Cellular and Molecular Effects of Ionizing Radiation

Abstract

The ionizing radiation imaging methods play an important role in the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In diagnosis and treatment, there is the possibility of radiation-induced damage to the patient despite the radiation dose being kept as low as possible and radiation precautions being taken. Therefore, low and/or high dose radiation applications have effects on cell by activating biochemical and molecular signaling pathways. The frequency of applications involving radiation and the use of technical parameters at higher values have led to increase in patient doses. In the studies reporting radiation damage, apoptosis and formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) occur at the beginning of cellular mechanisms. Apoptosis is an intent to destroy the tumor in radiotherapy applications, but is undesirable in diagnostic low dose applications. Analysis methods at the molecular level are very important to explain the possible early and late effects of radiation on different tissues. Although there is a lot of research into the effects of low dose radiation on the cellular level, what molecules and / or signaling pathways are involved, it is not yet fully understood. In this review, the effects of radiation on different cellular mechanisms have been evaluated based on the current literature.

Keywords

• Radiation,cell,tissue damage,apoptosis,reactive oxygen species

İyonlaştırıcı Radyasyonun Hücresel ve Moleküler Düzeydeki Etkileri

Abstract

Hastalıkların erken tanı ve tedavisinde, iyonize radyasyon içeren görüntüleme yöntemleri önemli rol oynarlar. Tanı ve tedavide, hastaya uygulanacak radyasyon dozunun mümkün olduğunca az tutulması ve radyasyondan koruyucu önlemler alınmasına rağmen hastada radyasyon hasarı oluşma olasılığı bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle düşük ve/veya yüksek doz radyasyon uygulamaları, hücrede biyokimyasal ve moleküler sinyal yolaklarını aktive ederek, hücresel düzeyde etkiler oluşturmaktadır. Günümüzde radyasyon içeren uygulamaların sıklığı ve teknik parametrelerin yüksek değerlerde kullanılmasıyla hasta dozları ve buna bağlı doku hasarları görülme olasılığı giderek artmaktadır. Radyasyon hasarı ile ilgili çalışmalarda rapor edilen hücresel mekanizmaların başında, apoptozis ve hücre içi reaktif oksijen türleri (Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS) oluşumu gelmektedir. Apoptozis, radyoterapi uygulamalarında tümörü yok etmede hedeflenen bir sonuç iken tanısal amaçlı düşük doz uygulamalarda doku hasarını arttırıcı istenmeyen bir sonuçtur. Tanı ve tedavi amacıyla kullanılan radyasyonun, farklı dokular üzerinde erken ve geç etkileri bulunmaktadır. Düşük doz iyonize radyasyonun hücresel düzeyde etkileri, hangi moleküller ve/veya sinyal ileti yolakları üzerinden oluştuğu konusunda çok sayıda araştırma olmasına rağmen henüz tam olarak açıklanamamıştır. Radyasyon hasarlarına ait moleküler düzeyde yapılan çalışmalar, oluşabilecek hasarların erken düzeyde belirlenmesi ve sonrasında önleyici tedavilerin planlanabilmesi açısından çok önemlidir. Bu derleme, radyasyonun hücrede farklı sinyal ileti yolakları ve moleküller üzerinden yaptığı etkileri güncel literatüre bağlı olarak değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır.

Keywords

• Radyasyon,hücre,doku hasarı,apoptozis,reaktif oksijen türleri

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