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Anti-Kahramanın Soykütüğü

Year 2012, Volume: 52 Issue: 2, 1 - 18, 01.01.2012

Abstract

Edebi bir terim olarak “anti-kahraman” ya da “karşı-kahraman”, on dokuzuncu yüzyılda Dostoyevski ile edebiyata girmiştir ve kullanımı yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısında doruğa ulaşmıştır. Ancak, anti-kahraman başkişiler veya karakterler erken Yunan tiyatrosundan beri sahnede görülmekte ve öyküleri yirminci yüzyıl edebiyat eserlerinde çokça anlatılmaktadır. “Kahraman” olgusu “anti-kahramana” temel oluşturur. Her yüzyılda, zamanına özgü kahramanlar bulunurken, aynı zamanda, sayıca kahramanlar kadar çok olmasa da anti-kahramanlar da varlıklarını sürdürür. Kişilikleri, ahlaki kuralları ve değer yargıları bakımından aralarındaki fark ilk temsillerinde oldukça belirgindir. Fakat günümüze geldikçe bu fark belirsizleşir. Çağdaş edebiyatta anti-kahramanlar savaşlar gibi tarihsel, politik ve sosyolojik durumların sonucu olarak kahramanlardan sayıca üstün olmaya başlamış, edebi eserler kahramanlık ve cesaretten çok başarısızlık, eylemsizlik, belirsizlik ve çaresizlik temalarını içermeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışma, İkinci Dünya Savaşının çağdaş anti-kahraman olgusunun gelişiminde can alıcı bir etkisinin olduğunu tartışır. Savaşın sonucu olarak, destan ve epik şiirlerde cesaretin, maceranın, değişimin ve eylemin simgesi olan “kahraman”, özellikle İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında/sonrasında yazılan gerçekçi, absürt ve varoluşçu eserlerdeki yenilgilerin ve ümitsizliğin “antikahramanına” dönüşmüştür.

References

  • ABRAMS, M. H. (1999). A Glossary of Literary Terms. Fort Worth: Harcourt B. College Publishers.
  • ADAMS, Percy G. (1976). “The Anti-hero in Eighteenth-Century Fiction”. Studies in the Literary Imagination. 9 (1): 29-51.
  • ANTIHERO. (2012). In Collins Dictionary. Retrieved March 14, 2012, from http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/antihero.
  • ANTIHERO. (2012). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 14, 2012, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/27600/antihero.
  • ANTIHERO. (2012). In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved March 14, 2012, from http://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/antihero.
  • ANTIHERO. (2012). In Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved March 14, 2012, from http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/8637?p=emailAezSUIXzuGPCY&d=8637.
  • ARISTOTLE. (2005). Poetics. (N. Kalaycı, Trans.) Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat.
  • BALDICK, C. (2001). The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • BATTLE, D. (2004). The Medieval Tradition of Thebes: History and Narrative in the Roman De Thebes, Boccaccio, Chaucer, and Lydgate. New York: Routledge.
  • BLOOM, H. (Ed.). (2009). The Hero’s Journey. New York: Infobase Publishing.
  • BOWRA, C.M. (1952). Heroic Poetry. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd.
  • BROMBERT, V. (1999). In Praise Of Antiheroes : Figures And Themes In Modern European
  • Literature. CHICAGO: University of Chicago Press. BURCHFIELD, R.W. (1996). The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • CAMPBELL, J. (2004). The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • CHILDS, P., & R. Fowler. (2006). A Dictionary of Modern Critical Terms. London: Routledge.
  • COWARD, D. (2004). A History of French Literature. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
  • CUDDON, J. A. (1998). The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. London: Penguin Books.
  • CUSATIS, J. (2010). Research Guide to American Literature: Postwar Literature, 1945-1970. New York: Facts On File.
  • DOSTOEVSKY, F. (2008). Yeraltından Notlar. (M. Özgül, Trans.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • FURST, L. R. (1976) “The Romantic Hero, or Is He an Anti-Hero”. Studies in the Literary Imagination. 9 (1): 53-68.
  • HASSAN, I. (1995). Rumors of Change. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.
  • HERO. (2000). In The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Retrieved March 14, , from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/hero.
  • HOURIHAN, M. (1997). Deconstructing The Hero: Literary Theory ad Children’s Literature. London: Routhledge.
  • LEEMING, D. A. (1998). Mythology, The Voyage of The Hero. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • LOVESEY, O. (Ed.) (2011). Victorian Social Activists' Novels (Vol. 1). London : Pickering & Chatto.
  • MAIORINO, G. (2003). At the Margins of the Renaissance : Lazarillo de Tormes and The Picaresque
  • Art of Survival. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press. MANN, J. (2002). Feminizing Chaucer. Cambridge: St Edmundsbury Press.
  • MERRIAM-WEBSTER INC. (1973). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield: Merriam Webster.
  • MILLER, D. A. (2000). The Epic Hero. Baltimore: The J. Hopkins University Press.
  • MULGAN, J., & D. Dan (1964). An Introduction to English Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • QUINN, E. (2006). A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms. New York: Infobase Publishing.
  • RAGLAN, L. (1956). The Hero. New York: Vintage Books.
  • ROCHE, G. C. (1987). A World without Heroes: The Modern Tragedy. Michigan: Hillsdale College Press.
  • STEELE, R. (1715). The Lover. London: Printed for J. Tonson, J. Brown, and O. Lloyd
  • TURNER, H., & Lopez M. A. (Eds.). (2003). The Cambridge Companion to the Spanish Novel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • WALKER, W. (1985). Dialectics And Passive Resistance : The Comic Antihero In Modern Fiction. Berne: Peter Lang Publication.
  • WETHERBEE, W. (1989). Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

A Genealogy of Antihero

Year 2012, Volume: 52 Issue: 2, 1 - 18, 01.01.2012

Abstract

“Antihero”, as a literary term, entered literature in the nineteenth century with Dostoevsky, and its usage flourished in the second half of the twentieth century. However, the antihero protagonists or characters have been on stage since the early Greek drama and their stories are often told in the works of the twentieth century literature. The notion of “hero” sets the base for “antihero”. In every century, there are heroes peculiar to their time; meanwhile, antiheroes continue to live as well, though not as abundant as heroes in number. The gap between them in terms of their personality, moral code and value judgements is very obvious in their early presentation; however, the closer we come to our age, the vaguer this difference becomes. In contemporary literature, antiheroes have begun to outnumber heroes as a result of historical, political and sociological facts such as wars, and literary pieces have tended to present themes of failure, inaction, uncertainty and despair rather than heroism and valour. This study argues that Second World War has the crucial impact on the development of the notion of modern antihero. As a consequence of the war, “hero” as the symbol of valour, adventure, change and action in the legends and epic poems has been transformed into “antihero” of failure and despair, especially in realist, absurdist and existentialist works written during/after the Second World War.

References

  • ABRAMS, M. H. (1999). A Glossary of Literary Terms. Fort Worth: Harcourt B. College Publishers.
  • ADAMS, Percy G. (1976). “The Anti-hero in Eighteenth-Century Fiction”. Studies in the Literary Imagination. 9 (1): 29-51.
  • ANTIHERO. (2012). In Collins Dictionary. Retrieved March 14, 2012, from http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/antihero.
  • ANTIHERO. (2012). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 14, 2012, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/27600/antihero.
  • ANTIHERO. (2012). In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved March 14, 2012, from http://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/antihero.
  • ANTIHERO. (2012). In Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved March 14, 2012, from http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/8637?p=emailAezSUIXzuGPCY&d=8637.
  • ARISTOTLE. (2005). Poetics. (N. Kalaycı, Trans.) Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat.
  • BALDICK, C. (2001). The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • BATTLE, D. (2004). The Medieval Tradition of Thebes: History and Narrative in the Roman De Thebes, Boccaccio, Chaucer, and Lydgate. New York: Routledge.
  • BLOOM, H. (Ed.). (2009). The Hero’s Journey. New York: Infobase Publishing.
  • BOWRA, C.M. (1952). Heroic Poetry. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd.
  • BROMBERT, V. (1999). In Praise Of Antiheroes : Figures And Themes In Modern European
  • Literature. CHICAGO: University of Chicago Press. BURCHFIELD, R.W. (1996). The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • CAMPBELL, J. (2004). The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • CHILDS, P., & R. Fowler. (2006). A Dictionary of Modern Critical Terms. London: Routledge.
  • COWARD, D. (2004). A History of French Literature. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
  • CUDDON, J. A. (1998). The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. London: Penguin Books.
  • CUSATIS, J. (2010). Research Guide to American Literature: Postwar Literature, 1945-1970. New York: Facts On File.
  • DOSTOEVSKY, F. (2008). Yeraltından Notlar. (M. Özgül, Trans.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • FURST, L. R. (1976) “The Romantic Hero, or Is He an Anti-Hero”. Studies in the Literary Imagination. 9 (1): 53-68.
  • HASSAN, I. (1995). Rumors of Change. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.
  • HERO. (2000). In The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Retrieved March 14, , from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/hero.
  • HOURIHAN, M. (1997). Deconstructing The Hero: Literary Theory ad Children’s Literature. London: Routhledge.
  • LEEMING, D. A. (1998). Mythology, The Voyage of The Hero. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • LOVESEY, O. (Ed.) (2011). Victorian Social Activists' Novels (Vol. 1). London : Pickering & Chatto.
  • MAIORINO, G. (2003). At the Margins of the Renaissance : Lazarillo de Tormes and The Picaresque
  • Art of Survival. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press. MANN, J. (2002). Feminizing Chaucer. Cambridge: St Edmundsbury Press.
  • MERRIAM-WEBSTER INC. (1973). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield: Merriam Webster.
  • MILLER, D. A. (2000). The Epic Hero. Baltimore: The J. Hopkins University Press.
  • MULGAN, J., & D. Dan (1964). An Introduction to English Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • QUINN, E. (2006). A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms. New York: Infobase Publishing.
  • RAGLAN, L. (1956). The Hero. New York: Vintage Books.
  • ROCHE, G. C. (1987). A World without Heroes: The Modern Tragedy. Michigan: Hillsdale College Press.
  • STEELE, R. (1715). The Lover. London: Printed for J. Tonson, J. Brown, and O. Lloyd
  • TURNER, H., & Lopez M. A. (Eds.). (2003). The Cambridge Companion to the Spanish Novel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • WALKER, W. (1985). Dialectics And Passive Resistance : The Comic Antihero In Modern Fiction. Berne: Peter Lang Publication.
  • WETHERBEE, W. (1989). Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Murat Kadiroğlu This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 52 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kadiroğlu, M. (2012). A Genealogy of Antihero. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 52(2), 1-18.

Ankara University Journal of the Faculty of Languages and History-Geography

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