Anti-Kahramanın Soykütüğü

Year 2012, Volume: 52 Issue: 2, 1 - 18, 01.01.2012

Murat Kadiroğlu

Abstract

Edebi bir terim olarak “anti-kahraman” ya da “karşı-kahraman”, on dokuzuncu yüzyılda Dostoyevski ile edebiyata girmiştir ve kullanımı yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısında doruğa ulaşmıştır. Ancak, anti-kahraman başkişiler veya karakterler erken Yunan tiyatrosundan beri sahnede görülmekte ve öyküleri yirminci yüzyıl edebiyat eserlerinde çokça anlatılmaktadır. “Kahraman” olgusu “anti-kahramana” temel oluşturur. Her yüzyılda, zamanına özgü kahramanlar bulunurken, aynı zamanda, sayıca kahramanlar kadar çok olmasa da anti-kahramanlar da varlıklarını sürdürür. Kişilikleri, ahlaki kuralları ve değer yargıları bakımından aralarındaki fark ilk temsillerinde oldukça belirgindir. Fakat günümüze geldikçe bu fark belirsizleşir. Çağdaş edebiyatta anti-kahramanlar savaşlar gibi tarihsel, politik ve sosyolojik durumların sonucu olarak kahramanlardan sayıca üstün olmaya başlamış, edebi eserler kahramanlık ve cesaretten çok başarısızlık, eylemsizlik, belirsizlik ve çaresizlik temalarını içermeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışma, İkinci Dünya Savaşının çağdaş anti-kahraman olgusunun gelişiminde can alıcı bir etkisinin olduğunu tartışır. Savaşın sonucu olarak, destan ve epik şiirlerde cesaretin, maceranın, değişimin ve eylemin simgesi olan “kahraman”, özellikle İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında/sonrasında yazılan gerçekçi, absürt ve varoluşçu eserlerdeki yenilgilerin ve ümitsizliğin “antikahramanına” dönüşmüştür.

Keywords

Anti-kahraman, Kahraman, Kahramanlık, Başkişi, Romantik Kahraman, İkinci Dünya Savaşı, Savaş Sonrası

A Genealogy of Antihero

Abstract

“Antihero”, as a literary term, entered literature in the nineteenth century with Dostoevsky, and its usage flourished in the second half of the twentieth century. However, the antihero protagonists or characters have been on stage since the early Greek drama and their stories are often told in the works of the twentieth century literature. The notion of “hero” sets the base for “antihero”. In every century, there are heroes peculiar to their time; meanwhile, antiheroes continue to live as well, though not as abundant as heroes in number. The gap between them in terms of their personality, moral code and value judgements is very obvious in their early presentation; however, the closer we come to our age, the vaguer this difference becomes. In contemporary literature, antiheroes have begun to outnumber heroes as a result of historical, political and sociological facts such as wars, and literary pieces have tended to present themes of failure, inaction, uncertainty and despair rather than heroism and valour. This study argues that Second World War has the crucial impact on the development of the notion of modern antihero. As a consequence of the war, “hero” as the symbol of valour, adventure, change and action in the legends and epic poems has been transformed into “antihero” of failure and despair, especially in realist, absurdist and existentialist works written during/after the Second World War.

Keywords

Antihero, Hero, Heroism, Protagonist, Romantic Hero, Second World War, Post-war

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