Oral ve Maksillofasiyal Cerrahide Botulinum Toksinlerin Kullanımı

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 153 - 166, 31.10.2024

Buse Erdil Atabey , Yeliz Kılınç

Abstract

Botulinum toksini (BTX), yaygın olarak Botox olarak bilinir, gram-pozitif anaerobik bakteri Clostridium botulinum’dan üretilir. Botulinum toksini enjeksiyonları, dünya genelinde en yaygın uygulanan kozmetik prosedürlerden biridir. Son otuz yılda, Botulinum toksininin klinik uygulamaları önemli ölçüde genişlemiş ve birçok yeni alan bildirilmiştir. Öncelikle, botulinum toksini A, temporomandibular eklem bozukluklarının (TME) yönetiminde ve çiğneme kaslarının hipertrofisi ve hiperaktivitesinin tedavisinde kullanılmış, dental ve oral-maxillofasiyal cerrahi sonrası ağrı hafifletme ve fonksiyonel iyileşme sağlamak için terapötik bir müdahale olarak hizmet etmiştir. Ayrıca yüz kırışıklıklarının ve asimetrilerin azaltılması gibi kozmetik amaçlarla yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Botulinum toksinin terapötik etkileri geçici ve genel olarak güvenli olarak kabul edilse de, bu ajanın yüz uygulamaları ile ilişkili potansiyel sistemik ve lokal yan etkilerinin bilinmesi, ilgili anatomik yapılar hakkında kapsamlı bir bilgiye sahip olunması önemlidir. Bu makale, botulinum toksininin tarihi gelişimi, yapısal özellikleri ve etki mekanizması, mevcut formülasyonları, seyreltme ve depolama yöntemleri, toksisitesi, endikasyon ve kontraendikasyonları ile diş hekimliği ve oral-maxillofasiyal cerrahide uygulama alanları ve yan etkileri hakkında kapsamlı bir literatür incelemesi sunmaktadır.

Keywords

botulinum toksini, diş hekimliği, ağız diş ve çene cerrahisi

Clinical use of botulinum toxins in oral and maxillofacial surgery

Abstract

Botulinum toxin (BTX), widely recognized as Botox, is generated by the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The administration of BTX toxin has become one of the most prevalent cosmetic procedures worldwide. Over the past three decades, the clinical applications of BTX have expanded markedly, with numerous novel indications emerging. Primarily, botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) has been employed in the management of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) and in addressing the hypertrophy and hyperactivity of masticatory muscles, thereby facilitating pain relief and functional recovery following dental and oral-maxillofacial surgical interventions. Moreover, BTA is extensively utilized for cosmetic purposes, including the reduction of facial wrinkles and asymmetries. Although the therapeutic effects of BTA are temporary and generally considered safe, a comprehensive understanding of the relevant anatomical structures, as well as the potential systemic and local adverse effects associated with its facial applications, is essential. This article presents a thorough literature review detailing the historical development of BTX, its structural characteristics and mechanisms of action, available market formulations, guidelines for dilution and storage, toxicity considerations, indications and contraindications, the potential for resistance development, and its applications in dentistry and oral-maxillofacial surgery, accompanied by a discussion of associated side effects.

Keywords

botulinum toxin, dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery

References

• 1. O. W. Majid. Clinical use of botulinum toxins in oral and maxillofacial surgery. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery 2010;39(3):197-207.
• 2. F. J. Erbguth. From Poison to Remedy: The Chequered History of Botulinum Toxin. Journal of Neural Transmission 2008;115(4):559-65
• 3. Shone CC. Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins, their structures and modes of action. In:Watson ED, editor. Natural toxicants in foods. Chichester: Ellis Harwood Ltd; 1986;11-57.
• 4. Coffield JA, Bakry N, Zhang RD, Carlson J, Gomella LG, Simpson LL. In vitro characterization of botulinum toxin types A, C, and D action on human tissues: combined electrophysiologic, pharmacologic, and molecular biologic approaches. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280:1489-98.
• 5. Osako M, Keltner JL. Botulinum-a toxin (oculinum) in ophthalmology. Surv Ophthalmol 1991; 36: 28-46.
• 6. Carruthers A, Kiene K, Carruthers J. Botulinum a exotoxin use in clinical dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:788-97.
• 7. Niemann H. Molecular biology of clostridial neurotoxins. In: Alouf JH, Freer JH, editors. A sourcebook of bacterial protein toxins. London: Academic Press; 1991;303-48.
• 8. Kao I, Drachman DB, Price DL. Botulinum toxin: Mechanism of presynaptic blockade. Science 1976; 193:1256-8.
• 9. Simpson LL. Molecular pharmacology of botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1986;26:427-53.
• 10. Huang W, Foster JA, Rogachefsky AS. Pharmacology of botulinum toxin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000:43:249–259.
• 11. Black JD, Dolly JO. Interaction of 125I-labeled botulinum neurotoxins with nerve terminals. I: ultrastructural autoradi- ographic localization and quantitation of distinct membrane acceptors for types A and B on motor nerves. J Cell Biol 1986;103:521-34.
• 12. Schiavo G, Benfenati F, Poulain B, Rossetto O, Polverino de Laureto P, DasGupta R,etal. Tetanus And Botulinum-Neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin. Nature 1992;359:832-5.
• 13. Brin MF. Botulinum toxin: chemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and immunology. Muscle Nerve Supply 1997;6:S146-68.
• 14. Montecucco C, Schiavo G, Tugnoli V, de Grandis D. Botulinum neurotoxins: mechanism of action and therapeutic applications. Mol Med Today 1996;2:418-24.
• 15. Sollner T, Whiteheart SW, Brunner M, Erdjument-Bromage H, Geromanos S, Tempst P, et al. SNAP receptors implicated in vesicle targeting and fusion. Nature 1993;362:318-24.
• 16. Sadick NS, Matarasso SL. Comparison of botulinum toxins A and B in the treatment of facial rhytides. Dermatol Clin 2004: 22: 221–226.
• 17. Diana Mostafa. A successful management of sever gummy smile using gingivectomy and botulinum toxin injection: A case report. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports 42 2017:169-74.
• 18. FDA BOTOX (onabotulinumtoxinA) for Injection, for Intramuscular, Intradetrusor, or Intradermal Use Initial U.S. Approval: 1989. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/103000s5302lbl.pdf
• 19. Mark A. Jabor vd. Efficacy of Reconstituted and Stored Botulinum Toxin Type A: An Electrophysiologic and Visual Study in the Auricular Muscle of the Rabbit. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2003:11(7):2419-26
• 20. Doris Hexsel vd. Blind Multicenter Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Injections of a Commercial Preparation of Botulinum Toxin Type A Reconstituted up to 15 Days before Injection. Dermatologic Surgery: Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.] 2009 Jun;35(6):933-9
• 21. J. Menon ve A. Murray. Microbial Growth in Vials of Botulinum Toxin Following Use in Clinic. Eye (London, England) 2007:21(7):995-7
• 22. Murad Alam vd. Sterility Assessment of Multiple Use Botulinum A Exotoxin Vials: A Prospective Simulation. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2006:55(2):272-5.
• 23. R. R. Sloop, B. A. Cole, ve R. O. Escutin. Reconstituted Botulinum Toxin Type A Does Not Lose Potency in Humans If It Is Refrozen or Refrigerated for 2 Weeks before Use. Neurology 1997:48(1):249-53.
• 24. George C. Yang, Robert J. Chiu, ve Grant S. Gillman. Questioning the Need to Use Botox within 4 Hours of Reconstitution: A Study of Fresh vs 2-Week-Old Botox. Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 2008:10(4):273-9.
• 25. Preetpal Sing Bhogal, Alison Hutton, ve Andrew Monaghan. A Review of the Current Uses of Botox for Dentally-Related Procedures. Dental Update 2006:33(3):165-68.
• 26. Okeson JP. Orofacial Pain: Guidelines for Assessment, Diagnosis and Management. Chicago: Quintessence Co. 1996:45–52.
• 27. Kyung-Soo Park, Chi-Heun Lee, ve Jung-Woo Lee. Use of a botulinum toxin A in dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2016:16(3):151-57.
• 28. S. C. Miller ve J. M. Firestone. Psychosomatic Factors in the Etiology of Periodontal Disease. Journal of Dental Research 1947:26(2):173.
• 29. Daniele Manfredini vd. Epidemiology of Bruxism in Adults: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Orofacial Pain 2013:27(2):99-110.
• 30. F. Lobbezoo vd. Bruxism Defined and Graded: An International Consensus. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 2013:40(1):2-4.
• 31. Alexander Saletu vd. On the Pharmacotherapy of Sleep Bruxism: Placebo-Controlled Polysomnographic and Psychometric Studies with Clonazepam. Neuropsychobiology 2005:51(4):214-25.
• 32. Alexander KC Leung ve C. Pion Kao. Drooling in Children. Paediatrics & Child Health 1999:4(6):406.
• 33. A. García Ron vd. Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin in the treatment of sialorrhea in children with neurological disorders. Anales De Pediatria 2003) 2012:77(4):289-91.
• 34. Arianna Guidubaldi vd. Botulinum Toxin A versus B in Sialorrhea: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Pilot Study in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis or Parkinson’s Disease. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 2011:26(2):313-19.
• 35. Peter D. Drummond. Mechanism of Gustatory Flushing in Frey’s Syndrome. Clinical Autonomic Research. Official Journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society 12, sy 3 2002: 144-46.
• 36. Sheng Chen. Clinical Uses of Botulinum Neurotoxins: Current Indications, Limitations and Future Developments. Toxins 2012:4(10):913-39.
• 37. F. J. Montoya vd. Treatment of Gustatory Hyperlacrimation (Crocodile Tears) with Injection of Botulinum Toxin into the Lacrimal Gland. Eye (London, England) 2002:16(6):705-9.
• 38. Ricardo Persaud vd. An Evidence-Based Review of Botulinum Toxin (Botox) Applications in Non-Cosmetic Head and Neck Conditions. JRSM Short Reports 2013:4(2):10.
• 39. W. J. Schmitt vd. Effect of Botulinum Toxin A Injections in the Treatment of Chronic Tension-Type Headache: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Headache 2001:41(7):658-64.
• 40. Mia Oliver, Joanna MacDonald, ve Moez Rajwani. The Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A (Botox) for Headaches: A Case Review. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association 2006:50(4):263.
• 41. Muhammad Atif Ameer ve Danish Bhatti. Chemodenervation for Oromandibular Dystonia Utilizing Botulinum Toxins. Cureus 2021:13(10)e18425.
• 42. S. F. Ahsan, R. J. Meleca, ve J. P. Dworkin. Botulinum Toxin Injection of the Cricopharyngeus Muscle for the Treatment of Dysphagia. Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery: Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2000:122(5):691-95.
• 43. Shilpadevi Patil vd. Botulinum Toxin: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Roles in Pain States. Current Pain and Headache Reports 2016:20(3):15.
• 44. Hyun-Mi Oh ve Myung Eun Chung. Botulinum Toxin for Neuropathic Pain: A Review of the Literature. Toxins 2015:7(8):3127-54.
• 45. Martin Taylor, Sachin Silva, ve Constance Cottrell. Botulinum Toxin Type-A (BOTOX) in the Treatment of Occipital Neuralgia: A Pilot Study. Headache 2008:48(10):1476-81.
• 46. Wei Cheong Ngeow ve Rekha Nair. Injection of Botulinum Toxin Type A (BOTOX) into Trigger Zone of Trigeminal Neuralgia as a Means to Control Pain. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 2010:109(3):47-50.
• 47. Joseph Niamtu. Botulinum Toxin A: A Review of 1,085 Oral and Maxillofacial Patient Treatments. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 2003:61(3):317-24.
• 48. Rosemarie Mazzuco ve Dóris Hexsel. Gummy Smile and Botulinum Toxin: A New Approach Based on the Gingival Exposure Area. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2010:63(6):1042-51
• 49. Kim H.-J., Seo K.K., Lee H.-K., Kim J. Clinical Anatomy of the Face for Filler and Botulinum Toxin Injection. Springer; Singapore: 2016. Clinical anatomy for botulinum toxin injection; pp. 55–92.
• 50. Woo-Sang Hwang vd. Surface Anatomy of the Lip Elevator Muscles for the Treatment of Gummy Smile Using Botulinum Toxin. The Angle Orthodontist 2009:79(1):70-77.
• 51. Sung Ok Hong. Cosmetic Treatment Using Botulinum Toxin in the Oral and Maxillofacial Area: A Narrative Review of Esthetic Techniques. Toxins 2023:15(2):82.