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“THE WEB OF CIRCUMSTANCE”: CHESNUTT'TA ADALETSİZ YARGI DÜZENİ VE SUÇLULUK KARİNESİ ARACILIĞIYLA SİYAHLARIN İMTİYAZ MAHRUMİYETİ

Year 2023, , 415 - 438, 20.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2023.63.1.17

Abstract

Charles Chesnutt'ın 1899 tarihli kısa öyküsü “The Web of Circumstance,” baş karakter Ben Davis'in adaletsiz mahkûmiyeti ve tahkirini gözler önüne sererek Yeniden Yapılanma Dönemi sonrası Amerikan Güneyini eleştirmektedir. Amerikan Anayasasının köleliği yasaklayan 13. Değişiklik maddesi Ben'in mahkumiyetini anlayabilmek için mühimdir, çünkü aynı yasa beyaz Amerikalıların siyahları yeniden köleleştirmesine ve köleliğin yasaklanmasından sonra dahi siyah bedenlerin emek değerini sömürmeye devam etmelerine olanak sağlamıştır. Chesnutt öyküde mülk edinimi, vatandaşlık ve hapsedilme konularını Yeniden Yapılanma sonrası Amerikan Güneyinde siyahların toplumsal kalkınmasını güçleştiren bir durum olarak değerlendirmektedir. Bu makalenin ilk kısmı geç 19. yüzyıl Amerikan iktisadi değerlerine göre mülk edinimini bir tür başarı olarak ele almaktadır. Siyahların Yeniden Yapılanan Güney'de kendileri için bir edim yaratmaları adına mülkün önemi incelenirken, W.E.B. Du Bois, Cheryl Harris ve Richard Brodhead, Ben Davis'in tahkirinin ardındaki teorik çerçevenin oluşturulmasını sağlayacaklardır. Ben Davis'in sorun addedilen mülk sahipliği, Amerikan yargı sistemi ve Du Bois'nin Yeniden Yapılanma sonrası siyahların salahiyet ve imtiyaz mahrumiyetleri üzerine düşüncelerine odaklı bir şekilde incelenmektedir. Makalenin ikinci kısmı ise Ben Davis'in suçluluk karinesine, Yeniden Yapılanma sonrası Amerikan Güneyinde siyahların toplumsal ve ekonomik kalkınmadan mahrum bırakılmasının yeni bir yöntemi olarak odaklanmaktadır. Foucault'nun egemen gücün öldürme yetkisi ve özneyi yok eden bu tam egemenliğin kişiyi nasıl Agamben ve Mbembe'nin bahsettiği ardından yas tutulamaz homo sacer'a dönüştürdüğüne dair düşünceleri ikinci bölümde Ben Davis ile ilişkilendirilerek incelenecektir. Sonuç olarak, Chesnutt'ın hikayesinde siyahların hipersuçlulaştırma ile sistematik olarak imtiyazdan mahrum bırakılma hali Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin adaletsiz yargı düzeninin bir sonucu olarak sunulacaktır.

References

  • Agamben, G. (1998). Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. (D. Heller-Roazen, Trans.). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Bezci, Ş. (2008). Youth in Crisis: An Eriksonian Interpretation of Adolescent Identity in “Franny”. Novitas Royal, 2(1), 1-12.
  • Brodhead, R. H. (1993). Cultures of Letters: Scenes of Reading and Writing in Nineteenth-Century America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Chesnutt, C. W. (1968). The Wife of His Youth, and Other Stories of The Color Line. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. (Original work published in 1899).
  • Chesnutt, C. W. (1903). Disenfranchisement of the Negro. In B. T. Washington (Ed.). The Negro Problem (pp. 79-124). New York: J. Pott & Company.
  • Childs, D. (2015). Slaves of the State: Black Incarceration from the Chain Gang to the Penitentiary. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Christianson, S. (1998). With Liberty for Some: 500 Years of Imprisonment in America. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
  • Delmar, P. J. (1980). Charles W. Chesnutt's "The Web of Circumstance" and Richard Wright's "Long Black Song": The Tragedy of Property. Studies in Short Fiction, 17(2), 178-179.
  • Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1856). Access date: 21.03.2023, https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/60/393/#annotation
  • Du Bois, W.E.B. (1935). Black Reconstruction: An Essay toward A History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
  • Ellis, R. J. (2015). “Competition Would be Crushed”: National and International Threads in Charles Chesnutt’s the Colonel’s Dream. North Carolina Literary Review, 24, 98-113.
  • Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (2nd Vintage Books ed.). (A. Sheridan, Trans.). New York: Vintage Books. (Original work published in 1975).
  • Foucault, M. (2010). The Foucault Reader. P. Rabinow (Ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
  • Güzel Köşker, N. H. (2016). An Abolitionist Heteroglossia: Racial Reconstruction In Frances E. W. Harper's Iola Leroy, Or, Shadows Uplifted. DTCF Journal, 56(2), 26-51.
  • Hardwig, B. (2008). Who Owns the Whip?: Chesnutt, Tourgée, and Reconstruction Justice. African American Review, 36(1), 5-20.
  • Harris, C. I. (1993). Whiteness as Property. Harvard Law Review, 106(8), 1707-1791.
  • Hartman, S. (1997). Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Hay, F. (2018). ‘Şiddetle Başlayan Hazlar Şiddetle Son Bulur’: Edward Bond’un Lear Oyunu Üzerinden Toplum Sorgusu. In B. Arvasi, M. Güleç, Ş. Bezci, & E. Yassıtepe Ayyıldız (Eds.). Batı Kültür ve Edebiyatlarında 20. Yüzyıl (pp. 423-436). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi.
  • Howells, W. D. (1900, May). Mr. Charles W. Chesnutt's Stories. The Atlantic Monthly pp. 699-701.
  • Lowe, L. (2015). The Intimacies of Four Continents. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Mbembe, A. (2003). Necropolitics. (L. Meintjes, Trans.). Public Culture, 15(1), 11–40. Reilly, J.M. (1971). The Dilemma in Chesnutt’s: The Marrow of Tradition. Phylon, 32(1), 31-38.
  • Rios, V. M. (2011). Punished: Policing the lives of Black and Latino boys. New York: New York UP.
  • Rodríguez, D. (2007). Forced Passages. In J. James (Ed.), Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy (pp. 35-57). Durham: Duke University Press.
  • U.S. Const. amend. XIII.
  • Whitehorn, L., & Day, S. (2007). Resisting the Ordinary. In J. James (Ed.). Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy (pp. 273-289). Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Wonham, H. (1998). Charles Chesnutt: A Study of the Short Fiction. New York: Twayne Publishers.

“THE WEB OF CIRCUMSTANCE”: THE UNJUST JUDICIAL SYSTEM AND THE DISENFRANCHISEMENT OF BLACKS VIA PRESUMPTION OF CRIMINALITY IN CHESNUTT

Year 2023, , 415 - 438, 20.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2023.63.1.17

Abstract

Charles Chesnutt's 1899 short story “The Web of Circumstance” criticizes the post-Reconstruction American South by demonstrating the unjust conviction and defamation of the main character Ben Davis. The 13th Amendment that abolished slavery becomes crucial to understand Ben's conviction for this amendment allowed white Americans to reenslave the black man, continuing to exploit the labor value of the black body after the abolition. In the story, Chesnutt utilizes themes of property acquisition, citizenship and incarceration to complicate the status of the black man's social elevation in post-Reconstruction South. The first part of this paper focuses on property acquisition as a form of success according to the late 19th century American economic values. As I analyze the importance of property for the freed black man to create an agency in the Reconstruction South, W.E.B. Du Bois, Cheryl Harris and Richard Brodhead will draw the theoretical framework behind the defamation of Ben Davis. The problematic property ownership of Ben Davis is analyzed with a focus on American judicial system and Du Bois' thoughts on the entitlement and the disenfranchisement of the black man after the Reconstruction. The second part of the paper concentrates on the presumed criminality of Ben Davis as a novel form of the black man's exclusion from social and financial elevation in the post-Reconstruction South. Foucault's ideas on the sovereign's authority to kill as well as how this complete sovereignty to obliterate the subject turns the person into the unmournable homo sacer of Agamben and Mbembe will be discussed in the second part in relation to Ben Davis. In the end, the systematic disenfranchisement of the black man in Chesnutt's story through hyper-criminalization will be demonstrated as an outcome of the unjust judicial system of the United States of America.

References

  • Agamben, G. (1998). Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. (D. Heller-Roazen, Trans.). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Bezci, Ş. (2008). Youth in Crisis: An Eriksonian Interpretation of Adolescent Identity in “Franny”. Novitas Royal, 2(1), 1-12.
  • Brodhead, R. H. (1993). Cultures of Letters: Scenes of Reading and Writing in Nineteenth-Century America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Chesnutt, C. W. (1968). The Wife of His Youth, and Other Stories of The Color Line. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. (Original work published in 1899).
  • Chesnutt, C. W. (1903). Disenfranchisement of the Negro. In B. T. Washington (Ed.). The Negro Problem (pp. 79-124). New York: J. Pott & Company.
  • Childs, D. (2015). Slaves of the State: Black Incarceration from the Chain Gang to the Penitentiary. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Christianson, S. (1998). With Liberty for Some: 500 Years of Imprisonment in America. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
  • Delmar, P. J. (1980). Charles W. Chesnutt's "The Web of Circumstance" and Richard Wright's "Long Black Song": The Tragedy of Property. Studies in Short Fiction, 17(2), 178-179.
  • Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1856). Access date: 21.03.2023, https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/60/393/#annotation
  • Du Bois, W.E.B. (1935). Black Reconstruction: An Essay toward A History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
  • Ellis, R. J. (2015). “Competition Would be Crushed”: National and International Threads in Charles Chesnutt’s the Colonel’s Dream. North Carolina Literary Review, 24, 98-113.
  • Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (2nd Vintage Books ed.). (A. Sheridan, Trans.). New York: Vintage Books. (Original work published in 1975).
  • Foucault, M. (2010). The Foucault Reader. P. Rabinow (Ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
  • Güzel Köşker, N. H. (2016). An Abolitionist Heteroglossia: Racial Reconstruction In Frances E. W. Harper's Iola Leroy, Or, Shadows Uplifted. DTCF Journal, 56(2), 26-51.
  • Hardwig, B. (2008). Who Owns the Whip?: Chesnutt, Tourgée, and Reconstruction Justice. African American Review, 36(1), 5-20.
  • Harris, C. I. (1993). Whiteness as Property. Harvard Law Review, 106(8), 1707-1791.
  • Hartman, S. (1997). Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Hay, F. (2018). ‘Şiddetle Başlayan Hazlar Şiddetle Son Bulur’: Edward Bond’un Lear Oyunu Üzerinden Toplum Sorgusu. In B. Arvasi, M. Güleç, Ş. Bezci, & E. Yassıtepe Ayyıldız (Eds.). Batı Kültür ve Edebiyatlarında 20. Yüzyıl (pp. 423-436). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi.
  • Howells, W. D. (1900, May). Mr. Charles W. Chesnutt's Stories. The Atlantic Monthly pp. 699-701.
  • Lowe, L. (2015). The Intimacies of Four Continents. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Mbembe, A. (2003). Necropolitics. (L. Meintjes, Trans.). Public Culture, 15(1), 11–40. Reilly, J.M. (1971). The Dilemma in Chesnutt’s: The Marrow of Tradition. Phylon, 32(1), 31-38.
  • Rios, V. M. (2011). Punished: Policing the lives of Black and Latino boys. New York: New York UP.
  • Rodríguez, D. (2007). Forced Passages. In J. James (Ed.), Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy (pp. 35-57). Durham: Duke University Press.
  • U.S. Const. amend. XIII.
  • Whitehorn, L., & Day, S. (2007). Resisting the Ordinary. In J. James (Ed.). Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy (pp. 273-289). Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Wonham, H. (1998). Charles Chesnutt: A Study of the Short Fiction. New York: Twayne Publishers.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Creative Arts and Writing
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gamze Katı Gümüş 0000-0002-6416-3218

Early Pub Date June 10, 2023
Publication Date June 20, 2023
Submission Date April 9, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Katı Gümüş, G. (2023). “THE WEB OF CIRCUMSTANCE”: THE UNJUST JUDICIAL SYSTEM AND THE DISENFRANCHISEMENT OF BLACKS VIA PRESUMPTION OF CRIMINALITY IN CHESNUTT. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 63(1), 415-438. https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2023.63.1.17

Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi - dtcfdergisi@ankara.edu.tr

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