EVALUATION OF GENOTOXIC DAMAGE WITH MICRONUCLEUS ASSAY IN PLANTS

Year 2015, Issue: 034, 27 - 40, 15.06.2015

Arzu Özkara Dilek Aykıl

Abstract

From the beginning, different
factors have been polluting the environment. However, the intensity and the severity
of different kinds of pollution has drastically increased over the last years.
The increase of pollution by the release of genotoxic chemicals has affected
the ecosystem and the health of organisms, including humans. There is a need
for quick and precise methods for the detection and evaluation of air, water
and soil contamination and their effects on organisms. The meristematic mitotic
cells of plant roots are appropriate and efficient cytogenetic materials for
the detection of genotoxicity of environmental pollutants. Among several cytological
methods in these fast dividing cells, such as chromosome/chromatid aberrations,
sister-chromatid exchanges and micronuclei, the most effective and simplest
indicator of cytological damage is micronucleus formation. The micronucleus
test in plants is widely used in toxicology for the assessment of the genotoxic
profile of chemical compounds of environmental concern. The aim of this review
is to inform about the micronucleus (MN) technique in plants which is
considered to be an indirect indication for numerical and structural
aberrations of chromosomes.

Keywords

Genotoxicity, micronucleus assay in plants, micronucleus frequency

BİTKİLERDE MİKRONÜKLEUS TESTİ İLE GENOTOKSİK HASARIN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Abstract

İnsanlığın varoluşundan günümüze kadar çevre değişik
faktörlerin etkisi ile kirletilmektedir. Özellikle son yıllarda bu kirliliğin
yoğunluğu ve şiddeti önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Genotoksik kimyasalların salınımı
ile meydana gelen bu kirlilik artışı ekosistemi ve insanların da içinde
bulunduğu tüm organizmaları olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bundan dolayı hava,
su ve toprak kontaminantları ve bunların organizmalara etkisini belirlemek
amacıyla hızlı ve kesin metotlara ihtiyaç vardır. Bitki köklerinin meristematik
mitotik hücreleri çevresel kirleticilerin genotoksisitesinin değerlendirilmesi
için uygun ve etkili sitogenetik materyallerdir. Kromozom/kromatid aberasyonu,
kardeş kromatid değişimi ve mikronükleus gibi birçok sitolojik yöntemler
arasında sitolojik hasarların değerlendirilmesinde en etkili ve kolay
uygulanabilen metotlardan biri mikronükleus oluşumudur. Bitkilerde kullanılan
mikronükleus testi çevreyle ilgili kimyasal maddelerin genotoksik profillerinin
değerlendirilmesinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı
sayısal ve yapısal kromozom aberasyonlarının indirekt göstergesi olarak bilinen
mikronükleus testinin bitkilerde kullanımının değerlendirilmesidir.

Keywords

Genotoksisite, bitkilerde mikronükleus testi, mikronükleus sıklığı

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