Fibers in Prosthetic Dentistry

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 1 - 27, 30.06.2021

Özge Sucu , Ayşegül Köroğlu

Abstract

Nowadays, dental restorations that made with fiber-reinforced materials are increasingly common. Fibers are used in many areas of dentistry due to its various advantages such as being biocompatible with dental tissue, having good aesthetic properties, requiring less preparation in dental tissue, having similar elastic modulus with tooth, simplicity of the production process and low treatment cost. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of fibers use in prosthetic dental treatment.

Keywords

dental fiber, fiber reinforced composite, adhesive restoration

Protetik Diş Hekimliğinde Fiberler

Abstract

Günümüzde fiberle güçlendirilmiş materyaller ile yapılan dental restorasyonlar giderek daha yaygın hale gelmektedir. Fiberler, diş dokusu ile biyouyumlu olmaları, estetik özelliklerinin iyi olması, diş dokusunda daha az preparasyon gerektirmesi, elastik modulüsünün dişe yakın olması, üretim sürecinin basit olması ve düşük tedavi maliyeti gibi çeşitli avantajlarından dolayı diş hekimliğinin pek çok alanında kullanılmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, fiberlerin protetik diş tedavisinde kullanımları hakkında genel bir bilgi vermektir.

Keywords

dental fiber, fiberle güçlendirilmiş kompozit, adeziv restorasyon

References

• 1. Schwartz RS, Robbins JW. Post placement and restoration of endodontically treated teeth: a literature review. J Endod. 2004;30(5):289-301.
• 2. Keyf F, Uzun G. The effect of glass fibre-reinforcement on the transverse strength, deflection and modulus of elasticity of repaired acrylic resins. Int Dent J. 2000;50(2): 93-97.
• 3. Freilich MA. Fiber-reinforced composites in clinical dentistry: Quintessence Publishing (IL); 2000.
• 4. Uzun G, Hersek N, Tincer T. Effect of five woven fiber reinforcements on the impact and transverse strength of a denture base resin. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;81(5):616-620.
• 5. Malquarti G, Berruet RG, Bois D. Prosthetic use of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin for esthetic crowns and fixed partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent. 1990;63(3):251-257.
• 6. Schreiber CK. The clinical application of carbon fibre/polymer denture bases. Br Dent J. 1974;137(1):21-22.
• 7. DeBoer J, Vermilyea SG, Brady RE. The effect of carbon fiber orientation on the fatigue resistance and bending properties of two denture resins. J Prosthet Dent. 1984;51(1):119-121.
• 8. Grave AMH, Chandler HD, Wolfaardt JF. Denture base acrylic reinforced with high modulus fibre. Dent Mater. 1985;1(5):185-187.
• 9. Schreiber CK. Polymethylmethacrylate reinforced with carbon fibres. Br Dent J. 1971;130(1):29-30.
• 10. Goldberg AJ, Burstone CJ. The use of continuous fiber reinforcement in dentistry. Dent Mater. 1992;8(3):197-202.
• 11. Ruyter IE, Ekstrand K, Björk N. Development of carbon/graphite fiber reinforced poly (methyl methacrylate) suitable for implant-fixed dental bridges. Dent Mater. 1986;2(1):6-9.
• 12. Diamond M. Resin fiberglass bonded retainer. J Clin Orthod. 1987;21(3):182-183.
• 13. Levenson MF. The use of a clear, pliable film to form a fiberglass-reinforced splint. J Am Dent Assoc. 1986;112(1):79-80.
• 14. Mullarky RH. Aramid fiber reinforcement of acrylic appliances. J Clin Orthod. 1985;19(9):655-658.
• 15. Björk N, Ekstrand K, Ruyter IE. Implant-fixed, dental bridges from carbon/graphite fibre reinforced poly (methyl methacrylate). Biomaterials. 1986;7(1):73-75.
• 16. Çal NE, Hersek N, Şahin E. Water sorption and dimensional changes of denture base polymer reinforced with glass fibers in continuous unidirectional and woven form. Int J Prosthodont. 2000;13(6):487-493.
• 17. Yazdanie N, Mahood M. Carbon fiber acrylic resin composite: an investigation of transverse strength. J Prosthet Dent. 1985;54(4):543-547.
• 18. Jagger DC, Harrison A. The effect of chopped poly (methyl methacrylate) fibers on some properties of acrylic resin denture base material. Int J Prosthodont. 1999;12(6):542-546.
• 19. Vallittu PK, Ekstrand K. In vitro cytotoxicity of fibre–polymethyl methacrylate composite used in dentures. J Oral Rehabil. 1999;26(8):666-671.
• 20. Cheng TH, Jones FR, Wang D. Effect of fibre conditioning on the interfacial shear strength of glass-fibre composites. Compos Sci Technol. 1993;48(1-4):89-96.
• 21. Ladizesky NH, Cheng YY, Chow TW, Ward IM. Acrylic resin reinforced with chopped high performance polyethylene fiber-properties and denture construction. Dent Mater. 1993;9(2):128-135.
• 22. Sirimai S, Riis DN, Morgano SM. An in vitro study of the fracture resistance and the incidence of vertical root fracture of pulpless teeth restored with six post-and-core systems. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;81(3):262-269.
• 23. Sadek FT, Goracci C, Monticelli F, Grandini S, Cury ÁH, Tay F, Ferrari M. Immediate and 24-hour evaluation of the interfacial strengths of fiber posts. J Endod. 2006;32(12):1174-1177.
• 24. Kanie T, Fujii K, Arikawa H, Inoue K. Flexural properties and impact strength of denture base polymer reinforced with woven glass fibers. Dent Mater. 2000;16(2):150-158.
• 25. Rahamneh A, Jagger DC, Harrison A. The effect of the addition of different fibres on the transverse and impact strength of acrylic resin denture base material. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2003;11(2):75-81.
• 26. Vallittu PK. A review of fiber‐reinforced denture base resins. J Prosthodont. 1996;5(4):270-276.
• 27. Vallittu PK, Lassila VP. Reinforcement of acrylic resin denture base material with metal or fibre strengtheners. J Oral Rehabil. 1992;19(3):225-230.
• 28. Vallittu PK. Comparison of two different silane compounds used for improving adhesion between fibres and acrylic denture base material. J Oral Rehabil. 1993;20(5):533-539.
• 29. Agrawal BD, Broutman LJ. Analysis And Performance Of Fiber Composites Second Edition. A Wiley-Interscience Publication John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York 449 pages, hard cover, 1990 Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 1993;8(3):375-379.
• 30. Uzun G. Protez kaide rezinlerinin güçlendirilmesinde liflerin kullanımı. H. Ü Diş Hek Derg. 2000;24(3-4):70-76. 31. Hull D. Fibers and matrices. In An introduction to composite materials. University Press Cambridge. 1996:9-38.
• 32. Harrison A, Constantinidis VI, Vowles R. The effect of surface treated UHMWPE beads on some properties of acrylic resin denture base material. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 19997;5(1):39-42.
• 33. Rose RM, Crugnola A, Ries M, Cimino WR, Paul I, Radin EL. On the origins of high in vivo wear rates in polyethylene components of total joint prostheses. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;(145):277-286.
• 34. Braden M, Davy KW, Parker S, Ladizesky NH, Ward IM. Denture base poly (methyl methacrylate) reinforced with ultra-thin modulus polyethylene fibers. Br Dent J. 1988;164(4), 109-113.
• 35. Ellakwa AE, Shortall AC, Marquis PM. Influence of fiber type and wetting agent on the flexural properties of an indirect fiber reinforced composite. J Prosthet Dent. 2002;88(5):485-490.
• 36. Narva KK, Lassila LV, Vallittu PK. The static strength and modulus of fiber reinforced denture base polymer. Dent Mater. 2005;21(5):421-428.
• 37. Spyrides SMM, Bastian FL. In vitro comparative study of the mechanical behavior of a composite matrix reinforced by two types of fibers (polyethylene and glass). Mater Sci Eng: C. 2004;24(5):671-677.
• 38. Rudo DN, Karbhari VM. Physical behaviors of fiber reinforcement as applied to tooth stabilization. Dent Clin North Am. 1999;43(1):7-35.
• 39. Tuloglu N, Bayrak S, Tunc ES. Different clinical applications of bondable reinforcement ribbond in pediatric dentistry. Eur J Dent. 2009;3(4):329.
• 40. Miller TE, Hakimzadeh F, Rudo DN. Immediate and indirect woven polyethylene ribbon--reinforced periodontal-prosthetic splint: A case report. Quintessence Int. 1995;26(4):268-270.
• 41. Ganesh M, Tandon S. Versatility of ribbond in contemporary dental practice. Artif Organs. 2006;20(1), 53-58.
• 42. Kaplan R. Isı ve mikrodalga enerjisi ile polimerize olan akrilik kaide rezinlerine dental fiber sistemlerinin etkilerinin in vitro olarak değerlendirilmesi. Doktora Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. 2002
• 43. Mallmann A, Jacques LB, Valandro LF, Muench A. Microtensile bond strength of photoactivated and autopolymerized adhesive systems to root dentin using translucent and opaque fiber-reinforced composite posts. J Prosthet Dent. 2007;97(3):165-172.
• 44. Spazzin AO, Moraes RRD, Cecchin D, Farina AP, Carlini-Júnior B, Correr-Sobrinho L. Morphological analysis of glass, carbon and glass/carbon fiber posts and bonding to self or dual-cured resin luting agents. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(5):476-480.
• 45. Pest LB, Cavalli G, Bertani P, Gagliani M. Adhesive post-endodontic restorations with fiber posts: push-out tests and SEM observations. Dent Mater. 2002;18(8):596-602.
• 46. Kolesov YI, Kudryavtsev MY, Mikhailenko NY. Types and compositions of glass for production of continuous glass fiber. Glass Ceram+. 2001;58(5):197-202.
• 47. Lukkassen D, Meidell A. Advanced materials and structures and their fabrication processes. Narvik University College, HIN. 2007;69-71
• 48. Meriç G, Dahl JE, Ruyter IE. Physicochemical evaluation of silica‐glass fiber reinforced polymers for prosthodontic applications. Eur J Oral Sci. 2005;113(3):258-264.
• 49. Narva KK, Vallittu PK, Helenius H, Yli-Urpo A. Clinical survey of acrylic resin removable denture repairs with glass-fiber reinforcement. Int J Prosthodont. 2001;14(3):219-224.
• 50. Stipho HD. Effect of glass fiber reinforcement on some mechanical properties of autopolymerizing polymethyl methacrylate. J Prosthet Dent. 1998;79(5):580-584.
• 51. Çökeliler D, Erkut S, Zemek J, Biederman H, Mutlu M. Modification of glass fibers to improve reinforcement: a plasma polymerization technique. Dent Mater. 2007;23(3), 335-342.
• 52. Hyer MW, White SR. Stress analysis of fiber-reinforced composite materials. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Co. Inc., Chapter 1,9. 1998
• 53. Köroğlu A. Farklı Yöntemlerle Polimerize Edilen Fiberle Güçlendirilmiş Akrilik Rezinlerin Artık Monomer Miktarının Ve Bazı Fiziksel Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Doktora Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. 2007
• 54. Butterworth C, Ellakwa AE, Shortall A. Fibre-reinforced composites in restorative dentistry. Dent Update. 2003;30(6):300-306.
• 55. Khan AS, Azam MT, Khan M, Mian SA, Rehman IU. An update on glass fiber dental restorative composites: a systematic review. Mater Sci Eng: C. 2015;47:26-39.
• 56. Vallittu PK. The effect of glass fiber reinforcement on the fracture resistance of a provisional fixed partial denture. J Prosthet Dent. 1998;79(2):125-130.
• 57. Kaiser DA, Cavazos Jr E. Temporization techniques in fixed prosthodontics. Dent Clin North Am. 1985;29(2):403-412.
• 58. Garoushi SK, Lassila LV, Vallittu PK. Short fiber reinforced composite: the effect of fiber length and volume fraction. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2006;7(5):10-17.
• 59. Karbhari VM, Strassler H. Effect of fiber architecture on flexural characteristics and fracture of fiber-reinforced dental composites. Dent Mater. 2007;23(8):960-968.
• 60. Garoushi S, Vallittu, PK. Fiber-reinforced composites in fixed partial dentures. Libyan J Med. 2006;1(1):73-82.
• 61. Xu HHK, Schumacher GE, Eichmiller FC, Peterson RC, Antonucci JM, Mueller HJ. Continuous-fiber preform reinforcement of dental resin composite restorations. Dent Mater. 2003;19(6):523-530.
• 62. Vallittu PK. Dimensional accuracy and stability of polymethyl methacrylate reinforced with metal wire or with continuous glass fiber. J Prosthet Dent. 1996;75(6):617-621.
• 63. Vallittu PK. Flexural properties of acrylic resin polymers reinforced with unidirectional and woven glass fibers. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;81(3):318-326.
• 64. Dyer SR, Lassila LV, Jokinen M, Vallittu PK. Effect of fiber position and orientation on fracture load of fiber-reinforced composite. Dent Mater. 2004;20(10):947-955.
• 65. Rappelli G, Scalise L, Procaccini M, Tomasini EP. Stress distribution in fiber-reinforced composite inlay fixed partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent. 2005;93(5):425-432.
• 66. Yang HS, Lang LA, Felton DA. Finite element stress analysis on the effect of splinting in fixed partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;81(6):721-728.
• 67. Vallittu PK, Lassila VP, Lappalainen R. Acrylic resin-fiber composite—Part I: The effect of fiber concentration on fracture resistance. J Prosthet Dent. 1994;71(6):607-612.
• 68. Lassila LV, Vallittu PK. The effect of fiber position and polymerization condition on the flexural properties of fiber-reinforced composite. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2004;5(2):14-26.
• 69. Jagger DC, Harrison A, Al-Marzoug K. Effect of the addition of poly (methyl methacrylate) beads on some properties of acrylic resin. Int J Prosthodont. 2000;13(5):378-382.
• 70. Agarwal BD, Broutman LJ. Analysis and performance of fiber composites. 2nd Ed. New York: A Wiley-Interscience Publication. 1990. Chapter 2,3.
• 71. Vallittu PK. Acrylic resin-fiber composite—Part II: The effect of polymerization shrinkage of polymethyl methacrylate applied to fiber roving on transverse strength. J Prosthet Dent. 1994;71(6):613-617.
• 72. Solnit GS. The effect of methyl methacrylate reinforcement with silane-treated and untreated glass fibers. J Prosthet Dent. 1991;66(3):310-314.
• 73. Dixon DL, Breeding LC. The transverse strengths of three denture base resins reinforced with polyethylene fibers. J Prosthet Dent. 1992;67(3):417-419.
• 74. Runyan DA, Christensen LC. The effect of plasma-treated polyethylene fiber on the fracture strength of polymethyl methacrylate. J Prosthet Dent. 1996;76(1):94-96.
• 75. Miettinen VM, Vallittu PK. Water sorption and solubility of glass fiber-reinforced denture polymethyl methacrylate resin. J Prosthet Dent. 1997;77(5):531-534.
• 76. Bae JM, Kim KN, Hattori M, Hasegawa K, Yoshinari M, Kawada E, Oda Y. The flexural properties of fiber-reinforced composite with light-polymerized polymer matrix. Int J Prosthodont. 2001;14(1):33-39.
• 77. Vallittu PK, Ruyter I, Ekstrand K. Effect of water storage on the flexural properties of E-glass and silica fiber acrylic resin composite. Int J Prosthodont. 1998;11(4):340-350.
• 78. Yıldırım G, Uzun İ. Diş Hekimliğinde Silan Uygulamaları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016;26(15), 123-130.
• 79. Zhang M, Matinlinna JP. E-glass fiber reinforced composites in dental applications. Silicon. 2012;4(1):73-78.
• 80. Chai J, Takahashi Y, Hisama K, Shimizu H. Effect of water storage on the flexural properties of three glass fiber-reinforced composites. Int J Prosthodont. 2005;18(1):28-33.
• 81. Kolbeck C, Rosentritt M, Behr M, Schneider S, Handel G. Fracture strength and bond capacities of electron irradiated fiber reinforced composites. Dent Mater. 2007;23(12):1529-1534.
• 82. Takahashi Y, Chai J, Kawaguchi M. Effect of water sorption on the resistance to plastic deformation of a denture base material relined with four different denture reline materials. Int J Prosthodont. 1998;11(1):49-54.
• 83. Takahashi Y, Chai J, Kawaguchi M. Equilibrium strengths of denture polymers subjected to long-term water immersion. Int J Prosthodont. 1999;12(4):348-352.
• 84. Kim SH, Watts DC. Effect of Glass-Fiber Reinforcement and Water Storage on Fracture Toughness (K IC) of Polymer-Based Provisional Crown and FPD Materials. Int J Prosthodont. 2004;17(3):318-322.
• 85. Bowman AJ, Manley TR. The elimination of breakages in upper dentures by reinforcement with carbon fibre. Br Dent J. 1984;156(3), 87-89.
• 86. Vallittu PK. Ultra-high-modulus polyethylene ribbon as reinforcement for denture polymethyl methacrylate: a short communication. Dent Mater. 1997;13(5-6):381-382.
• 87. Gutteridge DL. The effect of including ultra-high-modulus polyethylene fibre on the impact strength of acrylic resin. Br Dent J. 1988;164(6):177-180.
• 88. Vallittu PK. Curing of a silane coupling agent and its effect on the transverse strength of autopolymerizing polymethylmethacrylate—glass fibre composite. J Oral Rehabil. 1997;24(2):124-130.
• 89. Crysanti Cagidiaco M, Garci-Godoy F, Vichi A. Placement Of Fiber Prefabricated Or Custom Made Posts Affects The 3-Year Survival Of Endodontically Treated Premolars. Am J Dent. 2008;21:179-184.
• 90. Fernandes AS, Dessai GS. Factors affecting the fracture resistance of post-core reconstructed teeth: a review. Int J Prosthodont. 2001;14(4):355-363.
• 91. Fernandes AS, Shetty S, Coutinho I. Factors determining post selection: a literature review. J Prosthet Dent. 2003;90(6):556-562.
• 92. Görüş Z, Meşe A, Evran OE, Çetindağ MT. Diş Hekimliğinde Kullanılan Fiber Post Sistemleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2019;29(3):519-525.
• 93. Yaman SD, Alaçam T, Yaman Y. Analysis of stress distribution in a maxillary central incisor subjected to various post and core applications. J Endod. 1998;24(2):107-111.
• 94. Koutayas SO, Kern M. All-ceramic posts and cores: the state of the art. Quintessence international. 1999;6:383-392.
• 95. Assif D, Gorfil C. Biomechanical considerations in restoring endodontically treated teeth. J Prosthet Dent. 1994;71(6):565-567.
• 96. Tait CME, Ricketts DNJ, Higgins AJ. Weakened anterior roots–intraradicular rehabilitation. Br Dent J. 2005;198(10):609-617.
• 97. Aksornmuang J, Foxton RM, Nakajima M, Tagami J. Microtensile bond strength of a dual-cure resin core material to glass and quartz fibre posts. J Dent. 2004;32(6):443-450.
• 98. Toksavul S, Toman M, Uyulgan B, Schmage P, Nergiz I. Effect of luting agents and reconstruction techniques on the fracture resistance of pre‐fabricated post systems. J Oral Rehabil. 2005;32(6):433-440.
• 99. Bouillaguet S, Troesch S, Wataha JC, Krejci I, Meyer JM, Pashley DH. Microtensile bond strength between adhesive cements and root canal dentin. Dent Mater. 2003;19(3), 199-205.
• 100. Trabert KC, Cooney JP. The endodontically treated tooth. Restorative concepts and techniques. Dent Clin North Am. 1984;28(4):923-951.
• 101. Karaalioğlu O, Duymuş ZY. Fiberle Güçlendirilmiş Kompozitlerin Sabit Bölümlü Protez Yapiminda Kullanimlari. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2008;2008(2), 70-77.
• 102. Freilich MA, Meiers JC, Duncan JP, Eckrote KA, Goldberg AJ. Clinical evaluation of fiber-reinforced fixed bridges. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002;133(11):1524-1534.
• 103. Agrawal KK, Chand P, Mishra N, Singh K. Glass fiber reinforced composite fixed partial denture as provisional tooth replacement in pre-adolescent age: A clinical report. J Interdiscip Dent. 2012;2(1):51-53.
• 104. Baysal N, Ayyıldız S. Sabit Bölümlü Protezlerde Fiberle Güçlendirilmiş Kompozit Rezin Kullanimi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2014;24(2):315-325.
• 105. Gürbulak AG, Çölgeçen Ö, Kesim B. Fiberle güçlendirilmiş adeziv köprüler. Dicle Diş Hek Derg. 2009;10:55-62.
• 106. Üstün Y, Demirbuğa S, Ülker M. Üst Orta Keser Diş Eksikliğinin Geçici Olarak Fiberle Güçlendirilmiş Adeziv Köprü Ile Restorasyonu: Vaka Raporu. Sağlık Bilim Derg. 2010;19(3):209-215.
• 107. Garoushi SK, Lassila LV, Vallittu PK. Fibre-reinforced composite in clinical dentistry. Chin J Dent Res. 2009;12(1), 7-14.
• 108. van Heumen CC, van Dijken JW, Tanner J, Pikaar R, Lassila LV, Creugers NH, Kreulen CM. Five-year survival of 3-unit fiber-reinforced composite fixed partial dentures in the anterior area. Dent Mater. 2009;25(6):820-827.
• 109. van Heumen CC, Tanner J, van Dijken JW, Pikaar R, Lassila LV, Creugers NH, Kreulen CM. Five-year survival of 3-unit fiber-reinforced composite fixed partial dentures in the posterior area. Dent Mater. 2010;26(10):954-960.
• 110. Rosentiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Fiber reinforced composite fixed prostheses. Dolan J. 4th ed. Elsevier Mosby. St. Louis, Miss. 2006;830-840.
• 111. Göehring TN, Peters OA, Lutz F. Marginal adaptation of inlay-retained adhesive fixed partial dentures after mechanical and thermal stress: an in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;86(1):81-92.
• 112. Edelhoff D, Spiekermann H, Yildirim M. Metal-free inlay-retained fixed partial dentures. Quintessence International. 2001;32(4):269-281.
• 113. Li W, Swain MV, Li Q, Ironside J, Steven GP. Fibre reinforced composite dental bridge.: Part I: experimental investigation. Biomaterials. 2004;25(20):4987-4993.
• 114. Abbasi J., Bertolotti RL, Lacy AM, Watanabe LG. Bond strengths of porcelain repair monomers. J Dent Res. 1988;67:223-229.
• 115. Chung KH, Hwang YC. Bonding strengths of porcelain repair systems with various surface treatments. J Prosthet Dent.1997; 78(3):267-274.
• 116. Özcan M, Van Der Sleen JM, Kurunmäki H, Vallittu PK. Comparison of repair methods for ceramic‐fused‐to‐metal crowns. J Prosthodont. 2006;15(5):283-288.
• 117. Fennis WM, Tezvergil A, Kuijs RH, Lassila LV, Kreulen CM, Creugers NH, Vallittu PK. In vitro fracture resistance of fiber reinforced cusp-replacing composite restorations. Dent Mater. 2005;21(6):565-572.
• 118. Cekic I, Ergun G, Uctasli S, Lassila LV. In vitro evaluation of push-out bond strength of direct ceramic inlays to tooth surface with fiber-reinforced composite at the interface. J Prosthet Dent. 2007;97(5):271-278.
• 119. Ergun G, Cekic I, Lassila LV, Vallittu, PK. Bonding of lithium-disilicate ceramic to enamel and dentin using orthotropic fiber-reinforced composite at the interface. Acta Odontol Scand. 2006;64(5):293-299.
• 120. Tezvergil A, Lassila LV, Vallittu PK. Strength of adhesive-bonded fiber-reinforced composites to enamel and dentin substrates. J Adhes Dent. 2003;5(4):301-311.
• 121. Gresnigt MM, Özcan M. Fracture strength of direct versus indirect laminates with and without fiber application at the cementation interface. Dent Mater. 2007;23(8):927-933.
• 122. Behr M, Rosentritt M, Lang R, Handel G. Glass fiber‐reinforced abutments for dental implants. A pilot study. Clin Oral Implant Res. 2001;12(2), 174-178.
• 123. Freilich MA, Duncan JP, Alarcon EK, Eckrote KA, Goldberg AJ. The design and fabrication of fiber-reinforced implant prostheses. J Prosthet Dent. 2002;88(4):449-454.