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Peri Anne Prensese Aşık: Emma Donoghue'nun Yeniden Yazılmış Masallarındaki Lezbiyen Arzu

Year 2017, Volume: 57 Issue: 1, 383 - 406, 01.01.2017

Abstract

Önceleri sözlü edebiyata dâhil olup daha sonra yazılı edebiyatın parçası haline gelen masallar zaman içerisinde hem biçimsel hem de içeriksel değişimler geçirmişlerdir. Geçirdiği değişimlerle de kültürel aktarımda büyük rol oynayan bu tür her zaman gelişerek zamanına adapte olabilmiştir. Özellikle klasik Avrupa masalları ulusların kültürel, sosyal ve toplumsal cinsiyet özelliklerini yansıtan başlıca türlerden biri olmuştur. Mevcut ataerkil söylemden ötürü masallardaki kadın karakterler, kahraman olmalarına rağmen, erkek karakterlere göre ikincil olarak temsil edilmiş, erkek yazarların ve karakterlerin cinsiyetçi tutumlarına maruz kalmışlardır. Masallardaki ayrımcı duruşun farkına varan yirminci yüzyıl feminist kadın yazarları, geleneksel metinlerin cinsiyetçi ideolojilerini sorgulamak için bu metinlere yönelmişlerdir. Lezbiyen arzu, cinsel özgürlük ve kadının sesi konularına özel ilgi gösteren yirminci yüzyıl İrlandalı kadın yazar Emma Donoghue, Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins Cadıyı Öpmek: Eski Hikayeler Yeni Bedenlerde 1997 adlı eserinde çeşitli klasik masalları yeniden yazmıştır. Özellikle “Külkedisi”'nin yeniden yazımı olan “Tale of the Shoe” Ayakkabının Hikayesi ve “Rapunzel'in” yeniden yazımı olan “Tale of the Hair” Saçın Hikayesi hikayelerinde ataerkil ideolojiyi alt üst etmek için, kadın eylemliliğini parodi yoluyla çeşitli yönlerden göz önüne sermiştir. Masalların kalıplaşmış unsurlarını değiştiren yazar eserleri postmodern parodiyle okumakla kalmayıp, sorgulanmamış konuları da gün yüzüne çıkartarak saklı cinsiyetçi ve ayrımcı tutumu da düzeltmeye çalışmıştır. Bu şekilde, Donoghue alternatif 'sonsuza kadar mutlu yaşadılar' senaryolarını hayal ederek kadın karakterlere daha barışçıl ve eşitlikçi bir son durum sunmuştur.

References

  • Aktari, Selen. Abject Representation of Female Desire in Postmodern British Female Gothic Fiction. Ph.D Diss. METU, 2010.
  • “Ann Arbor District Library: Book Club to Go Discussion Guide.” Ann Arbour District Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
  • Bettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. New York: Knopf, 1976.
  • Carter, Angela. The Bloody Chamber: And Other Stories. London: Vintage, 2006. Cashdan, Sheldon. The Witch Must Die: How Fairy Tales Shape Our Lives. New York: Basic, 1999.
  • Coppola, Maria Micaela. “The Gender of Fairies: Emma Donoghue and Angela Carter as Fairy Tale Performers.” Textus: English Studies in Italy 14 (2001): 127-142.
  • De La Rochere, Martine Hennard Dutheil. “Queering the Fairy Tale Canon: Emma Donoghue's Kissing the Witch.” Fairy Tales Reimagined: Essays on New Retellings. Ed. Susan Redington Bobby. Jefferson: McFarland, 2009. 13- 30.
  • Donoghue, Emma. Interview by Stacia Bensyl. “Swings and Roundabouts: An Interview with Emma Donoghue.” Irish Studies Review 2000: 73- 81. Taylor& Francis Online. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.
  • ---. Interview by Sarah Anne Johnson. “Interview with Emma Donoghue.” Provincetown Arts 2005. 106-112. Web. 24 Apr. 2014
  • ---. Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. Frazer, James George. The Golden Bough; a Study in Magic and Religion. New York: Macmillan, 1951.
  • Gladwin, Tammy H. Beyond Postmodernism: Reconsidering the Fairy Tale in the 21st Century. Thesis. National University, 2011. ProQuest. Web. 25 Apr. 2014.
  • Grimm, Jacob, and Wilhelm Grimm. The Complete Grimm’s Fairy Tales. London: Routledge& Kegan Paul, 1983.
  • Haase, Donald. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales. Westport: Greenwood, 2008.
  • Harries, Elizabeth Wanning. Twice upon a Time: Women Writers and the History of the Fairy Tale. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2003.
  • Hutcheon, Linda. The Politics of Postmodernism. London: Routledge, 1989.
  • Jones, Steven Swann. “The Innocent Persecuted Heroine Genre: An Analysis of Its Structure and Themes” Western Folklore 52.1. (1993): 13-41. JSTOR. Web. 10 Nov. 2013.
  • Jung, Carl Gustav. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. 10th ed. New York: Princeton UP, 1999.
  • Lane, Marcia. Picturing the Rose: A Way of Looking at Fairy Tales. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1994.
  • Lundell, Torborg. “Gender- Related Biases in the Type and Motif Indexes of Aarne and Thompson.” Fairy Tales and Society: Illusion, Allusion, and Paradigm. Ed. Ruth Bottigheimer. Philedelphia: U of Pennsylvania, 1986. 149-64.
  • Lyotard, Jean-François. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Trans. Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1984.
  • Martin, Ann. “Generational Collaborations in Emma Donoghue's Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins.” Children's Literature Association Quarterly 35.1 (2010): 4-25. ProjectMuse. Web. 6 May 2014.
  • Moloney, Caitriona, and Helen Thompson. Irish Women Writers Speak Out: Voices from the Field. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 2003. Google Books Search. Web. 3 May 2014.
  • Orme, Jennifer. “Mouth to Mouth: Queer Desires in Emma Donoghue's Kissing the Witch.” Marvels & Tales 24.1 (2010): 116-30. ProjectMuse. Web. 13 June 2012.
  • Quinn, Antoinette. “New Noises from the Woodshed: The Novels of Emma Donoghue.” Contemporary Irish Fiction: Themes, Tropes, Theories. Ed. Liam Harte and Michael Parker. London: Macmillan, 2000. 145-165.
  • Palmer, Paulina. Lesbian Gothic: Transgressive Fictions. London: Cassell, 1999. Perrault, Charles. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.
  • Propp, V. IA. Morphology of the Folktale. Austin: University of Texas, 1968.
  • Rich, Adrienne. “When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision.” College English 34.1 (1972): 18-30. JSTOR. Web. 1 May 2014.
  • Warner, Marina. From the Beast to the Blonde: On Fairy Tales and Their Tellers. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995.

THE FAIRY GODMOTHER IS IN LOVE WITH THE PRINCESS: LESBIAN DESIRE IN THE REWRITTEN FAIRY TALES OF EMMA DONOGHUE

Year 2017, Volume: 57 Issue: 1, 383 - 406, 01.01.2017

Abstract

Fairy tales once belonged to oral literature and later became part of the literary tradition, and the formal and thematic qualities have gone through various changes in time. By means of the changes it has gone through, the genre, which bears a great impact on cultural transmission, has always developed to adapt to its time. Especially, the classical European fairy tale is one of the major genres which reects the cultural, social and gender characteristics of the nations. Because of the prevalent patriarchal discourse, female characters, although they are generally the protagonists, female characters are represented as secondary to the male characters and they are exposed to the sexist attitude of both male writers and fairy tale heroes. Having seen the discriminatory aspects of the fairy tale genre, twentieth century women writers took interest in the traditional tales in order to subvert the sexist ideology. Giving specic importance to the issues of lesbian desire, liberation and voice of women, Emma Donoghue, a twentieth-century Irish woman writer, in her Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins 1997 rewrites various classical fairy tales. Specically in “The Tale of the Hair” and “The Tale of the Shoe” as the rewritten versions of “Rapunzel” and “Cinderella,” respectively she attempts to subvert the patriarchal ideology and to promote the female agency through parody in various aspects. By altering the entrenched elements of the fairy tales genre, she not only reads but also writes against the grain and by postmodern parody she sheds light upon the unquestioned issues with the aim of unearthing and restoring the hidden discriminative and sexist attitude. In doing this, Donoghue reimagines an alternative 'happily ever after' which offers a peaceful and egalitarian nal state for the female characters.

References

  • Aktari, Selen. Abject Representation of Female Desire in Postmodern British Female Gothic Fiction. Ph.D Diss. METU, 2010.
  • “Ann Arbor District Library: Book Club to Go Discussion Guide.” Ann Arbour District Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
  • Bettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. New York: Knopf, 1976.
  • Carter, Angela. The Bloody Chamber: And Other Stories. London: Vintage, 2006. Cashdan, Sheldon. The Witch Must Die: How Fairy Tales Shape Our Lives. New York: Basic, 1999.
  • Coppola, Maria Micaela. “The Gender of Fairies: Emma Donoghue and Angela Carter as Fairy Tale Performers.” Textus: English Studies in Italy 14 (2001): 127-142.
  • De La Rochere, Martine Hennard Dutheil. “Queering the Fairy Tale Canon: Emma Donoghue's Kissing the Witch.” Fairy Tales Reimagined: Essays on New Retellings. Ed. Susan Redington Bobby. Jefferson: McFarland, 2009. 13- 30.
  • Donoghue, Emma. Interview by Stacia Bensyl. “Swings and Roundabouts: An Interview with Emma Donoghue.” Irish Studies Review 2000: 73- 81. Taylor& Francis Online. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.
  • ---. Interview by Sarah Anne Johnson. “Interview with Emma Donoghue.” Provincetown Arts 2005. 106-112. Web. 24 Apr. 2014
  • ---. Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. Frazer, James George. The Golden Bough; a Study in Magic and Religion. New York: Macmillan, 1951.
  • Gladwin, Tammy H. Beyond Postmodernism: Reconsidering the Fairy Tale in the 21st Century. Thesis. National University, 2011. ProQuest. Web. 25 Apr. 2014.
  • Grimm, Jacob, and Wilhelm Grimm. The Complete Grimm’s Fairy Tales. London: Routledge& Kegan Paul, 1983.
  • Haase, Donald. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales. Westport: Greenwood, 2008.
  • Harries, Elizabeth Wanning. Twice upon a Time: Women Writers and the History of the Fairy Tale. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2003.
  • Hutcheon, Linda. The Politics of Postmodernism. London: Routledge, 1989.
  • Jones, Steven Swann. “The Innocent Persecuted Heroine Genre: An Analysis of Its Structure and Themes” Western Folklore 52.1. (1993): 13-41. JSTOR. Web. 10 Nov. 2013.
  • Jung, Carl Gustav. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. 10th ed. New York: Princeton UP, 1999.
  • Lane, Marcia. Picturing the Rose: A Way of Looking at Fairy Tales. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1994.
  • Lundell, Torborg. “Gender- Related Biases in the Type and Motif Indexes of Aarne and Thompson.” Fairy Tales and Society: Illusion, Allusion, and Paradigm. Ed. Ruth Bottigheimer. Philedelphia: U of Pennsylvania, 1986. 149-64.
  • Lyotard, Jean-François. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Trans. Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1984.
  • Martin, Ann. “Generational Collaborations in Emma Donoghue's Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins.” Children's Literature Association Quarterly 35.1 (2010): 4-25. ProjectMuse. Web. 6 May 2014.
  • Moloney, Caitriona, and Helen Thompson. Irish Women Writers Speak Out: Voices from the Field. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 2003. Google Books Search. Web. 3 May 2014.
  • Orme, Jennifer. “Mouth to Mouth: Queer Desires in Emma Donoghue's Kissing the Witch.” Marvels & Tales 24.1 (2010): 116-30. ProjectMuse. Web. 13 June 2012.
  • Quinn, Antoinette. “New Noises from the Woodshed: The Novels of Emma Donoghue.” Contemporary Irish Fiction: Themes, Tropes, Theories. Ed. Liam Harte and Michael Parker. London: Macmillan, 2000. 145-165.
  • Palmer, Paulina. Lesbian Gothic: Transgressive Fictions. London: Cassell, 1999. Perrault, Charles. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.
  • Propp, V. IA. Morphology of the Folktale. Austin: University of Texas, 1968.
  • Rich, Adrienne. “When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision.” College English 34.1 (1972): 18-30. JSTOR. Web. 1 May 2014.
  • Warner, Marina. From the Beast to the Blonde: On Fairy Tales and Their Tellers. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Cemre Mimoza Bartu

Publication Date January 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 57 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bartu, C. M. (2017). THE FAIRY GODMOTHER IS IN LOVE WITH THE PRINCESS: LESBIAN DESIRE IN THE REWRITTEN FAIRY TALES OF EMMA DONOGHUE. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 57(1), 383-406.

Ankara University Journal of the Faculty of Languages and History-Geography

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