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Varlık Mâhiyet Öz ’den Önce mi Gelir? Varoluşçuluk ve İbn Sînâ

Year 2014, Volume: 54 Issue: 1, 41 - 60, 01.01.2014

Abstract

Varoluşçuluk, varlığın mı özden önce yoksa özün mü varlıktan önce geldiği tartışmasının merkezinde bir akım olarak felsefenin önemli konularından biridir. Sartre, insan özgürlüğü önündeki engelleri/sınırları kaldırmak gayesiyle varoluşun özden önce geldiğini savunmaktadır. Varoluş özden önce gelince, insan özünü kendisi yaratacak ve böylece eylemlerinden sorumlu olacaktır. Bu düşüncede Tanrı’nın varlığına ihtiyaç yoktur. İbn Sînâ’ya göre özün mâhiyet kaynağı bütünüyle zorunlu varlık olan Tanrı’nın kendisidir. Bu nedenle insan, mâhiyetinin kaynağı değildir. Dolayısıyla sınırsız bir özgürlük anlayışından söz edilemez. Ona göre âlemin fizik ve psikolojik zorunluluğu, metafizik zorunluluğunun bir neticesidir; çünkü Tanrı, zorunluluğu kendisinde olan varlıktır. Bu makalede İbn Sînâ’ya göre, insanın ‘ben’inin bir başlangıç noktası olarak alınıp alınamayacağı, ‘Varlık’ın mâhiyeti, kavranması, bilinmesi ve onun hakkında şüpheye düşülüp düşülemeyeceği gibi sorulara cevaplar aranmaktadır. Ayrıca felsefede Sartre ile özdeşleşen ‘varlık,’ ‘öz,’ ‘mâhiyet’ ve ‘irade’ gibi kavramlar etrafında odaklanan ‘Varoluşçuluk’un ondan çok önce bu kavramların İbn Sînâ tarafından nasıl açıklandığı ve temellendirildiği noktasından, ‘Varoluşçuluk’ ve İbn Sînâ arasında bir bağlantı kurmanın imkânı üzerinde durulmaktadır. Varoluşçuluk’un ‘bilinç’ kavramı ile İbn Sînâ’nın ‘uçan adam’ kavramı arasında bir karşılaştırrma yapılabilir mi? Ayrıca İbn Sînâ’da varlık ve mâhiyet arasındaki ilişki ile Descartes ve sonrası filozoflar tarafından ortaya konan görüşler arasında ayrım ve paralel noktalar bakımından bir değerlendirme yapmak makalenin hedefleri arasındadır.

References

  • ALFĀRĀBĪ. ad-Da’āwa al- Qalbiyyah. Hyderabad, 1349.
  • ALFĀRĀBĪ. al-Siyāsah al-Madaniyah. Hyderabad, 1346.
  • ALFĀRĀBĪ. Fī Ithbāt al-Mufāriqat. Hyderabad, 1926.
  • ALFĀRĀBĪ. K. al-Hurūf. Ed: Muhsin Mahdī. Beirut, 1969.
  • ALFĀRĀBĪ. “‘Uyun al-Masā’il.” in al-Majmū’. Cairo, 1907.
  • ARISTOTLE. “Metaphysics.” in The Complete Works Of Aristotle. Ed: Jonathan Barnes, V: 2, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984. pp. 1552-1729.
  • ARISTOTLE. “Posterior Analytics.” in The Complete Works of Aristotle. Ed: Jonathan Barnes, V: 1, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984. pp. 114- 167.
  • ATAY, Hüseyin. İbn Sînâ’da Varlık Nazariyesi. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 2001.
  • AY, Mahmut. Sadruşşerî’a’da Varlık (Existence in Sadr al-Sarī’ah). Ankara: İlahiyat, 2006.
  • AVICENNA. The Metaphysics of The Healing. A paralel English-Arabic text translated, introduced, and annotated by Michael E. Marmura. Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2005.
  • BURREL, David B. “Essence and Existence: Avicenna and Greek Philosophy.” Melanges. V. 17, Beirut: 1986.
  • DAVIDSON, Herbert A. “Avicennas’s Proof of the Existence of God as a Necessarily Existent Being.” Islamic Philosophical Theology. Ed: Parviz Morewedge, New York: 1979.
  • FOLQUIE, Paul. Varoluşçuluk (Existentialism). Turkish Trans: Yakup Şahan, İstanbul: 1991.
  • FYNSK, Christopher. Heidegger Thought and Historicity. Cornell: 1986.
  • GILSON, Etienne. Tanrı ve Felsefe. Turkish Trans. Mehmet Aydın. İzmir: Birleşik, 1986.
  • GOODMAN, Lenn E. Avicenna. New York: Cornell University Press, 2006.
  • HEIDEGGER, Martin. Existence and Being. (Introduction and analysis by Werner Brock), Chicago: 1968.
  • IBN RUSHD. Tahāfut at-tahāfut. Ed. Bouyges, Beirut: 1930.
  • -- Talkhīs Ma Ba’d at-Tabī’a. Ed: Osman Emin, Cairo: 1950.
  • IBN SĪNĀ. al-Ishārāt wa-t-Tanbīhāt. Turkish Trans: Muhittin Macit-Ali Durusoy- Ekrem Demirli, İstanbul: Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü, 2011.
  • IBN SĪNĀ. Kitāb ash-Shifā’/Ilāhiyyat(Metafizik I). Turkish Trans: Ekrem Demirli- Ömer Türker, İstanbul: Litera, 2004.
  • IBN SĪNĀ. at-Ta‘līqāt. Ed: Abdurrahman Badawī. Cairo: 1947.
  • JASPERS, Karl. The Perennial Scope of Philosophy. Trans: Ralp Manheim, New York: 1949.
  • KAUFMANN, Walter. Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre. New York: Meridian Books, 1956.
  • KIERKEGAARD, S. Fear and Trembling. Trans: Alastair Hanay, London: 1985.
  • KUTLUER, İlhan. İbn Sînâ Ontolojisinde Zorunlu Varlık, İstanbul: İz, 2002.
  • MARCEL, Gabriel. The Philosophy of Existentialism. Trans: Manya Harari, New York: 1968.
  • MARMURA, Michael E. “Quiddity and Universality.” Neoplatonism and Islamic Thought. Ed: Parviz Morewedge, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992. (pp. 77-88).
  • McGINNIS, Jon. Avicenna. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • MOLINA, Fernando. Existentialism as Philosophy. Prentice-Hall, 1962.
  • PLATO. “Republic.” in Plato Complete Works. Ed: John M. Cooper, D. S. Hutchinson, İndianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1997. (pp. 971-1224).
  • SALLIS, John. “Where Does Being and Time Begin?” Deliminations: Phenomenology and the End of Metaphysics, Ed: John Sallis, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, Burlington, 2006.
  • SARTRE, J.P. Being and Nothingness (A phenomenological Essay on Ontology). Trans: Hazel E. Barnes, New York: Washington Square Press, 1956.
  • SARTRE, J.P. Existentialism and Human Emotions. New York: 1957.
  • SHEHADI, Fadlou. Metaphysics in Islamic Philosophy. Caravan: 1982.
  • SOLOMON, Robert. Existentialism. New York: 1974.
  • TUGENDHAT. “Heidegger’s idea of truth.” Critical Heidegger. Ed: Christopher Macann, Routledge, 1996.
  • ÜLKEN, H. Ziya. Varlık ve Oluş (Existence and Being). Ankara: 1968.
  • WISNOWSKY, Robert. Avicenna’s Metaphysics in Context. İthaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.
  • --- “Towards A History of Avicenna’s Distinction Between Immanent And Transcendent Causes.” Before And After Avicenna. Ed: David C. Reisman, Brill, Leiden, Boston: 2003, (p. 49-68).

Does Existence Precede Essence? Existentialism And Avicenna

Year 2014, Volume: 54 Issue: 1, 41 - 60, 01.01.2014

Abstract

Existentialism is one of the important matters of philosophy as a current in the centre of discussion as to whether existence precedes essence or essence precedes existence. In order to remove the obstacles in front of human freedom, Sartre argues that existence precedes essence. If existence precedes essence, man himself, will create his essence, and thus will be responsible for his actions. In this way of thinking, there is no necessity for the existence of God. According to Avicenna, the source of essence māhiyya is God himself as a necessary being. Therefore, man is not the source of his own existence, thus it is impossible to argue a concept of unlimited freedom. According to him, the physical and psychological necessity of universe is a result of metaphysical necessity, since God is the necessary being. In this article, the questions whether ‘the I’ of man can be regarded, according to Avicenna, as a starting point and whether one can doubt about the nature of existence, its perception, its knowledge, about it are sought to answer. Besides, the possibility of making a connection between ‘existentialism’ that has been identified in philosophy with Sartre, which focuses on such concepts as ‘existence,’ ‘essence’ and ‘will’ and Avicenna, on basis of the fact that how Avicenna explained and grounded these terms much earlier than existentialism. Is it possible to make a comparison between ‘the conscience’ of existentialism and ‘flying man’ of Avicenna? It is also aimed in this article to make an assessment if there are distinctive and parallel points in the relationship established by Avicenna between existence and essence and the views put by Descartes and philosophers after him.

References

  • ALFĀRĀBĪ. ad-Da’āwa al- Qalbiyyah. Hyderabad, 1349.
  • ALFĀRĀBĪ. al-Siyāsah al-Madaniyah. Hyderabad, 1346.
  • ALFĀRĀBĪ. Fī Ithbāt al-Mufāriqat. Hyderabad, 1926.
  • ALFĀRĀBĪ. K. al-Hurūf. Ed: Muhsin Mahdī. Beirut, 1969.
  • ALFĀRĀBĪ. “‘Uyun al-Masā’il.” in al-Majmū’. Cairo, 1907.
  • ARISTOTLE. “Metaphysics.” in The Complete Works Of Aristotle. Ed: Jonathan Barnes, V: 2, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984. pp. 1552-1729.
  • ARISTOTLE. “Posterior Analytics.” in The Complete Works of Aristotle. Ed: Jonathan Barnes, V: 1, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984. pp. 114- 167.
  • ATAY, Hüseyin. İbn Sînâ’da Varlık Nazariyesi. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 2001.
  • AY, Mahmut. Sadruşşerî’a’da Varlık (Existence in Sadr al-Sarī’ah). Ankara: İlahiyat, 2006.
  • AVICENNA. The Metaphysics of The Healing. A paralel English-Arabic text translated, introduced, and annotated by Michael E. Marmura. Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2005.
  • BURREL, David B. “Essence and Existence: Avicenna and Greek Philosophy.” Melanges. V. 17, Beirut: 1986.
  • DAVIDSON, Herbert A. “Avicennas’s Proof of the Existence of God as a Necessarily Existent Being.” Islamic Philosophical Theology. Ed: Parviz Morewedge, New York: 1979.
  • FOLQUIE, Paul. Varoluşçuluk (Existentialism). Turkish Trans: Yakup Şahan, İstanbul: 1991.
  • FYNSK, Christopher. Heidegger Thought and Historicity. Cornell: 1986.
  • GILSON, Etienne. Tanrı ve Felsefe. Turkish Trans. Mehmet Aydın. İzmir: Birleşik, 1986.
  • GOODMAN, Lenn E. Avicenna. New York: Cornell University Press, 2006.
  • HEIDEGGER, Martin. Existence and Being. (Introduction and analysis by Werner Brock), Chicago: 1968.
  • IBN RUSHD. Tahāfut at-tahāfut. Ed. Bouyges, Beirut: 1930.
  • -- Talkhīs Ma Ba’d at-Tabī’a. Ed: Osman Emin, Cairo: 1950.
  • IBN SĪNĀ. al-Ishārāt wa-t-Tanbīhāt. Turkish Trans: Muhittin Macit-Ali Durusoy- Ekrem Demirli, İstanbul: Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü, 2011.
  • IBN SĪNĀ. Kitāb ash-Shifā’/Ilāhiyyat(Metafizik I). Turkish Trans: Ekrem Demirli- Ömer Türker, İstanbul: Litera, 2004.
  • IBN SĪNĀ. at-Ta‘līqāt. Ed: Abdurrahman Badawī. Cairo: 1947.
  • JASPERS, Karl. The Perennial Scope of Philosophy. Trans: Ralp Manheim, New York: 1949.
  • KAUFMANN, Walter. Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre. New York: Meridian Books, 1956.
  • KIERKEGAARD, S. Fear and Trembling. Trans: Alastair Hanay, London: 1985.
  • KUTLUER, İlhan. İbn Sînâ Ontolojisinde Zorunlu Varlık, İstanbul: İz, 2002.
  • MARCEL, Gabriel. The Philosophy of Existentialism. Trans: Manya Harari, New York: 1968.
  • MARMURA, Michael E. “Quiddity and Universality.” Neoplatonism and Islamic Thought. Ed: Parviz Morewedge, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992. (pp. 77-88).
  • McGINNIS, Jon. Avicenna. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • MOLINA, Fernando. Existentialism as Philosophy. Prentice-Hall, 1962.
  • PLATO. “Republic.” in Plato Complete Works. Ed: John M. Cooper, D. S. Hutchinson, İndianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1997. (pp. 971-1224).
  • SALLIS, John. “Where Does Being and Time Begin?” Deliminations: Phenomenology and the End of Metaphysics, Ed: John Sallis, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, Burlington, 2006.
  • SARTRE, J.P. Being and Nothingness (A phenomenological Essay on Ontology). Trans: Hazel E. Barnes, New York: Washington Square Press, 1956.
  • SARTRE, J.P. Existentialism and Human Emotions. New York: 1957.
  • SHEHADI, Fadlou. Metaphysics in Islamic Philosophy. Caravan: 1982.
  • SOLOMON, Robert. Existentialism. New York: 1974.
  • TUGENDHAT. “Heidegger’s idea of truth.” Critical Heidegger. Ed: Christopher Macann, Routledge, 1996.
  • ÜLKEN, H. Ziya. Varlık ve Oluş (Existence and Being). Ankara: 1968.
  • WISNOWSKY, Robert. Avicenna’s Metaphysics in Context. İthaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.
  • --- “Towards A History of Avicenna’s Distinction Between Immanent And Transcendent Causes.” Before And After Avicenna. Ed: David C. Reisman, Brill, Leiden, Boston: 2003, (p. 49-68).
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Eyüp Şahin This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 54 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Şahin, E. (2014). Does Existence Precede Essence? Existentialism And Avicenna. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 54(1), 41-60.

Ankara University Journal of the Faculty of Languages and History-Geography

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