İmplant üstü sabit protezlerde ölçü doğruluğunu etkileyen faktörler

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 138 - 155, 30.10.2020

Natig Bayramov

Abstract

Diş hekimliğininde, hastaların kaybolan fonksiyon, fonetik ve estetik ihtiyaçlarını stomagnatik sistem içerisinde tekrar kazandırmak amaçlanır. İmplantlar diş eksikliğinde bu amaçları gerçekleştirmek için tedaviye sunulmuşlardır. İmplant destekli sabit protezlerin yapım aşamasında pasif uyumun sağlanması çok önemlidir ve bunun temelinde hiç şüphesiz ölçü bulunmaktadır. Bu makalemizin amacı implant üstü sabit protezlerde ölçü doğruluğunu etkileyen faktörleri araştırmak ve alacağımız ölçülerde bunları dikkate almaktır.

Keywords

İmplant ölçüsü, ölçü doğruluğu, pasif uyum

Factors affecting impression accuracy in implant-supported fixed prostheses

Abstract

In dentistry, it is aimed to regain the lost function, phonetic and aesthetic needs of the patients within the stomatognathic system. Implants are offered for treatment to achieve these goals in tooth deficiency. It is very important to ensure passive alignment during the construction of implant-supported fixed prostheses and undoubtedly the impression is based on this. The purpose of this article is to investigate the factors affecting impression accuracy in implant fixed prostheses and to consider these factors in the impressions we will take in the future.

Keywords

Implant impressions, impression accuracy, passive fit.

References

• 1. Smith DE, Zarb GA. Criteria for success of osseointegrated endosseous implants. J Prosthet Dent. 01 Kasım 1989;62(5):567-72.
• 2. Schnitman PA, Shulman LB. Recommendations of the consensus development conference on dental implants. J Am Dent Assoc. 01 Mart 1979;98(3):373-7.
• 3. Misch CE. The implant quality scale: a clinical assessment of the health--disease continuum. Oral Health. Temmuz 1998;88(7):15-20, 23-5; quiz 25-6.
• 4. Albrektsson T, Zarb G, Worthington P, Eriksson AR. The long-term efficacy of currently used dental implants: a review and proposed criteria of success. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1986;1(1):11–25.
• 5. McKinney RV, Koth DC, Steflik DE. Clinical standards for dental implants. Clin Dent Harperstown PA Harper Row. 1984;27–41.
• 6. Becker MJ. Ancient" dental implants": a recently proposed example from France evaluated with other spurious examples. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1999;14(1).
• 7. Adell R, Lekholm U, Rockler B, Br\aanemark P-I. A 15-year study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Int J Oral Surg. 1981;10(6):387–416.
• 8. Stellingsma C, Vissink A, Meijer HJA, Kuiper C, Raghoebar GM. Implantology and the severely resorbed edentulous mandible. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2004;15(4):240–248.
• 9. Garg AK. The future role of growth factors in bone grafting. Dent Implantol Update. 1999;10(1):5–7.
• 10. Ahmad P, Asif JA, Alam MK, Slots J. A bibliometric analysis of Periodontology 2000. Periodontol 2000. 2020;82(1):286–297.
• 11. Albrektsson T, Sennerby L. State of the art in oral implants. J Clin Periodontol. 1991;18(6):474–481.
• 12. Zarb GA. Clinical application of osseointegration. An introduction. Swed Dent J Suppl. 1985;28:7–9.
• 13. Branemark P-I. Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Experience from a 10-year period. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Suppl. 1977;16.
• 14. Cochran DL. A comparison of endosseous dental implant surfaces. J Periodontol. 1999;70(12):1523–1539.
• 15. Sorrentino R, Gherlone EF, Calesini G, Zarone F. Effect of implant angulation, connection length, and impression material on the dimensional accuracy of implant impressions: an in vitro comparative study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2010;12:e63–e76.
• 16. Filho HG, Mazaro JVQ, Vedovatto E, Assunção WG, Santos PH dos. Accuracy of Impression Techniques for Impants. Part 2–Comparison of Splinting Techniques. J Prosthodont Implant Esthet Reconstr Dent. 2009;18(2):172–176.
• 17. Karl M, Rosch S, Graef F, Taylor TD, Heckmann SM. Static implant loading caused by as-cast metal and ceramic-veneered superstructures. J Prosthet Dent. 2005;93(4):324–330.
• 18. Carr AB. Comparison of impression techniques for a two-implant 15-degree divergent model. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1992;7:468–468.
• 19. Carr AB. A Comparison of Impression Techniques for a Five-Implant Mandibular Model. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1991;6(4).
• 20. Humphries RM, Yaman P, Bloem TJ. The accuracy of implant master casts constructed from transfer impressions. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1990;5(4).
• 21. Assunção WG, Tabata LF, Cardoso A, Rocha EP, Gomes ÉA. Prosthetic transfer impression accuracy evaluation for osseointegrated implants. Implant Dent. 2008;17(3):248–256.
• 22. Herbst D, Nel JC, Driessen CH, Becker PJ. Evaluation of impression accuracy for osseointegrated implant supported superstructures. J Prosthet Dent. 2000;83(5):555–561.
• 23. Lee H, So JS, Hochstedler JL, Ercoli C. The accuracy of implant impressions: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2008;100(4):285–291.
• 24. Kallus T, Bessing C. Loose gold screws frequently occur in full-arch fixed prostheses supported by osseointegrated implants after 5 years. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1994;9(2).
• 25. Zarb GA, Symington JM. Osseointegrated dental implants: preliminary report on a replication study. J Prosthet Dent. 1983;50(2):271–276.
• 26. Lorenzoni M, Pertl C, Penkner K, Polansky R, Sedaj B, Wegscheider WA. Comparison of the transfer precision of three different impression materials in combination with transfer caps for the Frialit®-2 system. J Oral Rehabil. 2000;27(7):629–638.
• 27. Conrad HJ, Pesun IJ, DeLong R, Hodges JS. Accuracy of two impression techniques with angulated implants. J Prosthet Dent. 01 Haziran 2007;97(6) 349-56. 28. Kan JY, Rungcharassaeng K, Bohsali K, Goodacre CJ, Lang BR. Clinical methods for evaluating implant framework fit. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;81(1):7–13.
• 29. Çağlar İ, Yeşi̇L Duymuş Z, Ateş SM. DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİNDE KULLANILAN ÖLÇÜ SİSTEMLERİNDE GÜNCEL YAKLAŞIMLAR: DİJİTAL ÖLÇÜ. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekim Fakültesi Derg [Internet]. 21 Mayıs 2015 [a.yer 09 Aralık 2019];10(10). Erişim adresi: http://dergipark.gov.tr/doi/10.17567/dfd.96167
• 30. Birnbaum NS, Aaronson HB. Dental impressions using 3D digital scanners: virtual becomes reality. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2008;29(8):494–496.
• 31. Sulaiman F, Chai J, Wozniak WT. A comparison of the marginal fit of In-Ceram, IPS Empress, and Procera crowns. Int J Prosthodont. 1997;10(5).
• 32. Karlsson S. The fit of Procera titanium crowns: an in vitro and clinical study. Acta Odontol Scand. 1993;51(3):129–134.
• 33. Fransson B, Øilo G, Gjeitanger R. The fit of metal-ceramic crowns, a clinical study. Dent Mater. 1985;1(5):197–199.
• 34. Beschnidt SM, Strub JR. Evaluation of the marginal accuracy of different all-ceramic crown systems after simulation in the artificial mouth. J Oral Rehabil. 1999;26(7):582–593.
• 35. Fransson B, Øilo G, Gjeitanger R. The fit of metal-ceramic crowns, a clinical study. Dent Mater. 1985;1(5):197–199.
• 36. Colpani JT, Borba M, Della Bona Á. Evaluation of marginal and internal fit of ceramic crown copings. Dent Mater. 2013;29(2):174–180.
• 37. Kokubo Y, Ohkubo C, Tsumita M, Miyashita A, Vult von Steyern P, Fukushima S. Clinical marginal and internal gaps of Procera AllCeram crowns. J Oral Rehabil. 2005;32(7):526–530.
• 38. Nakamura T, Nonaka M, Maruyama T. In vitro fitting accuracy of copy-milled alumina cores and all-ceramic crowns. Int J Prosthodont. 2000;13(3).
• 39. Tuntiprawon M, Wilson PR. The effect of cement thickness on the fracture strength of all-ceramic crowns. Aust Dent J. 1995;40(1):17–21.
• 40. Choi J-H, Lim Y-J, Kim C-W. Evaluation of the accuracy of implant-level impression techniques for internal-connection implant prostheses in parallel and divergent models. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2007;22(5).
• 41. Wee AG. Comparison of impression materials for direct multi-implant impressions. J Prosthet Dent. 01 Mart 2000;83(3):323-31.
• 42. Ma J, Rubenstein JE. Complete arch implant impression technique. J Prosthet Dent. 2012;107(6):405–410.
• 43. Punj A, Bompolaki D, Garaicoa J. Dental Impression Materials and Techniques. Dent Clin North Am. Ekim 2017;61(4):779-96.
• 44. Wee AG, Aquilino SA, Schneider RL. Strategies to achieve fit in implant prosthodontics: a review of the literature. Int J Prosthodont. 1999;12(2).
• 45. Liou AD, Nicholls JI, Yuodelis RA, Brudvik JS. Accuracy of replacing three tapered transfer impression copings in two elastomeric impression materials. Int J Prosthodont. 1993;6(4).
• 46. Kempler J. The Effect of Impression Technique, Connection Type and Implant Angulation on Impression Accuracy. 2011 [a.yer 22 Eylül 2019]; Erişim adresi: https://archive.hshsl.umaryland.edu/handle/10713/522
• 47. Assuncao WG, Gennari Filho H, Zaniquelli O. Evaluation of transfer impressions for osseointegrated implants at various angulations. Implant Dent. 2004;13(4):358–366.
• 48. Barrett MG, de Rijk WG, Burgess JO. The accuracy of six impression techniques for osseointegrated implants. J Prosthodont. 1993;2(2):75–82.
• 49. Wee AG. Comparison of impression materials for direct multi-implant impressions. J Prosthet Dent. 2000;83(3):323–331.
• 50. Akca K, Çehreli MC. Accuracy of 2 impression techniques for ITI implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2004;19(4):517–523.
• 51. Çehreli MC, Akça K. Impression techniques and misfit-induced strains on implant-supported superstructures: an in vitro study. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2006;26(4).
• 52. Daoudi M, Setchell DJ, Searson LJ. A laboratory investigation of the accuracy of two impression techniques for single-tooth implants. Int J Prosthodont. 2001;14(2).
• 53. Wenz H-J, Reuter H-U, Hertrampf K. Accuracy of impressions and casts using different implant impression techniques in a multi-implant system with an internal hex connection. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2008;23(1).
• 54. Chang W-G, Vahidi F, Bae K-H, Lim B-S. Accuracy of three implant impression techniques with different impression materials and stones. Int J Prosthodont. 2012;25(1).
• 55. Aguilar ML, Elias A, Vizcarrondo CET, Psoter WJ. Analysis of three-dimensional distortion of two impression materials in the transfer of dental implants. J Prosthet Dent. 2010;103(4):202–209.
• 56. Mostafa TMN, Elgendy MNM, Kashef NA, Halim MM. Evaluation of the precision of three implant transfer impression techniques using two elastomeric impression materials. Int J Prosthodont. 2010;23(6).
• 57. Hoist S, Blatz MB, Bergler M, Goellner M, Wichmann M. Influence of impression material and time on the 3-dimensional accuracy of implant impressions. Quintessence Int. 2007;38(1).
• 58. Buzayan M, Baig MR, Yunus N. Evaluation of accuracy of complete-arch multiple-unit abutment-level dental implant impressions using different impression and splinting materials. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2013;28(6).
• 59. Lee H, Ercoli C, Funkenbusch PD, Feng C. Effect of subgingival depth of implant placement on the dimensional accuracy of the implant impression: an in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent. 2008;99(2):107–113.
• 60. Del’Acqua MA, Chávez AM, Amaral ÂLC, Compagnoni MA. Comparison of impression techniques and materials for an implant-supported prosthesis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2010;25(4).
• 61. Nassar U, Oko A, Adeeb S, El-Rich M, Flores-Mir C. An in vitro study on the dimensional stability of a vinyl polyether silicone impression material over a prolonged storage period. J Prosthet Dent. 2013;109(3):172–178.
• 62. Enkling N, Bayer S, Jöhren P, Mericske-Stern R. Vinylsiloxanether: a new impression material. Clinical study of implant impressions with vinylsiloxanether versus polyether materials. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2012;14(1):144–151.
• 63. Pandita A, Jain T, Yadav NS, Feroz SM, Diwedi A. Evaluation and comparison of dimensional accuracy of newly introduced elastomeric impression material using 3D laser scanners: an in vitro study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2013;14(2):265–268.
• 64. Faria JCB de, Neves ACC, Miranda ME, Teixeira ML. Evaluation of the accuracy of different transfer impression techniques for multiple implants. Braz Oral Res. 2011;25(2):163–167.
• 65. Windhorn RJ, Gunnell TR. A simple open-tray implant impression technique. J Prosthet Dent. 2006;96(3):220–221.
• 66. Lee H, So JS, Hochstedler JL, Ercoli C. The accuracy of implant impressions: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2008;100(4):285–291.
• 67. Lee H, So JS, Hochstedler JL, Ercoli C. The accuracy of implant impressions: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 01 Ekim 2008;100(4):285-91.
• 68. Carr AB. A Comparison of Impression Techniques for a Five-Implant Mandibular Model. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1991;6(4).
• 69. Bhakta S, Vere J, Calder I, Patel R. Impressions in implant dentistry. Br Dent J. 2011;211(8):361.
• 70. Carr AB. A Comparison of Impression Techniques for a Five-Implant Mandibular Model. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. Winter 1991;6(4):56-70. 71. Liou AD, Nicholls JI, Yuodelis RA, Brudvik JS. Accuracy of replacing three tapered transfer impression copings in two elastomeric impression materials. Int J Prosthodont. 1993;6(4).
• 72. Chee W, Jivraj S. Impression techniques for implant dentistry. Br Dent J. 2006;201(7):429.
• 73. Choi J-H, Lim Y-J, Kim C-W. Evaluation of the accuracy of implant-level impression techniques for internal-connection implant prostheses in parallel and divergent models. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2007;22(5).
• 74. Nissan J, Ghelfan O. The press-fit implant impression coping technique. J Prosthet Dent. 2009;101(6):413–414.
• 75. Burawi G, Houston F, Byrne D, Claffey N. A comparison of the dimensional accuracy of the splinted and unsplinted impression techniques for the Bone-Lock implant system. J Prosthet Dent. 1997;77(1):68–75.
• 76. Burns J, Palmer R, Howe L, Wilson R. Accuracy of open tray implant impressions: An in vitro comparison of stock versus custom trays. J Prosthet Dent. 01 Mart 2003;89(3):250-5.
• 77. Conrad HJ, Pesun IJ, DeLong R, Hodges JS. Accuracy of two impression techniques with angulated implants. J Prosthet Dent. 2007;97(6):349–356.
• 78. Leinfelder KF, Isenberg BP, Essig ME. A new method for generating ceramic restorations: a CAD-CAM system. J Am Dent Assoc. 1989;118(6):703–707.
• 79. Strub JR, Rekow ED, Witkowski S. Computer-aided design and fabrication of dental restorations: current systems and future possibilities. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137(9):1289–1296.
• 80. Lee SJ, Gallucci GO. Digital vs. conventional implant impressions: efficiency outcomes. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24(1):111–115.
• 81. Lin W-S, Harris BT, Morton D. The use of a scannable impression coping and digital impression technique to fabricate a customized anatomic abutment and zirconia restoration in the esthetic zone. J Prosthet Dent. 2013;109(3):187–191.
• 82. Christensen GJ. Impressions are changing: deciding on conventional, digital or digital plus in-office milling. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009;140(10):1301–1304.
• 83. Patel N. Integrating three-dimensional digital technologies for comprehensive implant dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. 2010;141:20S–24S.
• 84. Güth J-F, Keul C, Stimmelmayr M, Beuer F, Edelhoff D. Accuracy of digital models obtained by direct and indirect data capturing. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17(4):1201–1208.
• 85. Beuer F, Schweiger J, Edelhoff D. Digital dentistry: an overview of recent developments for CAD/CAM generated restorations. Br Dent J. 2008;204(9):505.
• 86. Touchstone A, Nieting T, Ulmer N. Digital transition: the collaboration between dentists and laboratory technicians on CAD/CAM restorations. J Am Dent Assoc. 2010;141:15S–19S.
• 87. Assif D, Marshak B, Schmidt A. Accuracy of implant impression techniques. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1996;11(2).
• 88. Vigolo P, Fonzi F, Majzoub Z, Cordioli G. An evaluation of impression techniques for multiple internal connection implant prostheses. J Prosthet Dent. 2004;92(5):470–476.
• 89. Cabral LM, Guedes CG. Comparative analysis of 4 impression techniques for implants. Implant Dent. 2007;16(2):187–194.
• 90. Naconecy MM, Teixeira ER, Shinkai RS, Frasca LCF, Cervieri A. Evaluation of the accuracy of 3 transfer techniques for implant-supported prostheses with multiple abutments. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2004;19(2).
• 91. Vigolo P, Majzoub Z, Cordioli G. Evaluation of the accuracy of three techniques used for multiple implant abutment impressions. J Prosthet Dent. 2003;89(2):186–192.
• 92. Assuncao WG, Gennari Filho H, Zaniquelli O. Evaluation of transfer impressions for osseointegrated implants at various angulations. Implant Dent. 2004;13(4):358–366.
• 93. Del’Acqua MA, Arioli-Filho JN, Compagnoni MA. Accuracy of impression and pouring techniques for an implant-supported prosthesis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2008;23(2).
• 94. Phillips K, Goto Y. Alternative implant impression techniques. Compend Contin Educ Dent Jamesburg NJ 1995. 2002;23(2):170.
• 95. Daoudi MF, Setchell DJ, Searson LJ. An evaluation of three implant level impression techniques for single tooth implant. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2004;12(1):9–14.
• 96. Spector MR, Donovan TE, Nicholls JI. An evaluation of impression techniques for osseointegrated implants. J Prosthet Dent. 1990;63(4):444–447.
• 97. Jorge E, Funkenbusch PD, Ercoli C, Moss ME, Graser GN, Tallents RH. Verification jig for implant-supported prostheses: A comparison of standard impressions with verification jigs made of different materials. J Prosthet Dent. 2002;88(3):329–336.
• 98. Baskai KG. Evaluation of Digital Implant Impressions using an Intra-oral Computerized Scanner (iTero) versus Conventional Implant Impressions: A 3-Dimensional Analysis of Accuracy. University of Toronto (Canada); 2014.
• 99. Abdel-Azim T, Zandinejad A, Elathamna E, Lin W, Morton D. The Influence of Digital Fabrication Options on the Accuracy of Dental Implant–Based Single Units and Complete-Arch Frameworks. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2014;29(6).
• 100. Joda T, Brägger U. Digital vs. conventional implant prosthetic workflows: a cost/time analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2015;26(12):1430–1435.
• 101. Joda T, Lenherr P, Dedem P, Kovaltschuk I, Bragger U, Zitzmann NU. Time efficiency, difficulty, and operator’s preference comparing digital and conventional implant impressions: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017;28(10):1318–1323.
• 102. Kupeyan HK, Lang BR. The role of the implant impression in abutment selection: a technical note. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1995;10(4).
• 103. Alikhasi M, Siadat H, Monzavi A, Momen-Heravi F. Three-dimensional accuracy of implant and abutment level impression techniques: Effect on marginal discrepancy. J Oral Implantol. 2011;37(6):649–657.
• 104. Lee S-J, Cho S-B. Accuracy of five implant impression technique: effect of splinting materials and methods. J Adv Prosthodont. 2011;3(4):177–185.
• 105. Aktöre H, Kurtulmuş-Yılmaz S. The evaluation of factors that affect the accuracy of implant impressions. Cumhur Dent J. 18(2):14.
• 106. Vigolo P, Majzoub Z, Cordioli G. Evaluation of the accuracy of three techniques used for multiple implant abutment impressions. J Prosthet Dent. 2003;89(2):186–192.
• 107. Burawi G, Houston F, Byrne D, Claffey N. A comparison of the dimensional accuracy of the splinted and unsplinted impression techniques for the Bone-Lock implant system. J Prosthet Dent. 1997;77(1):68–75.
• 108. Assif D, Nissan J, Varsano I, Singer A. Accuracy of implant impression splinted techniques: effect of splinting material. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1999;14(6):885–888.
• 109. Dumbrigue HB, Gurun DC, Javid NS. Prefabricated acrylic resin bars for splinting implant transfer copings. J Prosthet Dent. 2000;84(1):108–110.
• 110. Mojon P, Oberholzer J-P, Meyer J-M, Belser UC. Polymerization shrinkage of index and pattern acrylic resins. J Prosthet Dent. 1990;64(6):684–688.
• 111. Ivanhoe JR, Adrian ED, Krantz WA, Edge MJ. An impression technique for osseointegrated implants. J Prosthet Dent. 1991;66(3):410–411.
• 112. Assif D, Fenton A, Zarb G, Schmitt A. Comparative accuracy of implant impression procedures. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1992;12(2).
• 113. Inturregui JA, Aquilino SA, Ryther JS, Lund PS. Evaluation of three impression techniques for osseointegrated oral implants. J Prosthet Dent. 1993;69(5):503–509.
• 114. JÖRGENSEN KD. A new method of recording the elastic recovery of dental impression materials. Eur J Oral Sci. 1976;84(3):175–182.
• 115. Assunção WG, Tabata LF, Cardoso A, Rocha EP, Gomes ÉA. Prosthetic Transfer Impression Accuracy Evaluation for Osseointegrated Implants. Implant Dent. Eylül 2008;17(3):248.
• 116. Fernandez MA, Paez de Mendoza CY, Platt JA, Levon...... - Google Akademik [Internet]. [a.yer 07Nisan2020].Erişimadresi:https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=tr&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Fernandez+MA%2C+Paez+de+Mendoza+CY%2C+Platt+JA%2C+Levon...+Google+Akademik+%5BInternet%5D.+%5Ba.yer+08+Kas%C4%B1m+2019%5D.+Eri%C5%9Fim+adresi%3A+https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com.tr%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Dtr%26as_sdt%3D0%2C5%26q%3DFernandez%2BMA%2C%2BPae+z%2Bde%2BMendoza%2BCY%2C%2BPlatt%2BJA%2C%2BLevon%2BJA%2C%2BHo%2BVijitra%2BST%2C%2BNimmo%2BA.%2BA%2Bco+mparative%2Bstudy%2Bof%2Bthe%2Baccuracy%2Bbetween%2Bplastic%2Band%2Bmetal%2Bimpression%2Btra+nsfer%2Bcopings%2Bfor%2Bimplant%2Brestorations.%2BJ%2BProsthodont%2B2013%253B22%253A367-+376.&btnG=
• 117. Walker MP, Ries D, Borello B. Implant cast accuracy as a function of impression techniques and impression material viscosity. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2008;23(4).
• 118. Ma T, Nicholls JI, Rubenstein JE. Tolerance measurements of various implant components. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1997;12(3).
• 119. Kim S, Nicholls JI, Han C-H, Lee K-W. Displacement of implant components from impressions to definitive casts. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2006;21(5).
• 120. Rubenstein JE, Ma T. Comparison of interface relationships between implant components for laser-welded titanium frameworks and standard cast frameworks. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1999;14(4).