018.
11. 11. Fernandes G, van Selms MKA, Gonçalves DAG, Lobbezoo F, Camparis CM. Factors associated with temporomandibular disorders pain in adolescents. J Oral Rehabil. 2015;42(2):113–9.
12. 12. Sampaio NM, Oliveira MC, Andrade AC, Santos LB, Sampaio M, Ortega A. Relationship between stress and sleep bruxism in children and their mothers: A case control study. Sleep Sci (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 2018;11(4):239–44.
13. 13. Wetselaar P, Vermaire EJH, Lobbezoo F, Schuller AA. The prevalence of awake bruxism and sleep bruxism in the Dutch adult population. J Oral Rehabil. 2019 Jul 1;46(7):617–23.
14. 14. Özen NE. TemporomandibulerBozukluklarınPsikiyatrikYönüveBruksizm. KlinPsikiyatrDerg. 2007;10(3).
15. 15. Manfredini D, Ahlberg J, Winocur E, Lobbezoo F. Management of sleep bruxism in adults: A qualitative systematic literature review. J Oral Rehabil. 2015 Nov 1;42(11):862–74.
16. 16. Da Silva CG, Pachêco-Pereira C, Porporatti AL, Savi MG, Peres MA, Flores-Mir C, et al. Prevalence of clinical signs of intra-articular temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2016;147(1):10-18.e8.
17. 17. Pinto JRR, Pedron IG, Utumi ER, Miranda ME, Pinto ECP, Nucci LP. Temporomandibular joint disorders as the only manifestation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a case report. Einstein (Sao Paulo).2018;16(3):1–4.
18. 18. Theroux J, Stomski N, Cope V, Mortimer-Jones S, Maurice, L. A cross-sectional study of the association between anxiety and temporomandibular disorder in Australian chiropractic students. J Chiropr Educ. 2019 Feb 5;33(2):111–7.
19. 19. Marpaung C, van Selms MKA, Lobbezoo F. Prevalence and risk indicators of pain-related temporomandibular disorders among Indonesian children and adolescents. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2018;46(4):400–6.
20. 20. de Sena MF, de Mesquita KSF, Santos FRR, Silva FWGP, Serrano KVD. Prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction in children and adolescents. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2013 Dec;31(4):538–45.
21. 21. Sönmez H, Sarı S, Oray GO, Çamdeviren H. Prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction in Turkish children with mixed and permanent dentition. J Oral Rehabil. 2001 Mar;28(3):280–5.
22. 22. LeResche L, Mancl LA, Drangsholt MT, Saunders K, Von Korff M. Relationship of pain and symptoms to pubertal development in adolescents. Pain. 2005;118(1–2):201–9.
23. 23. Guarda-Nardini L, Piccotti F, Mogno G, Favero L, Manfredini D. Age-related differences in temporomandibular disorder diagnoses. CRANIO®, J Craniomandib Sleep Pract. 2012;30(2):103–9.
24. 24. Schiffman E, Ohrbach R, Truelove E, Look J, Anderson G, Goulet J-P, et al. Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) for Clinical and Research Applications: Recommendations of the International RDC/TMD Consortium Network * and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group † HHS Public Access. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2014;28(1):6–27.
25. 25. Dubner R, Ohrbach R, Dworkin SF. The Evolution of TMD Diagnosis: : Past, Present, Future. In: Journal of Dental Research. SAGE Publications Inc.; 2016. p. 1093–101.
26. 26. Al-Khotani A, Gjelset M, Naimi-Akbar A, Hedenberg-Magnusson B, Ernberg M, Christidis N. Using the child behavior checklist to determine associations between psychosocial aspects and TMD-related pain in children and adolescents. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):88.
27. 27. Liu F, Steinkeler A. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Dent Clin North Am. 2013;57(3):465–79.
28. 28. Forssell H, Kalso E. Application of Principles of Evidence-Based Medicine to Occlusal Treatment for Temporomandibular Disorders: Are There Lessons to Be Learned? J Orofac Pain. 2004;18(1).
29. 29. Tanaka E, Detamore MS, Mercuri LG. Degenerative disorders of the Temporomandibular joint: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Vol. 87, Journal of Dental Research. 2008. p. 296–307.
30. 30. De Laat, A., Stappaerts, K., &Papy S. Counseling and physical therapy as treatment for myofascial pain of the masticatory system. J Orofac Pain. 2003;17(1).
31. 31. Truelove E, Huggins KH, Mancl L, Dworkin SF. The efficacy of traditional, low-cost and nonsplint therapies for temporomandibular disorder: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137(8):1099–107.
32. 32. Tuncer AB, Ergun N, Tuncer AH, Karahan S. Effectiveness of manual therapy and home physical therapy in patients with temporomandibular disorders: A randomized controlled trial. J BodywMovTher. 2013 Jul;17(3):302–8.
33. 33. Scrivani SJ, Khawaja SN, Bavia PF. Nonsurgical Management of Pediatric Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction. Oral MaxillofacSurgClin North Am. 2018;30(1):35–45.
34. 34. Nicolakis P, Burak EC, Kollmitzer J, Fialka-Moser V, Kopf A, Piehslinger E, et al. An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Exercise and Manual Therapy in Treating Symptoms of TMJ Osteoarthritis. Cranio. 2001;19(1):26–32.
35. 35. McNeely, M. L., Armijo Olivo, S., & Magee DJ. A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Physical Therapy Interventions for Temporomandibular Disorders. Phys Ther. 2006 May 1;86(5):710–25.
36. 36. Gu WP, Yang J, Zhang FM, Yin XM, Wei XL, Wang C. Efficacy of biofeedback therapy via a mini wireless device on sleep bruxism contrasted with occlusal splint: A pilot study. J Biomed Res. 2015;29(2):160–8.
37. 37. Kuttila M, Le Bell Y, Savolainen-Niemi E, Kuttila S, Alanen P. Efficiency of occlusal appliance therapy in secondary otalgia and temporomandibular disorders. ActaOdontol Scand. 2002 Aug;60(4):248–54.
38. 38. Klasser GD, Greene CS. Oral appliances in the management of temporomandibular disorders. Oral Surgery, Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEndodontology. 2009 Feb;107(2):212–23.
39. 39. Ekberg, E., Vallon, D., &Nilner M. The Efficacy of Appliance Therapy in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders of Mainly Myogenous Origin. A Randomized, Controlled, Short-Term Trial. J Orofac Pain. 2003;17(2):133–9.
40. 40. De Leeuw R, Klasser GD. Orofacial pain: guidelines for assessment, diagnosis, and management. Fifth edit. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing; 2008. 16 p.
41. 41. Ouanounou, A., Goldberg, M., & Haas DA. Pharmacotherapy in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Review. J Can Dent Assoc. 2017;83(7):1–8.
42. 42. Hersh E V., Balasubramaniam R, Pinto A. Pharmacologic Management of Temporomandibular Disorders. Oral MaxillofacSurgClin North Am. 2008;20(2):197–210.
43. 43. Mujakperuo HR, Watson M, Morrison R, Macfarlane T V. Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Oct 6;10.