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TÜRKİYE TOPONİMİ ÇALIŞMALARINDA SEMANTİK TASNİF SORUNU ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Year 2021, Volume: 61 Issue: 2, 1123 - 1161, 28.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2021.61.2.22

Abstract

Adbilim, genellikle her dilde özel ad olarak kabul edilen ögeler üzerinde duran ve bu özel adları köken bilgisi, tarihsel gelişim, dil ve kültür açısından inceleyen bilim dalıdır. Adbilimin bir alt dalı olan “toponimi” ise, yerleşme merkezleri ya da yeryüzündeki herhangi bir fiziki özelliğe verilen adları anlam, oluşum, köken ve dağılış açısından ele alınmasıdır. Yer/yerleşme adları sadece belirli mevkileri ifade eden birer isim olmaktan öte; tarih, arkeoloji, folklor, coğrafya, jeoloji, botanik, antropoloji, sosyoloji ve benzer diğer bilimlerin de ilgi alanına girmektedir. Toponimi temelde bir adı konu almasından dolayı dilbilimin, taşıdığı tarihi birikim sebebiyle tarihin, doğal ve beşeri ortamın izlerini taşıması sebebiyle de coğrafyanın araştırma alanı içine dâhil edilmektedir. Dünyada 19. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan toponimi çalışmaları Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarından itibaren kendini göstermeye başlamıştır. O zamandan bu yana hem yurt dışında hem de ülkemizde yapılan çalışmalara bakıldığında semantik açıdan toponimlerin çeşitli şekillerde sınıflandırıldığı görülür. Yapılan tasnifler incelendiğinde çalışmaların bir kısmında bazı eksiklikler olduğu dikkati çeker.
Bu noktadan hareketle, elinizdeki çalışmada hem yurt dışında hem de Türkiye’de yapılan tasnif çalışmaları titiz bir eleştiri süzgecinden geçirilerek değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Toponimi çalışmalarının yurt dışında daha erken dönemlerde başladıkları dolayısıyla bu alanda daha önde olduklarını dikkate alarak; çeşitli değerlendirmeler yapılmış ve özellikle son dönemde yapılan tasniflerden yola çıkarak Türkiye toponimisi için bir tasnif denemesi ileri sürülmüştür.

References

  • Aksan, D. (1974). Anadolu Yer Adları Üzerine En Yeni Araştırmalar. Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı Belleten, 185-193.
  • Aksan, D. (1980). Her Yönüyle Dil II. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
  • Aktay, S. (2018). Sovyet Döneminde Yeradbilim: Kuramlar ve Alan Örneklemeleri. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Aleru, J.O. - Alabi, R. A. (2010). Towards A Reconstruction Of Yoruba Culture History: A Toponymıc Perspective. African Study Monographs, 31/4, 149-162.
  • Altunışık, İ. (2009). Coğrafi Bakımdan Batman İli Yer Adları. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Assadorian, A. (2017). On the Systematic Classification of Iranian Toponyms. American Journal of Linguistic, 5(3), 51-56.
  • Assenza, E. (2014). Official Toponymy and Popular Toponymy: The Contribution of Dialect Forms and Ethnotexts in the Etymological and Motivational Reconstruction of (micro)Toponymys. Actes del XXIV Congrés Internacional d’ICOSsobre Ciències Onomàstiques, 972-982.
  • Başkan, Ö. (1970). Türkiye Köy Adları Üzerine Bir Deneme. Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı Belleten, 237-251.
  • Bily, I. (2011). Geographische Namen zwischen Saale und Neiße in der Landeskundlichen Bearbeitung. Denkströme, Journal der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 7, 151-175.
  • Binggeli, V. (1964). Beiträge der Toponomastik zur Landschaftsgeschichte (Waldentwicklung) um Langenthal. Geographica Helvetica 19, 1-11.
  • Capra, G. F., Ganga, A., Filzmoser, P. , Gaviano, C., Vacca, S. (2016). Combining Place Names and Scientific Knowledge on Soil Resources Through an Integrated Ethopedological Approach. Catena 142, 89-101.
  • Castro, A. R., Hoehne, A. V. (2016). Decoding of Place Names as Geographical Information Tools. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, 158. Jg., 263-288.
  • Daredjan, K. (2015). Author’s Interpretation of Toponyms of the Historical Sources and the Hagiographic Literary Works. Earth Sciences, 4 (5-1), 19-23.
  • Donada, J. T., Reinoso, A. S. (2014). Toponyms as ‘landscape indicators’. Proceedings of the XXIV ICOS International Congress of Onomastic Sciences, 1987-2 Freeman, R. (1985). Geographical Naming in Western British North America 1780-1820. Historic Sites Service Occasional Paper, No.15.
  • Gammeltoft, P. (2002). In Search of Motives Behind Naming: A Discussion of a Name-Semantic Model of Categorisation. Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Onomastic Sciences. Vol. 1., 151-160.
  • Giraut, F., Holzschuch, M. H. (2016). Place Naming as Dispositif: Toward a Theoretical Framework. Geopolitics, 21:1, 1-21.
  • Gümüşçü, O. (2002). XVI. Yüzyıl Anadolusu’nda Oğuz Boy Adlı Yerleşmeler. Türkler, 6, 358-364.
  • Gümüşçü, O. (2018). Kaynaklarıyla Tarihi Coğrafya. İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi.
  • Gümüşçü, O. (2018). Tarihi Coğrafya ve Kültürel Miras. Erdem, 75, 99-120.
  • Handcock, W. G. (2010). An Introduction to Geographical Names and the Newfoundland and Labrador Geographical Names Board. NLGBN Reports. Erişim Adresi: https://www.gov.nl.ca/landuseatlas/documents/1%20%20An%20Introduction%20to%20Geographical%20Names%20and%20the%20NLGNB.pdf.
  • Helleland, B. (2012). Place Names and Identities. Oslo Studies in Language 4/2, 95-116.
  • Hoffmann, I., Toth, V. (2018). Theoretical Issue in Toponym Typology. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, 160, 281-302.
  • Kadmon, N. (2000). Toponymy. Newyork: VantagePress.
  • Khvesko, T. V. (2014). Interdisciplinary Approachto British Place-Names Studies. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 154, 402 – 406.
  • Langford, G. (2012-2013). Examine the Value of Place-Names as Evidence for History, Landscape and Especially Language(s) of your Choosen Areas. Leading Undergraduate Work in English Studies, 5, 24-38.
  • Medway, D., Warnaby, G. (2014). What’s in a Name? Place Branding and Toponymic Commodification. Environment and Planning A, vol. 46, 153-167.
  • Mencken, H. L. (1921). The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Neweklowsky, G. (2015). Franz Mikloschich-Begründer der Österreichischen Slawistik. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
  • Rennick, R. (2005). How to Study Placenames. Names, 53/4, 291–308.
  • Ryu, J.H. (2012). A Cultural History of Korean Toponymy. Korea Journal, Spring, 5-10.
  • Singh, V., Kumari, L. (2016). Toponymy or the Geography of Place-Names in the Aravalli Hills and Semi-Arid Plains of Rajasthan. Periodic Research, vol. V, iss. II, 44-48.
  • Stewart, G. R. (1954). A Classification of Place Names. Journal of the American Name Society 2/1, 1–13.
  • Şahin, İ. (2015). Adbilim (Çerçeve, Terim, Yöntem ve Sınıflandırmalarıyla). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Şahin, İ. (2015). Türkiye Yer Ad Biliminde Leksik-Semantik Sınıflandırma Meselesi. Avrasya Terim Dergisi, 3(1), 10-21.
  • Tent, J., Blair, D. (2011). Motivations for Naming: The Development of a Toponymic Typology for Australian Placenames. Names, 59/2, 67-89.
  • Tent, J. (2015). Approaches to Research in Toponymy. Names, A Journal of Onomastics, 63/2, 65-74.
  • Tent, J., Slatyer, H. (2009). Naming Places on the ‘Southland’: European Place-Naming Practices from 1606 to 1803. Australian Historical Studies, 40/1, 5-31.
  • Tsinkoburova, M. (2014). Geological and Geographical Features of the Region as Factor Forming the Place Names (On The Example of Ingermanland). 14th SGEM Geo Conference on Science and Technologies in Geology, Exploration and Mining, 1/1, 161-168.
  • Tümertekin, E., Özgüç, N. (2010).Beşeri Coğrafya: İnsan, Kültür, Mekan. İstanbul: Çantay Kitabevi.
  • Urazmetova, A. V., Shamsutdinova, J.Kh.(2017). Principles of Place Names Classifications. XLinguae, Vol. 10, Iss. 4, 26-33.
  • Woodman, P. (2014). The Interconnections Between Toponymy and Identity. Review of Historical Geography and Toponomastics, vol. IX no. 17-18, 7-20.
  • Yeh, Y. T. (2013). Erased Place Names and Nation-building: A Case Study of Singaporean Toponyms. Asia-Pacific Research Forum, 59, 119-155.
  • Yiğit, İ., Salan, M. (2013). XVI. Yüzyıl Çerkeş Kazası Köylerinin Lokalizasyonu Ve Toponimik Analizi. Turkish Studies, International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8/6, 825-852.
  • Yunos, R. (2013). An Introduction to the History of Geographical Place Names in Brunei. Seminar United Nationsgroup Of Experts On Geographical Names Asia, Southeast Division, 1-27.
  • Zavoral, O. (2008). Geographische Namen und Ihre Stelle In Der Deutschen Grammatik. Einwohnernamen, Geographische Adjektive. Diplomarbeit, Brünn.
  • https://sozluk.gov.tr/(Son Erişim: 25.08.2021)

AN EVALUATION ON SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION PROBLEM IN TURKEY TOPONYMY STUDIES

Year 2021, Volume: 61 Issue: 2, 1123 - 1161, 28.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2021.61.2.22

Abstract

Onomatology is a discipline, focuses on the elements that are generally accepted as proper names in every language and examines these names as origins, historical development, language and culture. "Toponym", a sub-branch of onomatology, is the study of names given to place and settlements as meaning, formation, origin and distribution. Toponyms are more than names expressing locations; are also of interest to history, archeology, geography, geology, anthropology, sociology and etc. Since it basically about a name, it’s included in linguistics and included in history for its historical background and also included in the field of geography due to the traces of natural and human environment. Toponymy studies, appeared in 19th century in the world, has occured since Republic's early years in Turkey. Considering the studies both abroad and in Turkey thenceforward, it’s seen that the toponyms are classified in various ways semantically. When the classifications are examined, it’s noteworthy that there are some deficiencies in some studies.
Thus, classification studies, made both in Turkey and abroad, tried to evaluate exactly. Considering that toponym studies started abroad earlier, they’re lead the field; evaluations have been made especially on the basis of recent study, a classification-model has been proposed for Turkey toponymy.

References

  • Aksan, D. (1974). Anadolu Yer Adları Üzerine En Yeni Araştırmalar. Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı Belleten, 185-193.
  • Aksan, D. (1980). Her Yönüyle Dil II. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
  • Aktay, S. (2018). Sovyet Döneminde Yeradbilim: Kuramlar ve Alan Örneklemeleri. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Aleru, J.O. - Alabi, R. A. (2010). Towards A Reconstruction Of Yoruba Culture History: A Toponymıc Perspective. African Study Monographs, 31/4, 149-162.
  • Altunışık, İ. (2009). Coğrafi Bakımdan Batman İli Yer Adları. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Assadorian, A. (2017). On the Systematic Classification of Iranian Toponyms. American Journal of Linguistic, 5(3), 51-56.
  • Assenza, E. (2014). Official Toponymy and Popular Toponymy: The Contribution of Dialect Forms and Ethnotexts in the Etymological and Motivational Reconstruction of (micro)Toponymys. Actes del XXIV Congrés Internacional d’ICOSsobre Ciències Onomàstiques, 972-982.
  • Başkan, Ö. (1970). Türkiye Köy Adları Üzerine Bir Deneme. Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı Belleten, 237-251.
  • Bily, I. (2011). Geographische Namen zwischen Saale und Neiße in der Landeskundlichen Bearbeitung. Denkströme, Journal der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 7, 151-175.
  • Binggeli, V. (1964). Beiträge der Toponomastik zur Landschaftsgeschichte (Waldentwicklung) um Langenthal. Geographica Helvetica 19, 1-11.
  • Capra, G. F., Ganga, A., Filzmoser, P. , Gaviano, C., Vacca, S. (2016). Combining Place Names and Scientific Knowledge on Soil Resources Through an Integrated Ethopedological Approach. Catena 142, 89-101.
  • Castro, A. R., Hoehne, A. V. (2016). Decoding of Place Names as Geographical Information Tools. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, 158. Jg., 263-288.
  • Daredjan, K. (2015). Author’s Interpretation of Toponyms of the Historical Sources and the Hagiographic Literary Works. Earth Sciences, 4 (5-1), 19-23.
  • Donada, J. T., Reinoso, A. S. (2014). Toponyms as ‘landscape indicators’. Proceedings of the XXIV ICOS International Congress of Onomastic Sciences, 1987-2 Freeman, R. (1985). Geographical Naming in Western British North America 1780-1820. Historic Sites Service Occasional Paper, No.15.
  • Gammeltoft, P. (2002). In Search of Motives Behind Naming: A Discussion of a Name-Semantic Model of Categorisation. Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Onomastic Sciences. Vol. 1., 151-160.
  • Giraut, F., Holzschuch, M. H. (2016). Place Naming as Dispositif: Toward a Theoretical Framework. Geopolitics, 21:1, 1-21.
  • Gümüşçü, O. (2002). XVI. Yüzyıl Anadolusu’nda Oğuz Boy Adlı Yerleşmeler. Türkler, 6, 358-364.
  • Gümüşçü, O. (2018). Kaynaklarıyla Tarihi Coğrafya. İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi.
  • Gümüşçü, O. (2018). Tarihi Coğrafya ve Kültürel Miras. Erdem, 75, 99-120.
  • Handcock, W. G. (2010). An Introduction to Geographical Names and the Newfoundland and Labrador Geographical Names Board. NLGBN Reports. Erişim Adresi: https://www.gov.nl.ca/landuseatlas/documents/1%20%20An%20Introduction%20to%20Geographical%20Names%20and%20the%20NLGNB.pdf.
  • Helleland, B. (2012). Place Names and Identities. Oslo Studies in Language 4/2, 95-116.
  • Hoffmann, I., Toth, V. (2018). Theoretical Issue in Toponym Typology. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, 160, 281-302.
  • Kadmon, N. (2000). Toponymy. Newyork: VantagePress.
  • Khvesko, T. V. (2014). Interdisciplinary Approachto British Place-Names Studies. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 154, 402 – 406.
  • Langford, G. (2012-2013). Examine the Value of Place-Names as Evidence for History, Landscape and Especially Language(s) of your Choosen Areas. Leading Undergraduate Work in English Studies, 5, 24-38.
  • Medway, D., Warnaby, G. (2014). What’s in a Name? Place Branding and Toponymic Commodification. Environment and Planning A, vol. 46, 153-167.
  • Mencken, H. L. (1921). The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Neweklowsky, G. (2015). Franz Mikloschich-Begründer der Österreichischen Slawistik. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
  • Rennick, R. (2005). How to Study Placenames. Names, 53/4, 291–308.
  • Ryu, J.H. (2012). A Cultural History of Korean Toponymy. Korea Journal, Spring, 5-10.
  • Singh, V., Kumari, L. (2016). Toponymy or the Geography of Place-Names in the Aravalli Hills and Semi-Arid Plains of Rajasthan. Periodic Research, vol. V, iss. II, 44-48.
  • Stewart, G. R. (1954). A Classification of Place Names. Journal of the American Name Society 2/1, 1–13.
  • Şahin, İ. (2015). Adbilim (Çerçeve, Terim, Yöntem ve Sınıflandırmalarıyla). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Şahin, İ. (2015). Türkiye Yer Ad Biliminde Leksik-Semantik Sınıflandırma Meselesi. Avrasya Terim Dergisi, 3(1), 10-21.
  • Tent, J., Blair, D. (2011). Motivations for Naming: The Development of a Toponymic Typology for Australian Placenames. Names, 59/2, 67-89.
  • Tent, J. (2015). Approaches to Research in Toponymy. Names, A Journal of Onomastics, 63/2, 65-74.
  • Tent, J., Slatyer, H. (2009). Naming Places on the ‘Southland’: European Place-Naming Practices from 1606 to 1803. Australian Historical Studies, 40/1, 5-31.
  • Tsinkoburova, M. (2014). Geological and Geographical Features of the Region as Factor Forming the Place Names (On The Example of Ingermanland). 14th SGEM Geo Conference on Science and Technologies in Geology, Exploration and Mining, 1/1, 161-168.
  • Tümertekin, E., Özgüç, N. (2010).Beşeri Coğrafya: İnsan, Kültür, Mekan. İstanbul: Çantay Kitabevi.
  • Urazmetova, A. V., Shamsutdinova, J.Kh.(2017). Principles of Place Names Classifications. XLinguae, Vol. 10, Iss. 4, 26-33.
  • Woodman, P. (2014). The Interconnections Between Toponymy and Identity. Review of Historical Geography and Toponomastics, vol. IX no. 17-18, 7-20.
  • Yeh, Y. T. (2013). Erased Place Names and Nation-building: A Case Study of Singaporean Toponyms. Asia-Pacific Research Forum, 59, 119-155.
  • Yiğit, İ., Salan, M. (2013). XVI. Yüzyıl Çerkeş Kazası Köylerinin Lokalizasyonu Ve Toponimik Analizi. Turkish Studies, International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8/6, 825-852.
  • Yunos, R. (2013). An Introduction to the History of Geographical Place Names in Brunei. Seminar United Nationsgroup Of Experts On Geographical Names Asia, Southeast Division, 1-27.
  • Zavoral, O. (2008). Geographische Namen und Ihre Stelle In Der Deutschen Grammatik. Einwohnernamen, Geographische Adjektive. Diplomarbeit, Brünn.
  • https://sozluk.gov.tr/(Son Erişim: 25.08.2021)
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sevil Top Yilmaz 0000-0001-9122-949X

Publication Date December 28, 2021
Submission Date September 2, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 61 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Top Yilmaz, S. (2021). TÜRKİYE TOPONİMİ ÇALIŞMALARINDA SEMANTİK TASNİF SORUNU ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 61(2), 1123-1161. https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2021.61.2.22

Ankara University Journal of the Faculty of Languages and History-Geography

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