Physiological Responses to Resistanse Training and Strength Development

Year 2024, Volume: 02 Issue: 01, 62 - 80, 29.06.2024

Celal Gençoğlu , Hikmet Gümüş

Abstract

It is critical to understand the physiological mechanisms of training to develop strength, one of the main biomotor abilities required for athletic performance. This nonsystematic review article aimed to review the existing scientific literature to understand the acute physiological effects and long-term adaptations after strength training. In this study, increased activation of agonist and synergist muscles and antagonist muscle coactivation along with neural inhibition mechanisms were associated with neural adaptations to resistance training. Accordingly, increasing the stimulation frequency of motor neurons, motor unit synchronization and dual stimulation, and autogenic inhibition through the Golgi tendon organ stand out as the physiological mechanisms underlying strength gain with resistance training. It appears that there is an increase in testosterone and growth hormone (GH) concentrations after high-intensity resistance exercise. Additionally, resistance training volume may be an important factor in the modulation of acute hormonal responses. It has been shown that strength training may have beneficial effects on connective and bone tissue, which are closely related to muscle tissue, such as increasing collagen levels or increasing bone mineral density. In this review, it is thought that creating a Turkish resource examining the physiological basis of strength training for all stakeholders who want to improve strength performance will show the effects of practical applications and be beneficial to sports science undergraduate students, active coaches and sports professionals.

Keywords

Resistanse training, neural adaptations, maximal volunteer contraction, testosterone, endocrine responses

Direnç Antrenmanı Fizyolojik Yanıtları ve Kuvvet Gelişimi

Abstract

Sportif performans için gerekli ana biyomotor yetilerden kuvvetin geliştirilmesi için antrenmanın fizyolojik mekanizmalarının anlaşılması kritik önem taşımaktadır. Bu nonsistematik derleme makalesi kuvvet antrenmanı sonrası akut fizyolojik etkileri ve uzun dönem adaptasyonlarını anlamak üzere mevcut bilimsel literatürü incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu çalışmada, agonist ve sinerjist kaslarda aktivasyon artışı ve nöral inhibisyon mekanizmalarıyla birlikte antagonist kas koaktivasyonu direnç antrenmanına nöral adaptasyonlarla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Buna göre motor nöronların uyarım frekansı artışı, motor ünite senkronizasyonu ve ikili uyarım, golgi tendon organı aracılığıyla otojenik inhibisyon yine direnç antrenmanıyla kuvvet kazanımının altında yatan fizyolojik mekanizmalar olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Yüksek şiddetli direnç egzersizi sonrası testosteron ve büyüme hormonu (GH) konsantrasyonlarında artış olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca, direnç antrenmanı hacminin, akut hormonal tepkilerin modülasyonunda önemli bir faktör olabileceği söylenebilir. Kuvvet antrenmanının kas dokusuyla yakın ilişkili bağ ve kemik doku üzerine kollajen seviyesi artışı ya da kemik mineral yoğunluğu artışı gibi yararlı etkileri olabileceği gösterilmiştir. Bu derlemede kuvvet performansını geliştirmek isteyen tüm paydaşlar için kuvvet antrenmanının fizyolojik temelini inceleyen bir Türkçe kaynak oluşturulması spor bilimleri lisans öğrencilerine, aktif antrenörlere ve spor profesyonellerine pratik uygulamaların etkilerini göstereceği ve faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Direnç antrenmanı, nöral adaptasyonlar, maksimal istemli kasılma, testosteron, endokrin yanıtlar

Ethical Statement

Yayımlanması talebi ile Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi’ ne göndermiş olduğumuz derleme çalışmasının makale üst verisinde isimleri bulunan yazarları olarak, bilimsel ve etik sorumluluğunu üstlendiğimizi kabul ederiz.

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