CROSS SECTION MEASUREMENTS WITH ELECTRON COLLISION EXPERIMENTS AT e-COL LABORATORY

Abstract

Studies in e-COL laboratory located in Physics department at Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey are consantrated on the producing experimental data for the solution of many body problems in collision physics, in addition to the examination of the kinematic structure of the atomic and molecular systems and assisting the development of new theoretical models. In this work, cross sections obtained for various atoms and molecules are presented in details (http://e2e.aku.edu.tr/).

Keywords

• Electron collision experiments,differential cross section,(e,2e) technique,electron spectrometer

e-COL LABORATUVARINDA ELEKTRON ÇARPIŞMA DENEYLERİ İLE TESİR KESİTİ ÖLÇÜMLERİ

Abstract

Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi fizik bölümünde yer alan elektron çarpışma (e-COL) laboratuvarında yapılan çalışmalarda; atomik ve moleküler sistemlerin kinematik yapılarının incelenmesi yanında iyonlaşma olayında çok parçacık probleminin çözümüne yönelik deneysel veriler üretilmekte ve yeni teorik modellerin geliştirilmesine yardımcı olunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada e-COL laboratuvarında gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar ve farklı atom ve moleküller için elde edilen tesir kesiti sonuçlar kapsamlı olarak sunulmuştur (http://e2e.aku.edu.tr/).

Keywords

• Elektron çarpışma deneyleri,diferansiyel tesir kesiti,(e,2e) tekniği,elektron spektrometresi

References

1. [1] E. Rutherford, “The Scattering of α and ß Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom”, Philosophical Magazine, 21, 669 (1991).
2. [2] H. A Bethe , “Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Korpuskularstrahlen durch Materie”, Ann.der Phys.T, 5, 325–400(1930).
3. [3] Y. F. Smirnov, and V. G.Neudachin, “Investigation of the electronic states of atoms, molecules and solids by quasielastic knockon of an electron by a fast electron”, (e,2e), Sov. Phys. Lett., 3, 192 (1996).
4. [4] Jr. U. Amaldi, A. Egidi, R. Marconero, G. Pizzella, “Use of a Two Channeltron Coincidence in a New Line of Research in Atomic Physics”, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 40, 1001-1004 (1969).
5. [5] H. Ehrhardt, M. Schulz, T. Tekaat, K. Willmann, “Ionization of Helium: Angular Correlation of the Scattered and Ejected Electrons”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 22, 89-92(1969).
6. [6] I. Langmuir, and H.A. Jones, “Collisions between electrons and gas molecules”, Phys. Rev., 31, 357, (1928).
7. [7] H. S. Massey, W., C. B. O. Mohr, “The collision of slow electrons with atoms. III. The excitation and ionization of helium by electrons of moderate velocity”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, 613-636,(1933).
8. [8] R. K Peterskop, “Theory of ionization of atoms by electron impact”, Izv. Akad. Nauk Latv. SSSR Ser. Fiz., 1012, (1963).

9. [9] M. R. H Rudge, “Theory of the Ionization of Atoms by Electron Impact”, Rev. Mod. Phys., 40, 564, (1968).
10. [10] N.F. Mott, H.S.W. Massey, “The Theory of Atomic Collisions” Oxford SciencePublications, (1987).
11. [11] F. W. Byron, C. J. Joachain, “Theory of (e, 2e) reactions”, Phyr. Rep., 179, 211-272, (1989).
12. [12] M. Brauner, J. S. Briggs, H. Klar, “Triple-differential cross sections for ionization of hydrogenatoms by electrons and positrons”, J. Phys. B., 22, 2265 (1989).
13. [13] P. G. Burke, “Electron-Atom Scattering Theory and Calculations”. Advances In Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 32, 39-55(1994).
14. [14] T. N. Rescigno, M. Baertschy, W. A. Isaacs, C. W. McCurdy, “Collisional Breakup in a Quantum System of Three Charged Particles”, Science, 286, 2474-2479, (1999).
15. [15] J. Colgan, M. S. Pindsola, F. J. Robiceaux, D. C. Griffin, M.Baertschy, “Time-dependent close-coupling calculations of the triple-differential cross section for electron-impact ionization of hydrogen”, Phys. Rev. A, 65, 042721, (2002).
16. [16] I. Bray, “Close-Coupling Approach to Coulomb Three-Body Problems”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 273201, (2002).
17. [17] Z. Chen, D.H. Madison, K. Bartschat, “Investigation of the closure and simplified Green's function approximations in second-order distorted-wave calculations for the (e, 2e) processes”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 40, 2333, (2007).
18. [18] M. Dürr, C. Dimopoulou, B. Najjari, A. Dorn, J. Ullrich, “Three-Dimensional Images for Electron-Impact Single Ionization of He: Complete and Comprehensive (e,2e) Benchmark Data”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 243202, (2006).
19. [19] M. Dürr, C. Dimopoulou, B. Najjari, A. Dorn, K. Bartschat, I. Bray, D. V. Fursa, Z. Chen, D. H. Madison, J. Ullrich, “Higher-order contributions observed in three-dimensional (e,2e) cross-section measurements at 1-keV impact energy”, Phys. Rev. A, 77, 032717, (2008).
20. [20] S. J. Ward, J. H. Macek, “Wave functions for continuum states of charge particle fragments”, Phys. Rev. A. 49, 1049 (1994).
21. [21] J. Botero, and S. J. Macek, “Threshold angular distributions of (e,2e) cross sections of helium atoms”, 68, 576 (1992).
22. [22] S. Jones, D. H. Madison, A. Franz, P. L. Altick, “Three-body distorted-wave Born approximation for electron-atom ionization”, Phys. Rev. A. 48, R22 (1993).
23. [23] S. Jones, D. H. Madison, “Asymptotically-correct distorted-wave calculations for low-energyelectron-impact ionization of helium”, J. Phys. B., 27, 1423,(1994).
24. [24] I. Bray and A.,T. Stelbovics, “Convergent Close-Coupling Calculations of Electron-Hydrogen Scattering”, Physical Review A, 46, 6995, (1992).
25. [25] I. Bray, D. Fursa, “Electrons and photons colliding with atoms: development and application of the convergent close-coupling method”, J. Phys. B, 35; R117-R146 (2002).
26. [26] K. Jung, E. Schubert, D. A. L. Paul, H. Ehrhardt, “Angular correlation of outgoing electrons following ionization of H2 and N2 by electron impact”, J. Phys. B., 8, 1330 (1975).
27. [27] M. Ch´erid, A. Lahmam-Bennani, A. Duguet, R.W. Zurales, R. R. Lucchese, M. C. Dal Cappello, “Triple differential cross sections for molecular hydrogen, both under Bethe ridge conditions and in the dipolar regime experiments and theory”, J. Phys. B., 22, 3483(1989).
28. [28] L. Avaldi, R. Camilloni, E. Fainelli, G. Stefani, “Ionization of the N2 3σg orbital by electron impact studied by asymmetric (e,2e) experiments”, J. Phys. B., 25, 3551(1992).
29. [29] J. P., Doering, J. Yang, “Asymmetric (e,2e) study of the 100-eV ionization of the 3σg and 1πu molecular orbitals of N2”, Phys. Rev. A., 54, 3977 (1996).
30. [30] M. J. Hussey, A. J. Murray, “Low energy (e,2e) differential cross-section measurements on the 1πg and 4σg molecular orbitals of CO”2, J. Phys. B., 38, 2965 (2005).
31. [31] J. Yang, J.,P. Doering, “Asymmetric (e,2e) study of the 100-eV ionization of the 1πg, 1πu, and 3σg molecular orbitals of O2”, Phys. Rev. A., 63, 032717(2001),
32. [32] S. Rioual, G. Vien Nguyen, A. Pochat, “Ionization in coplanar symmetric (e,2e) experiments of N2 and CO at intermediate energies”, Phys. Rev., A., 54, 4968(1996).
33. [33] S. J.Cavanagh, B. Lohmann, “Coplanar asymmetric (e,2e) measurements of ionization of N2O”, J. Phys. B., 32, L261(1999).
34. [34] L. Avaldi, R. Camilloni, G. Stefani, “C 1s ionization in C2H2 studied by asymmetric (e,2e) experiments”, Phys. Rev. A., 41, 134(1990).
35. [35] D. Andrick, “The Differential Cross Section of Low Energy Electron-Atom Collisions”, Adv. Atom. Mol. Phys., 9, 207-242, (1973).
36. [36] D. V. Fursa, I. Bray, “Convergent close-coupling calculations of electron - helium scattering”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 30, 757-785, (1997).
37. [37] K. Bartschat, E. T. Hudson, M. P. Scott, P. G. Burke, V. M. Burke, “Convergent R matrix with pseudostates calculation for e--He collisions”. Physical Review A, 54(2), R998 (1996).
38. [38] M. J. Brunger, S. J. Buckman, L. J. Allen, I. E. McCarthy, K. Ratnavelu, “Elastic electron scattering from helium: absolute experimental cross sections, theory and derived interaction potentials”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 25, 1823-1838, (1992).
39. [39] D. V. Fursa, I. Bray, “Calculation of electron-helium scattering”, Phys. Rev. A, 52, 1279-1297, (1995).
40. [40] S. Trajmar, W. J. Mcconkey, I. Kanık, “Electron–Atom and Electron–Molecule Collisions”, In Handbooks of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, Drake G. W. F. (ed); Springer,; pp. 929-940, (2006).
41. [41] R. Ward, D. Cubric, N. Bowring, G. C. King, F. H. Read, D. V. Fursa, I. Bray, O. Zatsarinny, K. Bartschat, “Differential cross sections for electron impact excitation of the n = 2 states of helium at intermediate energies (80, 100 and 120 eV) measured across the complete angular scattering range (0–180°)”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 44, 045209, (2011).
42. [42] M.Eminyan, K.B. Macadam, J. Slevin, H. Kleinpoppen, “Electron-photon angular correlations in electron-helium collisions: Measurments of complex excitation amplitudes, atomic orientation and alignment”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys., 7, 1519-1523, (1974).
43. [43] M. C. Standage, H. Kleinpoppen, “Photon Vector Polarization and Coherence Parameters in an Electron-Photon Coincidence Experiment on Helium”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 36, 577-580, (1976).
44. [44] B. G. Lindsay, M. A.,Mangan in: Y. Itikawa (Ed.), Landolt-Börnstein I-17C, Berlin: Springer, (2003).
45. [45] G. Montague, M. F. A. Harrison, A. C. H. Smith, “A measurement of the cross section for ionisation of helium by electron impact using a fast crossed beam technique”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys., 17, 3295-3310, (1984).
46. [46] M. B. Shah, D. S. Elliot, P. Mccallion, H. B. Gilbody, “Single and double ionisation of helium by electron impact”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 21, 2751-2761, (1988).
47. [47] R. Rejoub, B. G. Lindsay, R. F. Stebbings,” Determination of the absolute partial and total cross sections for electron-impact ionization of the rare gases”, Phys. Rev. A, 65, 042713, (2002).
48. [48] A. A. Sorokin, I. L. Beigman, S. V. Bobeshev, M. Richter, L. A. Vainshtein, “Total electron-impact ionization cross sections of helium”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 37, 3215-3226, (2004).
49. [49] I. Bray, D. V. Fursa, “Benchmark cross sections for electron-impact total single ionization of helium”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44, 061001, (2011).
50. [50] J. G. Childers, Jr. K. E. James, I. Bray, M. Baertschy, M. A. Khakoo, “Low-energy electron scattering from atomic hydrogen. I. Ionization”, Phys. Rev. A, 69, 022709, (2004).
51. [51] E. Schow, K. Hazlett, J. G. Childers, C. Medina, G. Vitug, I. Bray, D. V. Fursa, M. A. Khakoo, “Low-energy electron-impact ionization of helium”, Phys. Rev. A, 72, 062717, (2005).
52. [52] X. Ren, I. Bray, D. V. Fursa, J. Colgan, M. S. Pindzola, T. Pflüger, J. Ullrich, “Electron-impact ionization of helium: A comprehensive experiment benchmarks theory”. Physical Review A, 83(5), 052711(2011).
53. [53] A. S. Kheifets, A. Naja, E. M. S. Casagrande, A. Lahmam-Bennani, “An energetic (e, 2e) reaction away from the Bethe ridge: recoil versus binary”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 42, 165204, (2009).
54. [54] S. Kar, Y. K. Ho, “Resonances in electron–hydrogen scattering in Debye plasmas”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 44, 015001, (2011).
55. [55] R. P. Madden, K. Codling, “Two-electron excitation states in helium”, Astrophys. J., 141, 364-375, (1965).
56. [56] U. Fano, “Effects of configuration interaction on intensities and phase shifts”. Physical Review, 124(6), 1866 (1961).
57. [57] M. E. Rudd, “Observation of Autoionization Levels in He by Positive Ion Bombardment”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 13, 503-505, (1964).
58. [58] J. Lower, E. Weigold, “Correlations in the autoionising region of He measured by the (e, 2e) technique”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 23, 2819-2845, (1990).
59. [59] O. Sise, M. Dogan, I. Okur, A. Crowe, “Electron-impact excitation of the (2 p 2) 1 D and (2 s 2 p) 1 P o autoionizing states of helium”. Physical Review A, 84(2), 022705(2011).
60. [60] H. Ehrhardt, K. H. Hesselbacher, K. Jung, E. Schubert, K. Willmann, “Electron impact ionization of argon: measurements of triple differential cross sections”. Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics, 7(1), 69 (1974).
61. [61] G. Stefani, L. Avaldi, A. Lahman-Bennani, A. Duguet, “PCI effects in (e, e'Auger) and (e, 2e) cross sections: Ar 2p”. Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics, 19(22), 3787 (1986).
62. [62] L. Avaldi, I. E. McCarthy, G. Stefani, “Electron impact ionisation of argon at intermediate energy and momentum transfer: an (e, 2e) investigation”. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, 22(20), 3305 (1989).
63. [63] A. Prideaux, D. H. Madison, K. Bartschat, “Exchange distortion and postcollision interaction for intermediate-energy electron-impact ionization of argon”. Physical Review A, 72(3), 032702 (2005).
64. [64] M. Ulu, Z. N. Ozer, M. Yavuz, O. Zatsarinny, K. Bartschat, M. Dogan, A. Crowe, “Experimental and theoretical investigation of (e, 2e) ionization of Ar (3p) in asymmetric kinematics at 200 eV”. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, 46(11), 115204 (2013).
65. [65] S. Amami, M. Ulu, Z. N. Ozer, M. Yavuz, S. Kazgoz, M. Dogan, D. Madison, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of (e, 2 e) ionization of argon 3 p in asymmetric kinematics at intermediate energy”. Physical Review A, 90(1), 012704 (2014).
66. [66] A. L. Hughes, J. H. McMillen, “Inelastic and elastic electron scattering in argon”. Physical Review, 39(4), 585(1932).
67. [67] E. Rudberg, “Energy losses of electrons in nitrogen”, Proc. R. Soc. A., 129, 628-651(1930).
68. [68] H. Bethe, “Theory of the passage of fast corpuscular rays through matter”, Ann. Phys. Lpz., 5, 325 (1939).
69. [69] M. J. Hussey, A. J. Murray, “Low energy (e,2e) differential cross-section measurements on the 3σg and 1πu molecular orbitals of N2”, J. Phys. B, 35, 3399 (2002).
70. [70] B. H. Bransden and C. J. Joachain, “Physics of atoms and molecules, 2.nd ed. Pearson Education”, Singapore, (2003).
71. [71] A.B. Conford, D.C. Frost, C.A. McDowell, J. L. Ragle, I. A. Stenhouse, “The vibrational constants of the ground states of H2+, HD+ and D2+ from photoelectron spectroscopic measurements”. In: Chem.Phys. Lett. 5, pp. 486-488 (1970).
72. [72] W. Bleakney, “The ionization of hydrogen by single electron impact”, In: Phys. Rev. 35, pp. 1180-1186 (1930).
73. [73] E. U. Condon, “The Franck-Condon principe and related topics”, In: Am. J. Phys. 15, pp.365-374 (1947).
74. [74] L. J. Kieffer, G.H. Dunn, “Dissociative ionization of H2 and D2”. In: Phys. Rev. 158, pp. 61-65 (1967).
75. [75] A. J. Murray, J. Gao, D. H. Madison, “ impact ionization of molecules at low to intermediate energies-A search for Young’s double slit type interferences”, Jour. of elec. Spec. And Rel. Pheno. 161(2007).
76. [76] D. Akoury, K. Kreidi, T. Jahnke, Th. Weber, A. Staudte, M. Schöffler, N. Neumann, J. Titze, L. Ph. H. Schmidt, A. Czasch, O. Jagutzki, R. A. Costa Fraga, R. E. Grisenti, R. Díez Muiño, N. A. Cherepkov, S. K. Semenov, P. Ranitovic, C. L. Cocke, T. Osipov, H. Adaniya, J. C. Thompson, M. H. Prior, A. Belkacem, A. L. Landers, H. Schmidt-Böcking, R. Dörner, “The Simplest Double Slit: Interference and Entanglement in Double Photoionization of H2”, Science, 318 (2007).
77. [77] S. E. Canton, E. Plesiat, J. Bozek, B. Rude, P. Decleva, F. Martin, “Direct observation of Young’s double-slit interferences in vibrationally resolved photoionization of diatomic molecules”, PNAS early edition (2011).
78. [78] D. Misra, U. Kadhane, Y.P. Singh, P. D.Tribedi, P.D. Fainstein, P. Richard, “Interference effects in electron emission in heavy ion collisions with H2 detected by comparision with the measured electron spectrum for atomic hydrogen”, Phy. Rev. Lett., 92, 153201 (2004).
79. [79] Milne-Brownlie, M. Foster, J. Gao, B. Lohmann, D.H. Madison, “Young Type Interference in (e,2e) Ionization of H2”, Phy.Rev. Letters, 96, 233201(2006).
80. [80] E. M. Casagrande, A. Lahmam-Bennani, D. H. Madison,” (e,2e) ionization of helium and the hydrogen molecule: signature of two-centre interference effects”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 41(2008).
81. [81] N. Stolterfoht, B. Sulik, V. Hoffmann, J. Skogvall, Y. Chesnel, J. Rangama, F. Fremont, D. Hennecart, A. Cassimi, X. Husson, A.L. Landers, J.A.Tanis, M.E. Galassi, R. D. Rivarola, “Evidence for interference effects in electron emission from H2 colliding with 60 MeV/u Kr34+ ions”, Phy. Rev. Lett., 87, 023201(2001).
82. [82] N. Stolterfoht, B. Sulik, V. Hoffmann, J. Skogvall, Y. Chesnel, J. Rangama, F. Fremont, D. Hennecart, A. Cassimi, X. Husson, A.L. Landers, J.A.Tanis, M.E. Galassi, R. D. Rivarola, Frequency doubling of interference effects in elelctron emission from H2 colliding by 60 MeV/u Kr34+ impact, Phy. Rev. A,71, 022701, (2004).
83. [83] S. Chatterjee, C. R. Stia, Probing, “Young-type interference effect on angular distributions of e-DDCS using fast electrons as projectile”, Jour. of Phys. Conf. Series 194(2009).
84. [84] A. Senftleben, D. Madison, A. Dorn, J. Ullrich, “Search for interference effects in electron impact ionization of aligned hyrogen molecules”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43(2010).
85. [85] Z. N. Ozer, F. Olgaç, M. Ulu, M. Dogan, “ Double Differential Cross-Section Measurements for Electron Impact Ionization of Helium”, Acta Physica Polonica A, Vol. 123, 361 (2013).
86. [86] Z. N. Ozer, M. Sahlaoui, M. Bouamoud, M. Dogan, “Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Electron Impact Ionization of Helium at Intermediate Energies”. Chinese Journal of Physics, 51(6), 1330-1335 (2013).
87. [87] H. Chaluvadi, Z. N. Ozer, M. Dogan, C. Ning, J. Colgan, D. Madison, “Observation of two-center interference effects for electron impact ionization of N2”Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, basım aşamasında, (2015).
88. [88] M. Walter, J. Briggs, “Photo-double ionization of molecular hydrogen”, J. Phys. B.32 (1999).
89. [89] J. Liu, D. Liu, Z. Yajun, “Molecular distorted- wave Born approxiation for ionization of H2 by electron impact”, Phys. Scr., 025302, 5 pp, (2012).
90. [90] W. Möller, “Plasma and surface modeling of the deposition of hydrogenated carbon films from low-pressure methane plasmas”. Applied Physics A, 56(6), 527-546, (1993).
91. [91] R.B. Brode, “The absorption coefficient for slow electrons in gases”, Physical Review, 25(5), 636 (1925).
92. [92] E. Brüche, “Wirkungsquerschnitt und Molekülbau”, Annalen der Physik, 388(16), 1065-1128 (1927).
93. [93] E. Brüche, “Wirkungsquerschnitt und Molekelbau in der Kohlenwasserstoffreihe: CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10”, Annalen der Physik, 396(3), 387-408 (1930).
94. [94] V. C. Ramsauer, and Kollath, “Über den Wirkungsquerschnitt der Nichtedelgasmoleküle gegenüber Elektronen unterhalb 1 Volt”, Annalen der Physik, 396(1), 91-108 (1930).
95. [95] E. Barbarito, M. Basta, M. Calicchio, and D. Tessari, “Low energy electron scattering from methane” The Journal of Chemical Physics, 71, 54 (1979).
96. [96] H. Tanaka, T. Okada, L. Boesten, T. Suzuki, T. Yamamoto, and M. Kubo, “Differential cross sections for elastic scattering of electrons by CH4 in the energy range of 3 to 20 eV”, Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics, 15(18), 3305 (1982).
97. [97] J. Ferch, B. Granitza, and W. Raith, “The Ramsauer minimum of methane”, J. Phys. B., 18(13), L445 (1985).
98. [98] R. K. Jones, “Absolute total cross section for the scattering of low energy electrons by methane”, The Journal of Chemical Physics, 82, 5424 (1985).
99. [99] B. Lohmann, and S. J. Buckman, “Low-energy electron scattering from methane”, J. Phys. B., 19(16), 2565. (1986).
100. [100] W. Sohn, K. H. Kochem, K. M. Scheuerlein, K. Jung, and H. Ehrhardt, “Elastic electron scattering from CH4 for collision energies between 0.2 and 5 eV”, J. Phys. B., 19(21), 3625 (1986).
101. [101] L. Boesten, and H. Tanaka, “Elastic DCS for e+ CH4 collisions, 1.5-100 eV”, J. Phys. B., 24(4), 821 (1991).
102. [102] H. Tanaka, M. Kubo, N. Onodera, and A. Suzuki, “Vibrational excitation of CH4 by electron impact: 3-20 eV”, J. Phys. B., 16(15), 2861 (1983).
103. [103] L. Vuskovic, and S. Trajmar, “Electron impact excitation of methane”, J. Chem. Phys., 78(8), 4947 (1983).
104. [104] P. J. Curry, W. R. Newell, and A. C. H. Smith, “Elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons by methane and ethane”, J. Phys. B., 18(11), 2303 (1985).
105. [105] T. W. Shyn, and T. E. Cravens, “Angular distribution of electrons elastically scattered from CH4”, J. Phys. B., 23(2), 293 (1990).
106. [106] B. Mapstone, and W. R. Newell, “Elastic differential electron scattering from CH4, C2H4 and C2H6”, J. Phys. B., 25(2), 491 (1992).
107. [107] I. Kanik, S. Trajma, and J. C. Nickel, “Total electron scattering and electronic state excitations cross sections for O2, CO, and CH4”, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 98(E4), 7447-7460. (1993).
108. [108] C. T. Bundschu, J. C. Gibson, R. J. Gulley, M. J. Brunger, S. J. Buckman, N. Sanna, and F. A. Gianturco, “Low-energy electron scattering from methane”, J. Phys. B., 30(9), 2239 (1997).
109. [109] H. Cho, Y. S. Park, E. A. y Castro, G. L. C. De Souza, I. Iga, L. E. Machado, L. M. Brescansin, and M. T. Lee, “A comparative experimental–theoretical study on elastic electron scattering by methane”, J. Phys. B., 41(4), 045203 (2008).
110. [110] M. A. Lima, T. L. Gibson, W. M. Huo, and V. McKoy, “Studies of electron–polyatomic-molecule collisions: Applications to e-CH4”, Physical Review A, 32(5), 2696 (1985).
111. [111] A. Jain, “Total (elastic + absorption) cross sections for e-CH4 collisions in a spherical model at 0.10–500 eV”, Physical Review A, 34(5), 3707 (1986).
112. [112] F. A. Gianturco, and S. Scialla, “Local approximations of exchange interaction in electron-molecule collisions: the methane molecule”, J. Phys. B., 20(13), 3171 (1987).
113. [113] F. A. Gianturco, A. Jain, and L. C. Pantano, “Electron-methane scattering via a parameter-free model interaction”, J. Phys. B., 20(3), 571 (1987).
114. [114] P. McNaughten, D. G. Thompson, and A. Jain, “Low-energy electron-CH4 collisions using exact exchange plus parameter-free polarisation potential”, J. Phys. B., 23(13), 2405S (1990).
115. [115] B. H. Lengsfield III, T. N. Rescigno, and C. W. McCurdy, “Ab initio study of low-energy electron-methane scattering”, Physical Review A, 44(7), 4296 (1991).
116. [116] T. Nishimura, and Y. Itikawa, “Elastic scattering of electrons by methane molecules”, J. Phys. B., 27(11), 2309 (1994).
117. [117] B. M. Nestmann, K. Pfingst, and S. D. Peyerimhoff, “R-matrix calculation for electron-methane scattering cross sections”, J. Phys. B., 27(11), 2297 (1994).
118. [118] F. A. Gianturco, J. A. Rodrigues-Ruiz, and N. Sanna, “The Ramsauer minimum of methane”, J. Phys. B., 28(7), 1287 (1995).
119. [119] M. H. F. Bettega, A. P. P. Natalense, M.A.P. Lima, and L. G. Ferreira, “Calculation of elastic scattering cross sections of low‐energy electrons by PbH and SnH”, The Journal of Chemical Physics, 103, 10566 (1995).
120. [120] L. E. Machado, M. T. Lee, and L. M. Brescansin, “Elastic Cross Sections for Low-Energy e-CH4 Collisions”, Brazilian Journal of Physics, 28(2), 111-121 (1998).
121. [121] I. Iga, M. T. Lee, M. G. P. Homem, L. E. Machado, and L. M. Brescansin, “Elastic cross sections for e--CH4 collisions at intermediate energies”, Physical Review A, 61(2), 022708 (2000).
122. [122] M. T. Lee, I. Iga, L. E. Machado, and L. M. Brescansin, “Model absorption potential for electron-molecule scattering in the intermediate-energy range”, Physical Review A, 62(6), 062710 (2000).
123. [123] M. H. F. Bettega, M. D. N. Varella, and M. A. P. Lima, “Polarization effects in the elastic scattering of low-energy electrons by XH4 (X= C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb)”, Physical Review A, 68(1), 012706 (2003).
124. [124] M. Er-Jun, M. Yu-Gang, C. Xiang-Zhou, F. De-Qing, S. Wen-Qing, and T. Wen-Dong, “Differential cross sections of elastic electron scattering from CH4, CF4 and SF6 in the energy range 100–700 eV”, Chinese Physics, 16(11), 3339 (2007).
125. [125] J. L. Lino, “Elastic electron scattering by CH4 in the low-energy range”, Physica Scripta, 79(2), 025303 (2009).
126. [126] A. Zecca, G. Karwasz, R. S. Brusa, and C. Szmytkowski, “Absolute total cross sections for electron scattering on CH4 molecules in the 1-4000 eV energy range”, J. Phys. B., 24(11), 2747 (1991).
127. [127] A. Zecca, G. P. Karwasz, and R. S. Brusa, “Total-cross-section measurements for electron scattering by NH3, SiH4, and H2S in the intermediate-energy range”, Physical Review A, 45(5), 2777 (1992).
128. [128] N. H. March, A. Zecca, and G. P. Karwasz, “Phenomenology and scaling of electron scattering cross sections from “almost spherical” molecules over a wide energy range”, Zeitschrift für Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters, 32(1), 93-100 (1994).
129. [129] G. Garcia, and F. Manero, “Electron scattering by CH4 molecules at intermediate energies (400–5000 eV)”, Physical Review A, 57(2), 1069 (1998).
130. [130] T. Sakae, S. Sumiyoshi, E. Murakami, Y. Matsumoto, K. Ishibashi, and A. Katase, “Scattering of electrons by CH4, CF4 and SF6 in the 75-700 eV range”, J. Phys. B., 22(9), 1385 (1989).
131. [131] S. S. Dhal, B. B. Srivastava, and R. Shingal, “Elastic scattering of electrons by methane molecules at intermediate energies”, J. Phys. B., 12(16), 2727 (1979).
132. [132] K. D. Pang, J. M. Ajello, B. Franklin, and D. E. Shemansky, “Electron impact excitation cross section studies of methane and acetylene”,The Journal of Chemical Physics, 86, 2750 (1987).
133. [133] H: Fukuzawa, T. Odagiri, T: Nakazato, M. Murata, H. Miyagi, and N. Kouchi, “Doubly excited states of methane produced by photon and electron interactions”, J. Phys. B., 38(5), 565 (2005).
134. [134] C. B. Opal, E. C. Beaty, and W. K. Peterson, “Tables of secondary-electron-production cross sections”, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, 4, 209-253 (1972).
135. [135] N. Oda, “Energy and angular distributions of electrons from atoms and molecules by electron impact”, Radiation Research, 64(1), 80-95 (1975).
136. [136] M. Dogan, M. Ulu, Z. N. Ozer, M. Yavuz, and G. Bozkurt, “Double differential cross-sections for electron impact ionization of atoms and molecules”, Journal of Spectroscopy, 2013 (2013).
137. [137] M. Yavuz, N. Isik, Z. N. Ozer, M. Ulu, M. Dogan, M. Sahlaoui, N. H. Benmansour, B. Lasri, M. Bouamoud, “Comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of double-differential cross sections for CH4 at 300 and 350 eV incident electron energies”, Canadian Journal of Physics, 92(12), 1676-1680 (2014).
138. [138] S. T. Hood, E. Weigold, I. E. McCarthy, and P. J. O. Teubner, “Momentum Space Wave Functions and Binding Energies of the Valence Electrons in Methane measured by the (e, 2e) Technique”, Nature, 245, 65-68 (1973).
139. [139] A. Lahmam-Bennani, A. Naja, E. S. Casagrande, N. Okumus, C. Dal Cappello, I. Charpentier, and S. Houamer, “Dynamics of electron impact ionization of the outer and inner valence (1t2 and 2a1) molecular orbitals of CH4 at intermediate and large ion recoil momentum”, J. Phys. B., 42(16), 165201 (2009).
140. [140] K. L. Nixon, A. J. Murray, H. Chaluvadi, C. Ning, and D. H. Madison, “Low energy (e, 2e) studies from CH4: Results from symmetric coplanar experiments and molecular three-body distorted wave theory” The Journal of Chemical Physics, 134, 174304 (2011).
141. [141] K. L. Nixon, A. J. Murray, H. Chaluvadi, S. Amami, D. H. Madison, and C. Ning, “Low energy (e, 2e) measurements of CH4 and neon in the perpendicular plane”, The Journal of Chemical Physics, 136, 094302 (2012).
142. [142] P. Zhang, X. Ma, S. Yan, S. Xu, S. F. Zhang, X. L. Zhu, W. T. Weng, and H. P. Liu, “(e, 2e) processes on atomic targets (Ne, Ar) and molecular targets (CH4, N2, CO2): Role of electron-nucleus scattering”, Physical Review A, 86(1), 012712 (2012).
143. [143] S. Xu, H. Chaluvadi, X. Ren, T. Pflüger, A. Senftleben, C. G. Ning, S. Yan, P. Zhang, J. Yang, X. Ma, J. Ullrich, D. H. Madison, and A. Dorn, “Low energy (e, 2e) study from the 1t2 orbital of CH4”, The Journal of Chemical Physics, 137, 024301 (2012).
144. [144] Y. Itikawa, “Cross sections for electron collisions with carbon dioxide”, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 31(3), 749-768 (2002).
145. [145] G. N. Ogurtsov, “Differential cross sections for ionization of atmospheric gases by electron impact”, J. Phys. B., 31(8), 1805 (1998).
146. [146] H. Tanaka, T. Ishikawa, T. Masai, T. Sagara, L. Boesten, M. Takekawa, Y. Itikawa, M. Kimura, “Elastic collisions of low-to intermediate-energy electrons from carbon dioxide: Experimental and theoretical differential cross sections”, Physical Review A, 57(3), 1798 (1998).
147. [147] T. W. Shyn, and W. E. Sharp, “Doubly differential cross section of secondary electrons ejected from gases by electron impact: 50-400 eV on CO2”, Physical Review A, 20(6), 2332 (1979).
148. [148] A. Lahmam-Bennani, E. S. Casagrande, and A. Naja, “Experimental investigation of the triple differential cross section for electron impact ionization of N2 and CO2 molecules at intermediate impact energy and large ion recoil momentum”, J. Phys. B., 42(23), 235205 (2009).
149. [149] O. Sise, M. Ulu, and M. Dogan, “Multi-element cylindrical electrostatic lens systems for focusing and controlling charged particles”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 554(1), 114-131 (2005).
150. [150] M. Dogan, M. Ulu, and O. Sise, “Design, simulation and construction of an electron–electron coincidence spectrometer”, Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 161(1), 58-62 (2007).
151. [151] O. Sise, M. Ulu, and M. Dogan, “Characterization and modeling of multi-element electrostatic lens systems”, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 76(3), 593-598 (2007).
152. [152] M. Ulu, O. Sise, and M. Dogan, “Optimizing the performance of an electron gun design followed by lenses and apertures”, Radiation physics and chemistry, 76(3), 636-641 (2007).
153. [153] O. Sise, M. Ulu, and M. Dogan, “Aberration coefficients of multi-element cylindrical electrostatic lens systems for charged particle beam applications”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 573(3), 329-339 (2007).
154. [154] D. W. O. Heddle, and S. M. Kay, “The zoom afocal lens”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 298(1), 291-294 (1990).
155. [155] M. Dogan, “Correlation studies of simultaneous excitation-ionization in helium”, PhD Thesis, University of Newcastle UK, (1999).
156. [156] Z. N. Özer, “Investigating Young Type Interference Effects On H2 Molecule By Electron-Electron Coincidence (e,2e) Technique”, Doktora tezi, Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü (2013).
157. [157] M. V. Kurepa, and L. Vuskovic, “Differential cross sections of 100, 150 and 200 eV electrons elastically scattered in helium”, J. Phys. B., 8(12), 2067 (1975).
158. [158] W. C. Fon, K. A. Berrington, and A. E. Kingston, “The 11S to 21S and 11S to 21P excitation of helium by electron impact”, J. Phys. B., 13(11), 2309 (1980).
159. [159] T. W. Shyn, and W. E. Sharp, “Doubly differential cross sections of secondary electrons ejected from gases by electron impact: 50-300 eV on helium”, Physical Review A, 19(2), 557 (1979).
160. [160] R. Müller-Fiedler, P. Schlemmer, K. Jung, and H. Ehrhardt, “Absolute triple differential cross sections for electron impact ionization of helium: Comparison between experimental and theoretical results at 256 eV collision energy”, Zeitschrift für Physik A Atoms and Nuclei, 320(1), 89-94 (1985).
161. [161] Z. N. Özer, F. Olgaç, M. Ulu, and M. Doğan, “Double differential cross-section measurements for electron impact ionization of Helium”, Acta Physica Polonica A, 123(2), 361-362 (2013).
162. [162] A. R. Milosavljević, S. Telega, D. Šević, J. E. Sienkiewicz, and B. P. Marinković, “Elastic electron scattering by argon in the vicinity of the high-energy critical minimum”, Radiation physics and chemistry, 70(6), 669-676 (2004).
163. [163] L. Vuskovic, and M. V. Kurepa, “Differential cross sections of 60-150 eV electrons elastically scattered in argon”, Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics, 9(5), 837 (1976).
164. [164] S. Amami, M. Ulu, Z. N. Ozer, M. Yavuz, S. Kazgoz, M. Dogan, O. Zatsarinny, K. Bartschat, and D. Madison, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of (e, 2e) ionization of argon 3p in asymmetric kinematics at intermediate energy”, Physical Review A, 90(1), 012704 (2014).
165. [165] T. W. Shyn, and W. E. Sharp, “Angular distributions of electrons elastically scattered from H2”, Physical Review A, 24(4), 1734 (1981).
166. [166] Z. N. Ozer, H. Chaluvad, M. Ulu, M. Dogan, B. Aktas, and D. Madison, “Young's double-slit interference for quantum particles”, Physical Review A, 87(4), 042704 (2013).
167. [167] M. Dogan, Z.N. Ozer, M. Yavuz, O. Alwan, A. Naja, B.B. Joulakian, E. Ali, C. Ning, D. Madison “Theoretical and experimental study of (e,2e) ionization of the CO2 (1πg) molecule at 250 eV”, ICPEAC (2015)