Bakire Yeni Dünya ve Kapsamlamanın Mantığı
Year 2010,
Volume: 50 Issue: 1, 35 - 45, 01.01.2010
Devrim Kılıçer
Abstract
Amerika kıtası, varlığı Avrupalılar tarafından öğrenilmeden önce de üzerinde insan toplulukları yaşayan bir alan olduğu için kullanılmakta olan “keşif” sözcüğü kıtanın yerlilerini ötekileştirerek Avrupa-merkezci bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Öte yandan kıtanın adı “Amerika” bütünün parçayı gösterdiği kapsamlama yoluyla Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne işaret ederek yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu tip olağan görülen retorik araçların ve söz sanatlarının temelinde ideolojik bir tavır yatmaktadır. Her iki örnekte de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin kültürel ve siyasi hegemonyasının dil yoluyla yeniden üretilmekte olduğu görülmektedir.
References
- ARCINIEGAS, Germán. (1955). Amerigo and the New World: The Life and Times of Amerigo Vespucci. (Trans. Harriet de Onis) New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- BURKE, Kenneth. (1969). A Grammar of Motives. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- COLUMBUS, Christopher. (2001). “The Letter of Columbus on the Discovery of America”. In The Literatures of Colonial America: An Anthology. (Ed. Susan P. Castillo ve Ivy Schweitzer). (24-27). Malden: Blackwell.
- DELANEY, Kate. (2010). “America Perceived.” Encyclopedia of American Studies. (Ed. Miles Orvell). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <http://eas-ref.press.jhu.edu/ view?aid=521> 03.01.2010).
- DENEVAN, William M. (1992). The Native Population of the Americas in 1492. Wisconsin, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
- GOETHE, Johann Wolfgang von. (1999). 103 Great Poems: A Dual Language Book. (Ed. And Trans. Stanley Applebaum). New York: Dover Publications.
- HANKE, Lewis. (1937). “Pope Paul III and the American Indians”. The Harvard Theological Review. 30 (2): 65-102.
- İNAN, Afet. (1954). Piri Reis'in Amerika Haritası. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
- LAZARUS, Emma. (1883). “The New Colossus”. In The Poems of Emma Lazarus. (202-203). Boston ve New York: Houghton and Mifflin Co.
- LEBOVICS, Herman. (1986). “The Uses of America in Locke’s Second Treatise of Government”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 47 (4): 567-581. LOCKE, John. (2005). Two Treaties of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration. Stilwell: Digireads Publishing.
- MARTI, José. (1891, 2002). “Our America”. In Selected Writings. (Trans. Esther Allen). (288-296). New York: Penguin Books.
- MARX, Leo. (1988). “The American Ideology of Space.” Working Paper Number 8. Program in Science, Technology and Society. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (06.04.2007).
- De MONTAIGNE, Michel. (1965). “Of Cannibals”. In The Complete Essays of Montaigne. (Trans. Donald M. Frame). (150-159). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- MURRAY, Jeffrey W. (2002). “Kenneth Burke: A Dialogue of Motives”. Philosophy & Rhetoric. 35 (1): 22-49. SALDIVAR, José David. (1991). The Dialectics of Our America: Geneology, Cultural Critique and Literary History. Durham: Duke University Press.
- TÜRK DİL KURUMU (TDK). Büyük Sözlük. “Kapsamlama” http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&kelime=kapsamlama&ayn=tam (02.01.2010).
- TÜRK DİL KURUMU (TDK). Büyük Sözlük. “Keşif” http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&kelime=ke%FEif&ayn=tam (02.01.2010).
- WALD, Priscilla. (2010). “The Idea of America”. Encyclopedia of American Studies. (Ed. Miles Orvell). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <http://eas-ref.press.jhu.edu/view?aid=522> (03.01.2010).
Virgin New World and the Logic of Synecdoche
Year 2010,
Volume: 50 Issue: 1, 35 - 45, 01.01.2010
Devrim Kılıçer
Abstract
The use of the word “discovery” marking the beginning of the existence of the American continent in the European mind transforms the original inhabitants of the continent to “others” in their own homelands and offers a Eurocentric viewpoint. Further, the title covering the whole continent “America” is popularly used to point to The United States of America through employing totum pro parte synecdoche. These types of rhetorical devices and figurative instruments go unnoticed, however they are based on a certain ideology. Both examples show that the perceived cultural and political hegemony of the United States is reconstructed through language.
References
- ARCINIEGAS, Germán. (1955). Amerigo and the New World: The Life and Times of Amerigo Vespucci. (Trans. Harriet de Onis) New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- BURKE, Kenneth. (1969). A Grammar of Motives. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- COLUMBUS, Christopher. (2001). “The Letter of Columbus on the Discovery of America”. In The Literatures of Colonial America: An Anthology. (Ed. Susan P. Castillo ve Ivy Schweitzer). (24-27). Malden: Blackwell.
- DELANEY, Kate. (2010). “America Perceived.” Encyclopedia of American Studies. (Ed. Miles Orvell). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <http://eas-ref.press.jhu.edu/ view?aid=521> 03.01.2010).
- DENEVAN, William M. (1992). The Native Population of the Americas in 1492. Wisconsin, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
- GOETHE, Johann Wolfgang von. (1999). 103 Great Poems: A Dual Language Book. (Ed. And Trans. Stanley Applebaum). New York: Dover Publications.
- HANKE, Lewis. (1937). “Pope Paul III and the American Indians”. The Harvard Theological Review. 30 (2): 65-102.
- İNAN, Afet. (1954). Piri Reis'in Amerika Haritası. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
- LAZARUS, Emma. (1883). “The New Colossus”. In The Poems of Emma Lazarus. (202-203). Boston ve New York: Houghton and Mifflin Co.
- LEBOVICS, Herman. (1986). “The Uses of America in Locke’s Second Treatise of Government”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 47 (4): 567-581. LOCKE, John. (2005). Two Treaties of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration. Stilwell: Digireads Publishing.
- MARTI, José. (1891, 2002). “Our America”. In Selected Writings. (Trans. Esther Allen). (288-296). New York: Penguin Books.
- MARX, Leo. (1988). “The American Ideology of Space.” Working Paper Number 8. Program in Science, Technology and Society. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (06.04.2007).
- De MONTAIGNE, Michel. (1965). “Of Cannibals”. In The Complete Essays of Montaigne. (Trans. Donald M. Frame). (150-159). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- MURRAY, Jeffrey W. (2002). “Kenneth Burke: A Dialogue of Motives”. Philosophy & Rhetoric. 35 (1): 22-49. SALDIVAR, José David. (1991). The Dialectics of Our America: Geneology, Cultural Critique and Literary History. Durham: Duke University Press.
- TÜRK DİL KURUMU (TDK). Büyük Sözlük. “Kapsamlama” http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&kelime=kapsamlama&ayn=tam (02.01.2010).
- TÜRK DİL KURUMU (TDK). Büyük Sözlük. “Keşif” http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&kelime=ke%FEif&ayn=tam (02.01.2010).
- WALD, Priscilla. (2010). “The Idea of America”. Encyclopedia of American Studies. (Ed. Miles Orvell). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <http://eas-ref.press.jhu.edu/view?aid=522> (03.01.2010).