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ANZU: FROM SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA TO KÜLTEPE

Year 2022, Volume: 62 Issue: 2, 1221 - 1239, 20.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2022.62.2.17

Abstract

It is generally accepted that the lion-headed eagle is "anzu". The first depictions of this mythological creature begin to appear in Southern Mesopotamia in the second half of the 4th Millennium BC. During the second quarter of the following millennium, depictions of Anzu began to be seen in Mesopotamia very intensely and also appeared in the neighboring regions of Mesopotamia. However, it is mostly seen in Southern Mesopotamia, especially in the city of Lagash. In the second half of the 3rd Millennium BC, with the Akkadian Period, a serious decrease is observed in the depictions of Anzu. However, following the Akkadian Period, during the III. Ur Dynasty, there is an increase in the depictions of Anzu, although it has never been as intense as in the first half of the 3rd Millennium BC. While it is seen that the depictions of Anzu seem to have decreased a lot, they continue to appear in the 2nd millennium BC. Another region where the lion-headed eagle has appeared in this millennium is Anatolia. In Anatolia, depictions of Imdugu/Anzu are seen in settlements such as Aksaray/Acemhöyük, Konya/Karahöyük and Kayseri/Kültepe. However, these have only appeared on seal impressions until now. This mythological creature, which was understood to have been brought to Anatolia by Assyrian merchants, was most intensely found in Kültepe, which was also one of the important centers of this period. While Mesopotamian features are clearly observed in the Anzu depictions found at Kültepe, factors such as being seen on stamp seals alongside cylinder seals and being depicted together with Anatolian gods show that the Anatolian people added their own interpretation to the depiction of this mythological creature.

References

  • Alster, B. (1972). Ninurta and the Turtle, UET 6/1 2, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 24, 120-125.
  • ------. (1991). Contributions to the Sumerian Lexicon, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale, 85, 1-11.
  • Amiet, P. (1980). La Glyptique Mésopotamienne Archaïque. Paris: Éditions du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique.
  • Black, J.A., Anthony G. (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia : An Illustrated Dictionary. London: British Museum Press for the Trustees of the British Museum.
  • Boehmer, R. M. (1999). Uruk : Früheste Siegelabrollungen. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern.
  • Braun-Holzinger, E. A. (1987). Löwenadler. Ebeling, E. ve diğerleri (Yay. Haz.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archaologie, band 7 içinde (s.94-97). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Breniquet, C. (2002). Animals in Mesopotamian Art. Collins, B. J. (Yay. Haz.), A History of the Animal World in the Ancient Near East içinde (s.145-168). Boston; Köln; Leiden: Brill.
  • Cholidis, N. (2003). Lion-Headed Eagle Pendant. Aruz, J. ve diğerleri (Yay. Haz.), Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. From the Mediterranean to the Indus içinde (s.139-147). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • Collins, P. (2003). Inlays of Warriors, A Lion-Headed Bird, and Human-Headed Bulls or Bisons. Aruz, J. ve diğerleri (Yay. Haz.), Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. From the Mediterranean to the Indus içinde (s.175-177). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • Evans, J. M. (2003). Mace-Head Dedicated for the Life of Enannatum. Aruz, J. ve diğerleri (Yay. Haz.), Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. From the Mediterranean to the Indus içinde (s.75-76). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • Electronic version of Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (ePSD), Babylonian Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology, http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/nepsd-frame.html, 2022.
  • Frankfort, H. (1954). The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
  • Fuhr-Jaeppelt, I. (1972). Materialien zur Ikonographie des Löwenadlers Anzu-Imdugud. München (Druck) : Scharl + Strohmeyer.
  • Jacobsen, T. (1976). The Treasures of Darkness : A History of Mesopotamian Religion New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Jeremy B., George A. ve Postgate J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, 2nd corrected ed. Weisbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Kulakoğlu, F. (2011). Kültepe-Kanesh: A Second Millennium B.C.E. Trading Center On The Central Plateau. Steadman, R. S. ve McMahon G. (Yay. Haz.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia:(10,000-323 BCE) içinde (s.1012-1030). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • ———. (2018). Kaniş Karumu: Eski Asur Ticaretinin Anadolu'daki Başkenti. Adalı, S.F. ve Köroğlu, K. (Yay. Haz.), Asurlular-Dicle'den Toroslar'a Tanrı Assur'un Krallığı içinde (55-83). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Larsen, M.T. (2015). Ancient Kanesh, A Merchant Colony in Bronze Age Anatolia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Larsen, M. T., Lassen, A. W. (2014). Cultural exchange at Kültepe, Kozuh, M. ve diğerleri (Yay. Haz.), Extraction and Control: Studies In Honor of Matthew W Stolper, İçinde (s.171-188) Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Legrain, L. (1951). Ur Excavation Vol. X, Seal Cylinders. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Leick, G. (1991). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. London: Routledge.
  • Matthiae, P. (1990). Masterpieces of Early and Old Syrian Art: Discoveries of the 1988 Ebla Excavations in a Historical Perspective, Proceedings of the British Academy, 75, 25-56.
  • Özgüç, N. (1959). Seals From Kültepe, Anadolu, 4, 43-53.
  • ———. (1965). Kültepe Mühür Baskılarında Anadolu Grubu. Ankara: TTK.
  • ———. (1989). Bullae from Kültepe, Emre, K., Özgüç, T. (Yay. Haz.). Anatolia and the ancient Near East : studies in honor of Tahsin Özgüç, İçinde (s.378-406). Ankara: TTK. 378-406.
  • ———. (2006). Kültepe-Kaniş/Neşa : Yerli Peruwa ve Assur-ımitti'nin Oğlu Assur'lu Tüccar Uşur-sa-Istar'ın Arşivlerine Ait Kil Zarfların Mühür Baskıları = Seal Impressions on the Clay Envelopes from the Archives of the Native Peruwa and Assyrian Trader Uşur-sa-Istar Son of Assur-ımitti. Ankara:TTK.
  • Özgüç, N.,Tunca, Ö. (2001). Kültepe-Kaniš: Mühürlü ve Yazıtlı Kil Bullalar: Sealed and Inscribed Clay Bullae. Ankara: TTK.
  • Özgüç, T. (1986). Kültepe-Kaniş II. Eski Yakındoğu’nun Ticaret Merkezinde Yeni Araştırmalar, TTKY, V/41. Ankara: TTK.
  • ———. (1999). Kültepe-Kaniş/Neša Sarayları ve Mabetleri, Ankara: TTK.
  • ———. (2005). Kültepe Kaniš/Neša, İstanbul: YKY.
  • Özgüç, T., Özgüç, N. (1953). Kültepe Kazısı Raporu, 1949, Ausgrabungen in Kültepe, Bericht über die im Auftrage der Türkischen Historischen Gesellschaft, 1949 durchgeführten Ausgrabungen. Ankara: TTK.
  • Parrot, A. (1948). Tello; Vingt Campagnes de Fouilles (1877-1933). Paris: A. Michel.
  • Sarzec, E., Heuzey, Heuzey, L.A. (1884). Découvertes en Chaldée. Paris: E. Leroux.
  • Thureau-Dangin, F. (1927). L'Aigle Imgi, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale, 24, 199-202.
  • Van Buren, E. D. (1935). A Problem of Early Sumerian Art, Archiv für Orientforschung, 10, 237-251.
  • Ward, W. H. (1910). The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia. Washington D.C.: The Carnegie Institution of Washington.
  • Wazana, N. (2008). Anzu and Ziz: Great Mythical Birds in Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical, and Rabbinic Traditions, JANES, 31, 111-135.
  • Wiggermann, F. A. M. (1992). Mesopotamian Protective Spirits : The Ritual Texts. Groningen: STYX & PP Publications.
  • Winter, I. J. (1985). After the Battle Is Over: The "Stele of the Vultures" and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East, Studies in the History of Art, 16, 11-32.
  • Woolley, L. (1934). Ur Excavation II, The Royal Cemetery : A Report on the Predynastic and Sargonid Graves Excavated Between 1926 and 1931. New York: British Museum.

ANZU: GÜNEY MEZOPOTAMYA'DAN KÜLTEPE'YE

Year 2022, Volume: 62 Issue: 2, 1221 - 1239, 20.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2022.62.2.17

Abstract

Aslan başlı kartalın “anzu” olduğu genel kabul gören bir görüştür. Bu mitolojik varlığa ait ilk tasvirler MÖ 4. binyılın ikinci yarısında Güney Mezopotamya’da karşımıza çıkmaya başlar. Takip eden bin yılın ikinci çeyreğinde ise Anzu tasvirli eserler Mezopotamya’da çok yoğun bir şekilde görülmeye başlar ve aynı zamanda Mezopotamya’ya komşu bölgelerde de karşımıza çıkar. Ancak yoğun olarak yine Güney Mezopotamya’da, özellikle de Lagaş kentinde görülür. MÖ 3. binyılın ikinci yarısında, Akad Dönemi ile bu mitolojik varlığın tasvir edildiği sanat eserlerinde ciddi bir azalma gözlenir. Akad Dönemi’ni takip eden III. Ur Dönemi’nde Anzu tasvirli sanat eserlerinde yine bir artış olmakla birlikte, hiçbir zaman MÖ. 3. binyılın ilk yarısındaki kadar yoğun değildir. MÖ 2. binyılda Anzu tasvirli eserlerle çok az karşılaşılsa da karşımıza çıkmaya devam eder. Bu bin yıldan kalma aslan başlı kartalın karşılaşıldığı bir diğer bölge ise Anadolu’dur. Anadolu’da, Aksaray/Acemhöyük, Konya/Karahöyük ve Kayseri/Kültepe gibi yerleşimlerde Anzu tasvirli eserlere rastlanmıştır. Ancak bunlar şimdiye kadar yalnızca mühür baskılarında karşımıza çıkmıştır. Anadolu’ya Asurlu tüccarlar tarafından getirildiği anlaşılan bu mitolojik varlık, en yoğun olarak, dönemin önemli bir ticaret merkezi olan Kültepe’den ele geçmektedir. Kültepe’de bulunan Anzu tasvirlerindeki Mezopotamya’ya has özellikler net bir şekilde izlenirken silindir mühürler yanında damga mühürler üzerinde görülmesi ve Anadolulu tanrılarla birlikte tasvir edilmesi gibi unsurlar Anadolu insanının bu mitolojik varlığın tasvir edilişine kendi yorumunu kattığını gösterir.

References

  • Alster, B. (1972). Ninurta and the Turtle, UET 6/1 2, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 24, 120-125.
  • ------. (1991). Contributions to the Sumerian Lexicon, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale, 85, 1-11.
  • Amiet, P. (1980). La Glyptique Mésopotamienne Archaïque. Paris: Éditions du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique.
  • Black, J.A., Anthony G. (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia : An Illustrated Dictionary. London: British Museum Press for the Trustees of the British Museum.
  • Boehmer, R. M. (1999). Uruk : Früheste Siegelabrollungen. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern.
  • Braun-Holzinger, E. A. (1987). Löwenadler. Ebeling, E. ve diğerleri (Yay. Haz.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archaologie, band 7 içinde (s.94-97). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Breniquet, C. (2002). Animals in Mesopotamian Art. Collins, B. J. (Yay. Haz.), A History of the Animal World in the Ancient Near East içinde (s.145-168). Boston; Köln; Leiden: Brill.
  • Cholidis, N. (2003). Lion-Headed Eagle Pendant. Aruz, J. ve diğerleri (Yay. Haz.), Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. From the Mediterranean to the Indus içinde (s.139-147). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • Collins, P. (2003). Inlays of Warriors, A Lion-Headed Bird, and Human-Headed Bulls or Bisons. Aruz, J. ve diğerleri (Yay. Haz.), Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. From the Mediterranean to the Indus içinde (s.175-177). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • Evans, J. M. (2003). Mace-Head Dedicated for the Life of Enannatum. Aruz, J. ve diğerleri (Yay. Haz.), Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. From the Mediterranean to the Indus içinde (s.75-76). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • Electronic version of Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (ePSD), Babylonian Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology, http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/nepsd-frame.html, 2022.
  • Frankfort, H. (1954). The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
  • Fuhr-Jaeppelt, I. (1972). Materialien zur Ikonographie des Löwenadlers Anzu-Imdugud. München (Druck) : Scharl + Strohmeyer.
  • Jacobsen, T. (1976). The Treasures of Darkness : A History of Mesopotamian Religion New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Jeremy B., George A. ve Postgate J.N. (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, 2nd corrected ed. Weisbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Kulakoğlu, F. (2011). Kültepe-Kanesh: A Second Millennium B.C.E. Trading Center On The Central Plateau. Steadman, R. S. ve McMahon G. (Yay. Haz.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia:(10,000-323 BCE) içinde (s.1012-1030). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • ———. (2018). Kaniş Karumu: Eski Asur Ticaretinin Anadolu'daki Başkenti. Adalı, S.F. ve Köroğlu, K. (Yay. Haz.), Asurlular-Dicle'den Toroslar'a Tanrı Assur'un Krallığı içinde (55-83). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Larsen, M.T. (2015). Ancient Kanesh, A Merchant Colony in Bronze Age Anatolia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Larsen, M. T., Lassen, A. W. (2014). Cultural exchange at Kültepe, Kozuh, M. ve diğerleri (Yay. Haz.), Extraction and Control: Studies In Honor of Matthew W Stolper, İçinde (s.171-188) Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Legrain, L. (1951). Ur Excavation Vol. X, Seal Cylinders. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Leick, G. (1991). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. London: Routledge.
  • Matthiae, P. (1990). Masterpieces of Early and Old Syrian Art: Discoveries of the 1988 Ebla Excavations in a Historical Perspective, Proceedings of the British Academy, 75, 25-56.
  • Özgüç, N. (1959). Seals From Kültepe, Anadolu, 4, 43-53.
  • ———. (1965). Kültepe Mühür Baskılarında Anadolu Grubu. Ankara: TTK.
  • ———. (1989). Bullae from Kültepe, Emre, K., Özgüç, T. (Yay. Haz.). Anatolia and the ancient Near East : studies in honor of Tahsin Özgüç, İçinde (s.378-406). Ankara: TTK. 378-406.
  • ———. (2006). Kültepe-Kaniş/Neşa : Yerli Peruwa ve Assur-ımitti'nin Oğlu Assur'lu Tüccar Uşur-sa-Istar'ın Arşivlerine Ait Kil Zarfların Mühür Baskıları = Seal Impressions on the Clay Envelopes from the Archives of the Native Peruwa and Assyrian Trader Uşur-sa-Istar Son of Assur-ımitti. Ankara:TTK.
  • Özgüç, N.,Tunca, Ö. (2001). Kültepe-Kaniš: Mühürlü ve Yazıtlı Kil Bullalar: Sealed and Inscribed Clay Bullae. Ankara: TTK.
  • Özgüç, T. (1986). Kültepe-Kaniş II. Eski Yakındoğu’nun Ticaret Merkezinde Yeni Araştırmalar, TTKY, V/41. Ankara: TTK.
  • ———. (1999). Kültepe-Kaniş/Neša Sarayları ve Mabetleri, Ankara: TTK.
  • ———. (2005). Kültepe Kaniš/Neša, İstanbul: YKY.
  • Özgüç, T., Özgüç, N. (1953). Kültepe Kazısı Raporu, 1949, Ausgrabungen in Kültepe, Bericht über die im Auftrage der Türkischen Historischen Gesellschaft, 1949 durchgeführten Ausgrabungen. Ankara: TTK.
  • Parrot, A. (1948). Tello; Vingt Campagnes de Fouilles (1877-1933). Paris: A. Michel.
  • Sarzec, E., Heuzey, Heuzey, L.A. (1884). Découvertes en Chaldée. Paris: E. Leroux.
  • Thureau-Dangin, F. (1927). L'Aigle Imgi, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale, 24, 199-202.
  • Van Buren, E. D. (1935). A Problem of Early Sumerian Art, Archiv für Orientforschung, 10, 237-251.
  • Ward, W. H. (1910). The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia. Washington D.C.: The Carnegie Institution of Washington.
  • Wazana, N. (2008). Anzu and Ziz: Great Mythical Birds in Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical, and Rabbinic Traditions, JANES, 31, 111-135.
  • Wiggermann, F. A. M. (1992). Mesopotamian Protective Spirits : The Ritual Texts. Groningen: STYX & PP Publications.
  • Winter, I. J. (1985). After the Battle Is Over: The "Stele of the Vultures" and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East, Studies in the History of Art, 16, 11-32.
  • Woolley, L. (1934). Ur Excavation II, The Royal Cemetery : A Report on the Predynastic and Sargonid Graves Excavated Between 1926 and 1931. New York: British Museum.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Tarık Öğreten

Early Pub Date December 15, 2022
Publication Date December 20, 2022
Submission Date January 24, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 62 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Öğreten, M. T. (2022). ANZU: GÜNEY MEZOPOTAMYA’DAN KÜLTEPE’YE. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 62(2), 1221-1239. https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2022.62.2.17

Ankara University Journal of the Faculty of Languages and History-Geography

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