BibTex RIS Cite

LİKERT-TİPİ DÖNÜŞTÜRÜCÜ LİDERLİK ÖLÇEĞİ GELİŞTİRİLMESİ

Year 2017, Volume: 57 Issue: 2, 753 - 775, 01.01.2017

Abstract

Araştırmanın amacı, dönüştürücü liderlik özelliklerini Likert-tipi ölçek formatında ölçen, araştırmacılara ücretsiz erişim olanağı tanıyan, geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Alanyazın taramalarına ek olarak, 20 çalışan ve 10 yönetici ile yapılan mülakatları içeren bir ön çalışmada dönüştürücü ve etkileşimsel liderlik davranışlarını ifade eden 37 ölçek maddesi geliştirilmiştir. Yeni geliştirilen Dönüştürücü Liderlik Ölçeği, ana çalışmaya katılan 165 çalışan ve bu çalışanlara yöneticilik yapan 38 kişinin oluşturduğu örneklemde incelenmiş ve geçerliği gösterilmiştir. Yapı geçerliği çalışması, ölçeğin dönüştürücü ve etkileşimsel liderlik boyutlarını kapsayan iki-faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğunu ve özellikle dönüştürücü liderlik boyutunun alanyazında halihazırda kullanılmakta olan Çok-boyutlu Liderlik Ölçeği Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire ile birleşen geçerliği olduğunu göstermiştir. Eş zamanlı ölçüt-bağıntılı geçerlik çalışması; dönüştürücü liderlik boyut puanlarının çalışanların iş doyumunu, duygusal örgütsel bağlılıklarını ve işle ilgili temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar olan ilişkililik ve özerklik ihtiyaçlarını yordadığını; etkileşimsel liderlik boyut puanlarının ise bu değişkenlerin hiçbirini yordamadığını göstermiştir. Tek bir yönetici altında çalışan kişiler arasındaki grup-içi uzlaşma endeksi hem bu çalışmada geliştirilmiş olan ölçek puanları temelinde hem de Çok-boyutlu Liderlik Ölçeği puanları temelinde incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada geliştirilen ölçek, alanyazındaki ölçeğe kıyasla, çalışanların yöneticilerinde algıladıkları dönüştürücü liderlik özellikleri bakımından birbirleriyle daha çok uzlaşma içinde olduklarını göstermiştir. Yani yeni geliştirilen ölçeğin beraber çalışılan bir yöneticinin davranışlarını algılamak konusunda alanyazında halihazırda kullanılan ölçekten daha güvenilir sonuç verdiği görülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın literature temel katkısı, Türkiye'deki iş ortamlarında geliştirilen, hem başka kültürlere genellenebilir olan hem de değerli bulunan kültüre-özgü liderlik davranışlarını içeren ve araştırmacılara ücretsiz erişim sağlayan Dönüştürücü Liderlik Ölçeği'nin kendisidir. Amacımız, Türkiye ve çeşitli kültürel iş ortamlarında Dönüştürücü Liderlik Ölçeği'nin daha geniş kapsamlı geçerliğini ve uygulanabilirliğini çalışmak üzere diğer araştırmacıları teşvik etmektir.

References

  • Allen, Natalie J., and John P. Meyer. “The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization.” Journal of Occupational Psychology 63 (1990): 1-18.
  • Avolio, Bruce J., Bernard M Bass, and Dong I. Jung. “Re-examining the Components of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 72 (1999): 441-462.
  • Aydoğdu, Sinem, and Barış Aşıkgil. “The Effect of Transformational Leadership Behavior on Organizational Culture: An Application in Pharmaceutical Industry.” International Review of Management and Marketing 1. 4 (2011): 65- 73.
  • Bass, Bernard M. “From Transactional to Transformational Leadership: Learning to Share the Vision.” Organizational Dynamics 18. 3 (1990): 19-31.
  • Bass, Bernard M., and Bruce J. Avolio. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Form 5X). Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden, Inc, 2004.
  • Bass, Bernard M., et al. “Predicting Unit Performance by Assessing Transformational and Transactional Leadership.” Journal of Applied Psychology 88. 2 (2003): 207-218.
  • Baycan, Aslı. An analysis of several aspects of job satisfaction between different occupational groups. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, 1985.
  • Carless, Sally A. “Assessing the Discriminant Validity of Transformational Leader Behavior as Measured by the MLQ.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 71. 4 (1998): 353-358.
  • Catano, Victor M., Morgan Pond, and E. Kevin Kellowa. “Exploring Commitment and Leadership in Volunteer Organizations.” Leadership and Organization Development Journal 22. 5, 6 (2001): 256-263.
  • Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan. “The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-determination of Behavior.” Psychological Inquiry 11, (2000): 319-338.
  • Den Hartog, Deanne N., Jaap J. Van Muijen, and Paul L. Koopman. “Transactional versus Transformational Leadership: An analysis of the MLQ.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 70 (1997): 19-34.
  • Ergin, Canan, and M. Kamil Kozan. “Subordinates’ Basic Values and the Appeal of Transformational and Transactional Leaders in Turkey.” Turkish Journal of Psychology 19. 54 (2004): 53-57.
  • Fikret-Paşa, Selda, Hayat Kabasakal, and Muzaffer Bodur. “Society, Organizations, and Leadership in Turkey.” Applied Psychology: An International Review 50 4 (2001): 559-589.
  • Fleishman, Edwin A. “The Measurement of Leadership Attitudes in Industry.” Journal of Applied Psychology 37 3 (1953): 153-158.
  • Fry, Louis W. “Toward a Theory of Spiritual Leadership.” The Leadership Quarterly 14 (2003): 693-727.
  • Gelfand, Michele J., Miriam Erez, and Zeynep Aycan. “Cross-cultural Organizational Behavior.” Annual Review of Psychology 58 (2007): 479-514.
  • George, Jennifer M., and Gareth R. Jones. Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior (6th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2012.
  • Goodwin, Vicki L., J. Lee Whittington, Brian Murray, and Tommy Nichols.
  • “Moderator or Mediator? Examining the Role of Trust in the Transformational Leadership Paradigm.” Journal of Managerial Issues 23. 4 (2011): 409-425.
  • Gümüşlüoğlu, Lale, and İlsev, Arzu. “Transformational Leadership, Creativity, and Organizational Innovation.” Journal of Business Research 62 (2009): 461-473.
  • Gümüşlüoğlu, Lale, Zahide Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, and Giles Hirst.
  • “Transformational Leadership and R and D workers’ Multiple Commitments: Do Justice and Span of Control Matter?.” Journal of Business Research 6. 11 (2013): 2269-2278.
  • Hater, John J., and Bernard M. Bass. “Superiors’ Evaluations and Subordinates’ Perceptions of Transformational and Transactional Leadership.” Journal of Applied Psychology 73 (1988): 695-702.
  • Hofstede, Geert. “The Hofstede Centre.” Web. 05 August 2014.
  • James, Lawrence R. “Aggregation Bias in Estimates of Perceptual Agreement.” Journal of Applied Psychology 67 (1982): 219-229.
  • Jung, Dong I., and Bruce J. Avolio. “Opening the Black Box: An Experimental Investigation of the Mediating Effects of Trust and Value Congruence on Transformational and Transactional Leadership.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 21. 8 (2000): 949-964.
  • Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Zahide, and Lale Gümüşlüoğlu. “A re-conceptualization of Transformational Leadership in the Turkish Context.” Turkish Journal of Psychology 28. 72 (2013): 125-129.
  • Kovjanic, Snjezana, et al. “How Do Transformational Leaders Foster Employee Outcomes? A Self-Determination-Based Analysis of Employees’ Needs as Mediating Links.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 33 (2012): 1031-1052.
  • Obiwuru, Timothy C., et al. “Effects of Leadership Style on Organizational Performance: A Survey of Selected Small Scale Enterprises in Ikosi-Ketu Council Development Area of Lagos State, Nigeria.” Australian Journal of Business and Management Research 1. 7 (2011): 100-111.
  • O'Connor, Brian P. “SPSS and SAS Programs for Determining the Number of Components using Parallel Analysis and Velicer's MAP Test.” Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers 32. 3 (2000): 396-402.
  • Posner, Barry Z., and James M. Kouzes. “Development and Validation of the Leadership Practices Inventory.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 48. 2 (1988): 483-496.
  • Rafferty, Alannah E., and Mark A Griffin. “Dimensions of Transformational Leadership: Conceptual and Empirical Extensions.” The Leadership Quarterly 15 (2004): 329-354.
  • Rowold, Jens. “Effects of Transactional and Transformational Leadership of Pastors.” Pastoral Psychology 56 (2008): 403-411.
  • Simic, Ivana. “Transformational Leadership: The Key to Successful Management of Transformational Organizational Changes.” The Scientific Journal Facta Universitatis Series: Economics and Organization 1. 6 (1998): 49-55.
  • Suryani, Angela O., et al. “Indonesian Leadership Styles: A Mixed-methods Approach.” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 15. 4 (2012): 290-303.
  • Tremblay, Maxime A. “Fairness Perceptions and Trust as Mediators on the Relationship Between Leadership Style, Unit Commitment, and Turnover Intentions of Canadian Forces Personnel.” Military Psychology 22 (2010): 510- 523.
  • Van den Broeck, Anja V., Maarten Vansteenkiste, Hans De Vitte, Bart Soenens, and Willie Lens. “Capturing Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness at Work: Construction and Initial Validation of the Work-Related Basic Need Satisfaction Scale.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 83: (2010): 981-1002.
  • Walumbwa, Fred O., et al. “The Role of Collective Efficacy in the Relations between Transformational Leadership and Work Outcomes.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 77 (2004): 515-530.
  • Wang, Yung-Shui, and Tung-Chun Huang. “The Relationship of Transformational Leadership with Group Cohesiveness and Emotional Intelligence.” Social Behavior and Personality 37. 3 (2009): 379-392.
  • Wasti, S. Arzu. “Örgütsel Bağlılığı Belirleyen Evrensel ve Kültürel Etmenler: Türk Kültürüne Bir Bakış. Türkiye’de Yönetim, Liderlik ve İnsan Kaynakları Uygulamaları.” Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları 21 (2000): 201-224.
  • Weiss, David J., et al. “Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire.” Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilitation, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Industrial Relations Center 22 (1967).
  • Yammarino, Francis J., Fred Dansereau, and Christina J. Kennedy. “A Multiple Level Multidimensional Approach to Leadership: Viewing Leadership Through a Elephant’s Eye”, Organizational Dynamics 29. 3 (2001): 149-163.

CONSTRUCTION OF A LIKERT-TYPE TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP SCALE

Year 2017, Volume: 57 Issue: 2, 753 - 775, 01.01.2017

Abstract

The aim of the current study1 is to develop a free-access valid Likert-type measure to assess transformational leadership. Following a preliminary study involving literature reviews and interviews with 20 employees and 10 managers, 37 items were developed to tap behaviors describing both transformational and transactional styles. The newly developed Transformational Leadership Scale TLS was validated in Turkey with a subsequent sample of 165 employees nested under 38 superiors. Construct validation indicated a two-factor structure and converging associations with the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire MLQ , especially for transformational leadership. Concurrent criterion-related validation indicated that transformational leadership predicted followers' job satisfaction, affective organizational commitment, and the satisfaction of work-related basic psychological needs of relatedness and autonomy, whereas transactional leadership did not. Within-group agreement for perceived transformational leadership was higher when assessed with the TLS as compared with the MLQ; which indicates that the newly developed scale yields more reliable follower perceptions across employees working with the same manager. The basic contribution of the study is the introduction of the free-to use TLS developed in Turkey, which includes generic and culture-specic elements of valued leadership behaviors. We would like to encourage researchers from Turkey and from more diverse cultural work contexts to further study the validity and applicability of the TLS within a broader nomological network.

References

  • Allen, Natalie J., and John P. Meyer. “The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization.” Journal of Occupational Psychology 63 (1990): 1-18.
  • Avolio, Bruce J., Bernard M Bass, and Dong I. Jung. “Re-examining the Components of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 72 (1999): 441-462.
  • Aydoğdu, Sinem, and Barış Aşıkgil. “The Effect of Transformational Leadership Behavior on Organizational Culture: An Application in Pharmaceutical Industry.” International Review of Management and Marketing 1. 4 (2011): 65- 73.
  • Bass, Bernard M. “From Transactional to Transformational Leadership: Learning to Share the Vision.” Organizational Dynamics 18. 3 (1990): 19-31.
  • Bass, Bernard M., and Bruce J. Avolio. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Form 5X). Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden, Inc, 2004.
  • Bass, Bernard M., et al. “Predicting Unit Performance by Assessing Transformational and Transactional Leadership.” Journal of Applied Psychology 88. 2 (2003): 207-218.
  • Baycan, Aslı. An analysis of several aspects of job satisfaction between different occupational groups. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, 1985.
  • Carless, Sally A. “Assessing the Discriminant Validity of Transformational Leader Behavior as Measured by the MLQ.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 71. 4 (1998): 353-358.
  • Catano, Victor M., Morgan Pond, and E. Kevin Kellowa. “Exploring Commitment and Leadership in Volunteer Organizations.” Leadership and Organization Development Journal 22. 5, 6 (2001): 256-263.
  • Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan. “The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-determination of Behavior.” Psychological Inquiry 11, (2000): 319-338.
  • Den Hartog, Deanne N., Jaap J. Van Muijen, and Paul L. Koopman. “Transactional versus Transformational Leadership: An analysis of the MLQ.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 70 (1997): 19-34.
  • Ergin, Canan, and M. Kamil Kozan. “Subordinates’ Basic Values and the Appeal of Transformational and Transactional Leaders in Turkey.” Turkish Journal of Psychology 19. 54 (2004): 53-57.
  • Fikret-Paşa, Selda, Hayat Kabasakal, and Muzaffer Bodur. “Society, Organizations, and Leadership in Turkey.” Applied Psychology: An International Review 50 4 (2001): 559-589.
  • Fleishman, Edwin A. “The Measurement of Leadership Attitudes in Industry.” Journal of Applied Psychology 37 3 (1953): 153-158.
  • Fry, Louis W. “Toward a Theory of Spiritual Leadership.” The Leadership Quarterly 14 (2003): 693-727.
  • Gelfand, Michele J., Miriam Erez, and Zeynep Aycan. “Cross-cultural Organizational Behavior.” Annual Review of Psychology 58 (2007): 479-514.
  • George, Jennifer M., and Gareth R. Jones. Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior (6th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2012.
  • Goodwin, Vicki L., J. Lee Whittington, Brian Murray, and Tommy Nichols.
  • “Moderator or Mediator? Examining the Role of Trust in the Transformational Leadership Paradigm.” Journal of Managerial Issues 23. 4 (2011): 409-425.
  • Gümüşlüoğlu, Lale, and İlsev, Arzu. “Transformational Leadership, Creativity, and Organizational Innovation.” Journal of Business Research 62 (2009): 461-473.
  • Gümüşlüoğlu, Lale, Zahide Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, and Giles Hirst.
  • “Transformational Leadership and R and D workers’ Multiple Commitments: Do Justice and Span of Control Matter?.” Journal of Business Research 6. 11 (2013): 2269-2278.
  • Hater, John J., and Bernard M. Bass. “Superiors’ Evaluations and Subordinates’ Perceptions of Transformational and Transactional Leadership.” Journal of Applied Psychology 73 (1988): 695-702.
  • Hofstede, Geert. “The Hofstede Centre.” Web. 05 August 2014.
  • James, Lawrence R. “Aggregation Bias in Estimates of Perceptual Agreement.” Journal of Applied Psychology 67 (1982): 219-229.
  • Jung, Dong I., and Bruce J. Avolio. “Opening the Black Box: An Experimental Investigation of the Mediating Effects of Trust and Value Congruence on Transformational and Transactional Leadership.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 21. 8 (2000): 949-964.
  • Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Zahide, and Lale Gümüşlüoğlu. “A re-conceptualization of Transformational Leadership in the Turkish Context.” Turkish Journal of Psychology 28. 72 (2013): 125-129.
  • Kovjanic, Snjezana, et al. “How Do Transformational Leaders Foster Employee Outcomes? A Self-Determination-Based Analysis of Employees’ Needs as Mediating Links.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 33 (2012): 1031-1052.
  • Obiwuru, Timothy C., et al. “Effects of Leadership Style on Organizational Performance: A Survey of Selected Small Scale Enterprises in Ikosi-Ketu Council Development Area of Lagos State, Nigeria.” Australian Journal of Business and Management Research 1. 7 (2011): 100-111.
  • O'Connor, Brian P. “SPSS and SAS Programs for Determining the Number of Components using Parallel Analysis and Velicer's MAP Test.” Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers 32. 3 (2000): 396-402.
  • Posner, Barry Z., and James M. Kouzes. “Development and Validation of the Leadership Practices Inventory.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 48. 2 (1988): 483-496.
  • Rafferty, Alannah E., and Mark A Griffin. “Dimensions of Transformational Leadership: Conceptual and Empirical Extensions.” The Leadership Quarterly 15 (2004): 329-354.
  • Rowold, Jens. “Effects of Transactional and Transformational Leadership of Pastors.” Pastoral Psychology 56 (2008): 403-411.
  • Simic, Ivana. “Transformational Leadership: The Key to Successful Management of Transformational Organizational Changes.” The Scientific Journal Facta Universitatis Series: Economics and Organization 1. 6 (1998): 49-55.
  • Suryani, Angela O., et al. “Indonesian Leadership Styles: A Mixed-methods Approach.” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 15. 4 (2012): 290-303.
  • Tremblay, Maxime A. “Fairness Perceptions and Trust as Mediators on the Relationship Between Leadership Style, Unit Commitment, and Turnover Intentions of Canadian Forces Personnel.” Military Psychology 22 (2010): 510- 523.
  • Van den Broeck, Anja V., Maarten Vansteenkiste, Hans De Vitte, Bart Soenens, and Willie Lens. “Capturing Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness at Work: Construction and Initial Validation of the Work-Related Basic Need Satisfaction Scale.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 83: (2010): 981-1002.
  • Walumbwa, Fred O., et al. “The Role of Collective Efficacy in the Relations between Transformational Leadership and Work Outcomes.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 77 (2004): 515-530.
  • Wang, Yung-Shui, and Tung-Chun Huang. “The Relationship of Transformational Leadership with Group Cohesiveness and Emotional Intelligence.” Social Behavior and Personality 37. 3 (2009): 379-392.
  • Wasti, S. Arzu. “Örgütsel Bağlılığı Belirleyen Evrensel ve Kültürel Etmenler: Türk Kültürüne Bir Bakış. Türkiye’de Yönetim, Liderlik ve İnsan Kaynakları Uygulamaları.” Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları 21 (2000): 201-224.
  • Weiss, David J., et al. “Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire.” Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilitation, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Industrial Relations Center 22 (1967).
  • Yammarino, Francis J., Fred Dansereau, and Christina J. Kennedy. “A Multiple Level Multidimensional Approach to Leadership: Viewing Leadership Through a Elephant’s Eye”, Organizational Dynamics 29. 3 (2001): 149-163.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Seval Dönmez This is me

Yonca Toker This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 57 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Dönmez, S., & Toker, Y. (2017). CONSTRUCTION OF A LIKERT-TYPE TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP SCALE. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 57(2), 753-775.

Ankara University Journal of the Faculty of Languages and History-Geography

This journal is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License22455