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HİNDUİZM’E GÖRE TANRI VİŞNU’NUN YERYÜZÜNDE BEDENLENMESİNİN AVATARA/HULÛL TEMEL NEDENLERİ

Year 2015, Volume: 55 Issue: 1, 141 - 160, 01.01.2015

Abstract

Tanrı’nın yeryüzüne inmesi ve çeşitli varlık formlarına bürünmesi inancı, animistik dinlerden eski İran ve Hint dinlerine kadar geniş bir inanç kuşağında görü- lür. Bu inancın ciddi manada önem kazandığı dinlerin başında ise Hinduizm gelir. Hinduizm’de tanrının bedenlenmesi avatara inancı, tanrı Vişnu’nun dini/ahlaki bozulmalar başladığı anda yeryüzüne inişini ve gerekli müdahaleleri yaparak evrendeki düzeni dharma yeniden tesis edişini ifade eder. Avatara inancına göre o, kötülüğün ve adaletsizliğin arttığı, dini yozlaşmanın en üst düzeye ulaştığı ahir zamanda tekrar bedenlenecek ve insanlığı bu felaketten kurtarıp Hindu inancını yeniden canlandıracaktır. Tanrı’nın yeryüzünde beden alarak gerçekleştirdi- ği/gerçekleştireceği bu tür icraatlar, Hindu dininin asırlardır ayakta kalmasını sağladığı gibi avatara doktrininin Hindular nezdinde önemli bir inanç olarak yer edinmesine de imkân tanımıştır. Dolayısıyla bu makalede Hindu kutsal metinlerinden hareketle avatara doktrinin ortaya çıkış süreci ve Tanrı’nın farklı varlık formlarında beden almasının temel nedenleri incelenmiştir. Bu şekilde bedenlenme doktrininin Hinduizm açısından taşıdığı değer çeşitli yönleriyle tartışılmıştır.

References

  • ABTAY, Shivram V. Sanskrit Hindi Şabdakoş. Aşok Prakaşan, 2007.
  • ALAIN, Danielou. Hindu Polytheism. London: 1964.
  • AURBINDO, Sri. Essays on the Gita. 9. Baskı. Pondicherry: Sri Aurobindo Ash- ram, 1997.
  • BASENT, Annie. Avataras. Vasanta Press, 1900.
  • BASENT, Annie & Bhagavan Das. Sanatana Dharma. Chennai: Vasanta Press, 1940.
  • Bhagavadgita, ed. and trans. S. Radhakrishnan, London: 1949.
  • Bhagavata Purana, trans. Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare, Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology, vols. 7-11, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1976-1978.
  • BHANDARKAR, R. G. Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems. Varana- si: Indological Book House, t.y.
  • Brahma Purana, Gurumandal Series No. XI, vols. I and II, Calcutta: 1954.
  • CAN, Derya. Vishnu Purana’da Efsaneler. (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi) Ankara: 2000.
  • CHANDA, P. R. The Indo-Aryan Races. Rajshahi, 1916.
  • COUTURE, Andre. “From Visnu’s Deeds to Visnu’s Play or Observation on the Word Avatara as a Designation for the Manifestations of Visnu.” Journal of Indian Philosophy 29 (2001): 313–26.
  • CREEL, Austin B. “Dharma as an Ethical Category Relition to Freedom and Res- ponsibility.” Journal of Philosophy East and West (JPEW) 22. 2 (1972): 155- 60.
  • DANIAL, P. Sheridan. The Advaitic Theism of The Bhagavata. Delhi: Purana Moti- lal Banarsidass, 1986.
  • EL BİRUNÎ, Ebu Reyhan. Alberuni’s India: an account of the religion, philosophy, literature, chronology, astronomy, customs, laws and astrology of India about A.D. 1030, ed. and trans. Edward Sachau, London: 1887.
  • GANGADHAR, D. A. “Dharma and Human Life.” Research Journal Faculty of Arts, Benares: Benares Hindu University, t.y.
  • Garuda Purana, Bombay: Sri Venkatesvara Press, 1963.
  • GONDA, Jan. Aspects of Early Vişnuism. Delhi: 1969.
  • GONDA, Jan. “Visnu”. The Encyclopedia of Religion (ER), ed. Mircea Eliade. Newyork: Macmillan Publishing Company. 15. Cilt. 1986.
  • Harivamşah, ed. Parashuram Lakshman Vaidya, Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Rese- arch Institute, 1969-1971.
  • HAZRA, R. C. Studies in the Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs. Dacca: 1940.
  • HUTTON, J. H. Caste in India: Its Nature, Function and Origins. Bombay: 1963.
  • JACOB, G. A. Concordance to the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavadgita. 1963.
  • JAISVAL, Suvira. The Origin and Development of Vaisnavism. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Oriental Publishers, 1967.
  • KALE, M. R., ed. Raghuvamsa: with the Commentary (the Sancivim) of Mallinatha. Bombay: Gopal Narayen, 1952.
  • KANE, Pandurang Vaman. History of Dharmaşastra (Ancient and Medieval Religi- ous and Civil Law in India). Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (BORI), 1930-1962.
  • KATRE, S. L. “Avataras of God.” Allahabad University Studies 10 (1934): 37-130.
  • KINSLEY, David R. The Divine Player - A Study of Krşna Lila-. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1979.
  • KOSAMBI, D. D. “Social and Economic Aspect of Bhagavadgita.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 4 (1961): 198-224.
  • KUTLUTÜRK, Cemil. “Hindu Dini Düşüncesinde Rama Avatarasının Örnekliği.” Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 55. 1 (2014): 17-33.
  • KUTLUTÜRK, Cemil. Hinduizm’de Avatara İnancı. (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi) Ankara: 2014.
  • LARSON, G. James.“The Trimurti of Dharma in Indian Thought: Paradox or Cont- radiction?” Journal of Philosophy East and West (JPEW) 22. 2 (1972): 145- 153.
  • MAGHAD, K. N. Prasad. Şri Vişnu Aur Unke Avatara. Delhi: Vani Prakaşan, 2001.
  • Mahabharata, ed. Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar, Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Rese- arch Institute, 1933-1966.
  • MAJUMDAR, R. C. Vedic Age. Bombay: 1965.
  • MANI, Vettam. Puranic Encyclopedia. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1975.
  • Matsya Purana, trans. Rampratap Tripathi Shastri, Poona: H. Sahitya Sammelan Prayag, 2003.
  • MINOR, Robert N. Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita. Bryant: 2007.
  • OLIVELLE, Patrick, ed. Dharma in its Semantic, Cultural and Religious History. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2009.
  • OLIVELLE Patrick, trans. Manu’s Code of Law A Critical Edition and Translation of the Manava-Dharmasastra. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • PARRINDER, Geoffrey. Avatar and Incarnation The Divine in Human Form in the World’s Religions. Oneworld Publications, 1970.
  • PAVITRANAND, Svami. Dharma Kyo. Kalkuta: Prakşan Vibhag, 1984.
  • PRADHAN, S. N. Chronology of Ancient India. Calcutta: 1927.
  • RADHAKRISHNAN, S. The Bhagavadgita. Bombay: 1971.
  • RAYCHAUDHURI, Hemchandra C. Materials for the Study of the Early History of the Vaisnava Sect. Calcutta: 1920.
  • RAYCHAUDHURI, Hemchandra C. Political History of Ancient India. Calcutta: 1953.
  • Rigveda, trans. H.H. Wilson, Poona: 1925.
  • ROY, Janmajit. Theory of Avatara and Divinity of Chaitanya. Delhi: Atlantic Pub- lishers and Distributors, 2002.
  • SADANANDAM, C. The Doctrine of Avatara. Delhi: New Bharitaya Book Corpo- ration, 2002.
  • SAMPURNANANDA D. Hindu Deva Parivar ka Vikas. Allahabad: Maya Press, 1964.
  • SARASVAT, S. Swarup. The Philosophy of the Ethical Religion of the Vishnu Pu- rana. Varanasi: New Bharat Press, 1989.
  • SHARMA, R.S. Sudras in Ancient India. Delih: Motilal Banarsidass, 1958.
  • SHARMA, Arvind. “On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva,” Numen 49.1 (2002): 1-36.
  • SUTRA, Kumari. Hindu Dharma mai Karma our Sannyasa. Varanasi: Kaşi Hindu Vişvaviddyalaya, 1980.
  • Valmiki Ramayaṇa, Critical Edition, eds. U. P. Shah and G. H. Bhatt, Baroda: Ori- ental Institute, 1960-1975.
  • VASUDEVA, Somadeva, ed. Kşemendra, Bhallata and Linakantha, Three Satires. New York University Press, 2005.
  • Vishnu Puranam, trans. M. Nath Dutt, Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Offi- ce, 1972.
  • WALLIS, H. W. Cosmology of the Rigveda. Edinburg: 1987.
  • WEBER, A. The History of Indian Literature. London: 1914.
  • WILKINS, W. J. Hindu Mythology. New Delhi: 1986.
  • WILLIAMS, M. Monier. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Varanasi: Indica Books, 2008.
  • YİTİK, Ali İhsan. “Hinduizm’de Din ve Din Anlayışı: Dharma Kavramı”, Dinler Tarihi Araştırmaları II, Ankara: Dinler Tarihi Derneği, 2000.
  • YİTİK, Ali İhsan. Hint Dinleri. İzmir: İzmir İlahiyat Vakfı, 2005.
  • ZAEHNER, R. C. Hinduism. London: 1962.

Basic Reasons of Incarnation of God Vishnu Avatara/Hulul in Hinduism

Year 2015, Volume: 55 Issue: 1, 141 - 160, 01.01.2015

Abstract

Basic Reasons of Incarnation of God Vishnu Avatara/Hulul in Hinduism The doctrine of incarnation of God can be found in a wide belt of faith such as animistic, Indian and Old Iranian religions. This doctrine, especially, come into prominence in Hinduism in which the doctrine of incarnation of God avatara indicates the Vishnu’s descending on earth for the protection of the good and for the destruction of evil, and for the re-establishment of cosmic order dharma . At the end of the world, in which righteousness will wane and unrighteousness will increase, according to avatara doctrine, Vishnu will come again as a Kalki avatara for saving pious individuals and rejuvenate of Hindu beliefs. These kinds of missions of avatara enable Hindu religion to survive for centuries and provide the avatara doctrine as a significant belief in the eyes of Hindus. This article deals with the process of appearance of avatara doctrine and main reasons of incarnation of god Vishnu in different forms with reference to Hindu sacred texts. This study, in this way, discusses the value of avatara doctrine in the sense of Hinduism.

References

  • ABTAY, Shivram V. Sanskrit Hindi Şabdakoş. Aşok Prakaşan, 2007.
  • ALAIN, Danielou. Hindu Polytheism. London: 1964.
  • AURBINDO, Sri. Essays on the Gita. 9. Baskı. Pondicherry: Sri Aurobindo Ash- ram, 1997.
  • BASENT, Annie. Avataras. Vasanta Press, 1900.
  • BASENT, Annie & Bhagavan Das. Sanatana Dharma. Chennai: Vasanta Press, 1940.
  • Bhagavadgita, ed. and trans. S. Radhakrishnan, London: 1949.
  • Bhagavata Purana, trans. Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare, Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology, vols. 7-11, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1976-1978.
  • BHANDARKAR, R. G. Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems. Varana- si: Indological Book House, t.y.
  • Brahma Purana, Gurumandal Series No. XI, vols. I and II, Calcutta: 1954.
  • CAN, Derya. Vishnu Purana’da Efsaneler. (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi) Ankara: 2000.
  • CHANDA, P. R. The Indo-Aryan Races. Rajshahi, 1916.
  • COUTURE, Andre. “From Visnu’s Deeds to Visnu’s Play or Observation on the Word Avatara as a Designation for the Manifestations of Visnu.” Journal of Indian Philosophy 29 (2001): 313–26.
  • CREEL, Austin B. “Dharma as an Ethical Category Relition to Freedom and Res- ponsibility.” Journal of Philosophy East and West (JPEW) 22. 2 (1972): 155- 60.
  • DANIAL, P. Sheridan. The Advaitic Theism of The Bhagavata. Delhi: Purana Moti- lal Banarsidass, 1986.
  • EL BİRUNÎ, Ebu Reyhan. Alberuni’s India: an account of the religion, philosophy, literature, chronology, astronomy, customs, laws and astrology of India about A.D. 1030, ed. and trans. Edward Sachau, London: 1887.
  • GANGADHAR, D. A. “Dharma and Human Life.” Research Journal Faculty of Arts, Benares: Benares Hindu University, t.y.
  • Garuda Purana, Bombay: Sri Venkatesvara Press, 1963.
  • GONDA, Jan. Aspects of Early Vişnuism. Delhi: 1969.
  • GONDA, Jan. “Visnu”. The Encyclopedia of Religion (ER), ed. Mircea Eliade. Newyork: Macmillan Publishing Company. 15. Cilt. 1986.
  • Harivamşah, ed. Parashuram Lakshman Vaidya, Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Rese- arch Institute, 1969-1971.
  • HAZRA, R. C. Studies in the Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs. Dacca: 1940.
  • HUTTON, J. H. Caste in India: Its Nature, Function and Origins. Bombay: 1963.
  • JACOB, G. A. Concordance to the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavadgita. 1963.
  • JAISVAL, Suvira. The Origin and Development of Vaisnavism. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Oriental Publishers, 1967.
  • KALE, M. R., ed. Raghuvamsa: with the Commentary (the Sancivim) of Mallinatha. Bombay: Gopal Narayen, 1952.
  • KANE, Pandurang Vaman. History of Dharmaşastra (Ancient and Medieval Religi- ous and Civil Law in India). Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (BORI), 1930-1962.
  • KATRE, S. L. “Avataras of God.” Allahabad University Studies 10 (1934): 37-130.
  • KINSLEY, David R. The Divine Player - A Study of Krşna Lila-. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1979.
  • KOSAMBI, D. D. “Social and Economic Aspect of Bhagavadgita.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 4 (1961): 198-224.
  • KUTLUTÜRK, Cemil. “Hindu Dini Düşüncesinde Rama Avatarasının Örnekliği.” Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 55. 1 (2014): 17-33.
  • KUTLUTÜRK, Cemil. Hinduizm’de Avatara İnancı. (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi) Ankara: 2014.
  • LARSON, G. James.“The Trimurti of Dharma in Indian Thought: Paradox or Cont- radiction?” Journal of Philosophy East and West (JPEW) 22. 2 (1972): 145- 153.
  • MAGHAD, K. N. Prasad. Şri Vişnu Aur Unke Avatara. Delhi: Vani Prakaşan, 2001.
  • Mahabharata, ed. Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar, Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Rese- arch Institute, 1933-1966.
  • MAJUMDAR, R. C. Vedic Age. Bombay: 1965.
  • MANI, Vettam. Puranic Encyclopedia. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1975.
  • Matsya Purana, trans. Rampratap Tripathi Shastri, Poona: H. Sahitya Sammelan Prayag, 2003.
  • MINOR, Robert N. Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita. Bryant: 2007.
  • OLIVELLE, Patrick, ed. Dharma in its Semantic, Cultural and Religious History. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2009.
  • OLIVELLE Patrick, trans. Manu’s Code of Law A Critical Edition and Translation of the Manava-Dharmasastra. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • PARRINDER, Geoffrey. Avatar and Incarnation The Divine in Human Form in the World’s Religions. Oneworld Publications, 1970.
  • PAVITRANAND, Svami. Dharma Kyo. Kalkuta: Prakşan Vibhag, 1984.
  • PRADHAN, S. N. Chronology of Ancient India. Calcutta: 1927.
  • RADHAKRISHNAN, S. The Bhagavadgita. Bombay: 1971.
  • RAYCHAUDHURI, Hemchandra C. Materials for the Study of the Early History of the Vaisnava Sect. Calcutta: 1920.
  • RAYCHAUDHURI, Hemchandra C. Political History of Ancient India. Calcutta: 1953.
  • Rigveda, trans. H.H. Wilson, Poona: 1925.
  • ROY, Janmajit. Theory of Avatara and Divinity of Chaitanya. Delhi: Atlantic Pub- lishers and Distributors, 2002.
  • SADANANDAM, C. The Doctrine of Avatara. Delhi: New Bharitaya Book Corpo- ration, 2002.
  • SAMPURNANANDA D. Hindu Deva Parivar ka Vikas. Allahabad: Maya Press, 1964.
  • SARASVAT, S. Swarup. The Philosophy of the Ethical Religion of the Vishnu Pu- rana. Varanasi: New Bharat Press, 1989.
  • SHARMA, R.S. Sudras in Ancient India. Delih: Motilal Banarsidass, 1958.
  • SHARMA, Arvind. “On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva,” Numen 49.1 (2002): 1-36.
  • SUTRA, Kumari. Hindu Dharma mai Karma our Sannyasa. Varanasi: Kaşi Hindu Vişvaviddyalaya, 1980.
  • Valmiki Ramayaṇa, Critical Edition, eds. U. P. Shah and G. H. Bhatt, Baroda: Ori- ental Institute, 1960-1975.
  • VASUDEVA, Somadeva, ed. Kşemendra, Bhallata and Linakantha, Three Satires. New York University Press, 2005.
  • Vishnu Puranam, trans. M. Nath Dutt, Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Offi- ce, 1972.
  • WALLIS, H. W. Cosmology of the Rigveda. Edinburg: 1987.
  • WEBER, A. The History of Indian Literature. London: 1914.
  • WILKINS, W. J. Hindu Mythology. New Delhi: 1986.
  • WILLIAMS, M. Monier. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Varanasi: Indica Books, 2008.
  • YİTİK, Ali İhsan. “Hinduizm’de Din ve Din Anlayışı: Dharma Kavramı”, Dinler Tarihi Araştırmaları II, Ankara: Dinler Tarihi Derneği, 2000.
  • YİTİK, Ali İhsan. Hint Dinleri. İzmir: İzmir İlahiyat Vakfı, 2005.
  • ZAEHNER, R. C. Hinduism. London: 1962.
There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Cemil Kutlutürk This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 55 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kutlutürk, C. (2015). HİNDUİZM’E GÖRE TANRI VİŞNU’NUN YERYÜZÜNDE BEDENLENMESİNİN AVATARA/HULÛL TEMEL NEDENLERİ. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 55(1), 141-160.

Ankara University Journal of the Faculty of Languages and History-Geography

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