BibTex RIS Cite

Pregnancy and Epılepsy

Year 2016, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 35 - 41, 01.03.2016

Abstract

Epilepsy is one of the chronic diseases that has been based on before three thousand years ofthe Assyrian-Babylonian, Chinese and Indian sources, is still important and has been had adifferent significance for women. Though that pregnancy itself is a complicated process, one ofthe important periods of women's life, the process can be more emphasized for women withepilepsy. Epilepsy, the adverse effects of the seizures and anti-epileptic drugs on the mother andfetus has been investigated by lots of researchers. This periods contains; the doctor supervisionbefore planning pregnancy, usage of folic acid, a seizure-free period, the selection of likely toless teratogenic anti-epileptic drugs. Epilepsy and pregnancy period has been explained in thisreview

References

  • Ayyildiz M, Yildirim M, Agar E. The effects of vitamin E on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Exp. Brain Res. 2006; 174(1): 109-13.
  • Ayyildiz M, Yildirim M, Agar E. The involvement of nitric oxide in the anticonvulsant effects of alpha-tocopherol on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Epilepsy Res. 2007; 73(2): 166-72.
  • Kozan R, Ayyildiz M, Yildirim M, Agar E. The effect of alpha- tocopherol in the acute ethanol intake and its withdrawal on penicillin-induced epilepsy. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars). 2009; 69(2): 177-88.
  • Yildirim M, Ayyildiz M, Agar E. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity involves in the protective effect of ascorbic acid against penicillin-induced epileptiform activity. Seizure. 2010; 19(2): 102-8.
  • Hirose G. An overview of epilepsy: its history, classification, pathophysiology and management. Brain Nerve. 2013; 65(5): 509-20.
  • Lozsadi DA, Oertzen JV, Cock HR. Epilepsy: Recent Advance. J. Neurol. 2010; 257(11): 1946-51.
  • Cross HJ. Epilepsy in the WHO European region: Fostering epilepsy care in Europe. Epilepsia. 2011; 52(1): 185–97.
  • Adab N, Tudur Smith C, Vinten J, Williamson PR, Winterbottom JB. Common antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy in women with epilepsy. The Cochrane Collaboration. 2009; 4: 1- 19.
  • Bath KG, Scharfman HE. Impact of early life exposure to antiepileptic drugs on neurobehavioral outcomes based onn laboratory animal and clinical research. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2013; 26(3): 427-39.
  • Weckesser A, Denny E. Women living with epilepsy, experiences of pregnancy and reproductive health: a review of the literature. Seizure. 2013; 22(2): 91-8.
  • Bartolini E, Bell GS, Sander JW. Multicenter challenges in epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2011; 20(3): 428-34.
  • Crawfort P. Best Practice Guidelines for the management of women with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005; 46(9): 117–24.
  • Crawford PM. Managing epilepsy in women of childbearing age. Drug Saf. 2009; 32(4): 293-307.
  • Thomas SV, Sindhu K, Ajaykumar B, Devi PB, Sujamol J. Maternaland obstetric outcome of women with epilepsy. Seizure. 2009; 18(3): 163–6.
  • Holmes LB, Hernandez-Diaz S. Newer anticonvulsants: Lamotrigine, Topiramate and Gabapentin. Birth Defects Research. 2012; 94(8): 599-606.
  • Deepa D,Jayakumari N,Thomas SV. Oxidative stress is increased in women with epilepsy: Is it a potential mechanism of anti-epileptic drug-induced teratogenesis? Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2012; 15(4): 281-6.
  • Koo J, Zavras A. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during pregnancy and risk of congenital jaw and oral malformation. Oral Dis. 2012; 19(7):712-20.
  • Winterbottom J, Smyth R, Jacoby A, Baker G. The effectiveness of preconception counseling to reduce adverse pregnancyoutcome in women with epilepsy: What’s the evidence? Epielpsy & Behaviour. 2009; 14(2):273-9.
  • Jentink J, Boersma C, de Jong-van den Berg LT, Postma MJ. Economic evaluation of anti- epileptic drug therapies with specific focus on teratogenic outcomes. J. Med. Econ. 2012; 15(5): 862-8.
  • Man SL, Petersen I, Thompson M, Nazareth I.Antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy in primary care: a UK population based study. PLoS One. 2012; 7(12): e52339.
  • Yerby MS. Contraception, pregnancy and lactation in women with epilepsy. Baillieres Clin. Neurol. 1996; 5(4): 887-908.
  • O’Brien MD, Guillebaud J. Contraception for women taking antiepileptic drugs. J. Fam. Plann. Reprod. Health Care.2010; 36(4): 239–42.
  • Reedy DS. Clinical pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic drugs and hormonal contraceptives. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 2010; 3(2): 183–92.
  • Guillemette T, Yount SM. Contraception and Antiepileptic Drugs. J. Midwifery Womens Health. 2012; 57(3): 290–5.
  • Tomson T, Landmark CJ, Battino D. Antiepileptic drug trearment in pregnancy: Changes in drug disposition and their clinical implications. Epilepsia. 2013; 54(3): 405-14.
  • Pennell PB. Antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy: what is known and which AEDs seem to be safest? Epilepsia. 2008; 49(9): 43-55.
  • Reisinger TL, Newman M, Loring DW, Pennell PB, Meador KJ. Antiepileptic drug clearance and seizure frequency during pregnancy in women with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2013; 29(1): 13-8.
  • Pennell PB, Hovinga CA. Antiepileptic drug therapy in pregnanacy pharmocokinetics. İnt. Rev. Neurobiology. 2008; 83: 227- 40. effects on AED
  • Chen YH, Chiou HY, Lin HC, Lin HL. Affect of seizures during gestation on pregnanacy outcomes in women with epilepsy. Arch. Neurol. 2009; 66(8): 979-84.
  • Mawer G, Briggs M, Baker GA, Bromley R, Coyle H, Eatock J, Kerr L, Kini U, Kuzmyshcheva L, Lucas SB, Wyatt L, Clayton-Smith J. Pregnancy with epilepsy: Obstetric and neonatal outcome of a controlled study. Seizure. 2010; 19(2): 112-9.
  • Najafi MZ, Sonbolestan F, Sonbolestan SA, Zare M, Mehvari J, Meshkati SN. The course and outcome of pregnancy and neonatal situation in epileptic women. Adv. Biomed. Res. 2012; 1: 4.
  • Battino D,Tomson T,Bonizzoni E, Craig J, Lindhout D, Sabers A, Perucca E, Vajda F, EURAP Study Group. Seizure control and treatment changes in pregnancy: Observations from the EURAP epilepsy pregnancy registry. Epilepsia. 2013; 54(9): 1621–27.
  • Weil S, Deppe C, Noachtar S. The Treatment of Women With Epilepsy. Dtsch Arztebl. Int. 2010; 107(45): 787–93.
  • Thomas SV. Managing epilepsy in pregnancy. Neurol. India. 2011; 59(1): 59-65.
  • Abe K, Hamada H, Yamada T, Obata-Yasuoka M, Minakami H, Yoshikawa H. Impact of planning of pregnancy in women with epilepsy on seizure control during pregnancy and on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Seizure. 2013; pii: 1059- 311(13).
  • Lima DC, do Vale TG, Arganaraz GA, Varella VPP, Filho RF, Cavalheiro EA, Mazzacoratti MGN, Amado D. Behavioral evaluation of adult rat exposed in utero to maternal epileptic seizures. Epilesy and Behavior. 2010; 18(1-2): 45-9.
  • Rauchenzauner M, Ehrensberger M, Prieschl M, Kapelari K, Bergmann M, Walser G, Neururer S, Unterberger I, Luef G. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures and antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy--a matter of importance for the baby? J. Neurol. 2013; 260(2): 484-8.
  • Borthen I, Eide M, Veiby G, Daltveit A, Gilhus N. Complications during pregnancy in women with epilepsy: population-based cohort study. BJOG. 2009; 116(13): 1736- 42.
  • Borthen I, Eide M, Daltveit A, Gilhus N. Obstetric outcome in women with epilepsy: a hospital-based, retrospective study. BJOG. 2011; 118(8): 956-65.
  • Galanti M, Newport JD, Pennell PB, Titchner D, Newmanb M, Knight BT, Zachary NS. Postpartum depression in women with epilepsy: Influence of antiepileptic drugs in a prospective study. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2009; 16(3): 426–30.
  • Turner K, Piazzini A, Franza A, Fumarola C, Chifari R, Marconi AM, Canevini MP, Canger R. Postpartum depression in women with epilepsy versus women without epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2006; 9(2): 293-7.
  • Saramma PP, Sarma PS, Thomas SV. Women with epilepsy have poorer knowledge and skills in child rearing than women without epilepsy. Seizure. 2011; 20 (7): 575-9.
  • Campbell E, Hunt S, Kinney MO, Guthrie E, Smithson WH, Parsons L, Irwin B, Morrison PJ, Morrow J, Craig J, Russell AJ. The effect of socioeconomic status on treatment and pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy in Scotland. Epilepsy Behav. 2013; 28(3): 354-7.
  • Artama M, Gissler M, Malm H, Ritvanen A; Drug and Pregnancy Group.Effects of maternal epilepsy and antiepileptic drug use during pregnancy on perinatal health in offspring: nationwide, retrospective cohort study in Finland. Drug Saf. 2013; 36(5): 359-69.
  • Hauser WA. Antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: refinement of risk estimates. The Lancet Neurol. 2011; 10(7): 592-93.
  • Cragan JD, Fieadman JM, Holmes LB, Uhl K, Green NS, Riley L. Ensuring safe and effective use of medication during pregnanacy: Planning and prevention trough preconception care. J. Maten. Child. Health. 2006; 10(5): 129-35.
  • Moore KL, Persaud TVN. Klinik Yönleriyle İnsan Embriyolojisi. Türkçe 6.İngilizce Baskıdan Çeviri. İstanbul; Nobel Kitabevi. 2002; 181-183.
  • Adab N, Tudur SC, Vinten J, Williamson P, Winterbottom J. Common antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy in women with epilepsy.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; (3): CD004848.
  • Harden CL, Meador KJ, Pennell PB. American Academy of Neurology: American epilepsy society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy focus on pregnanacy (an evidance based rewiew): teratogenesis and perinatal outcomes. Neurology. 2009; 73(2): 133-41.
  • Etemad L, Moshiri M, Moallem SA. Epilepsy drugs and effects on fetal development: Potential mechanisms. J. Res. Med. Sci. 2012;17(9): 876-81.
  • Bromley RL, Mawer GE, Briggs M, Cheyne C, Clayton-Smith J, García-Fiñana M, Kneen R, Lucas SB, Shallcross R, Baker GA; Liverpool and Manchester Neurodevelopment Group. The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in children prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2013; 84(6): 637-43.
  • Meador KJ, Baker GA, Browning N, Cohen MJ, Bromley RL, Clayton-Smith J, Kalayjian LA, Kanner A, Liporace JD, Pennell PB, Privitera M, Loring DW; NEAD Study Group. Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol. 2013; 12(3): 244-52.
  • Roberts JI, Metcalfe A, Abdulla F, Wiebe S, Hanson A, Federico P, Jetté N. Neurologists’ and neurology residents’ knowledge of issues related to pregnancy for women with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2011; 22(2): 358-63.
  • Tomson T, Battino D, Bonizzoni E, Craig J, Lindhout D, Sabers A, Perucca E, Vajda F. Dose-dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: an analysis of data from the EURAP epilepsy and pregnancy registry. Lancet Neurol. 2011; 10(7): 609–17.
  • Cassina M, Dilaghi A, Di Gianantonio E, Cesari E, De Santis M, Mannaioni G, Pistelli A, Clementi M. Pregnancy outcome in women exposed to antiepileptic drugs: teratogenic role of maternal epilepsy and its pharmacologic treatment. Reprod. Toxicol. 2013; 39: 50-7.
  • Kaneko S, Battino D, Andermann E, Wada K, Kan R, Takeda A, Nakane Y, Ogawa Y, Avanzini G, Fumarola C, Granata T, Molteni F, Pardi G, Minotti L, Canger R, Dansky L, Oguni M, Lopes-Cendas I, Sherwin A, Andermann F, Seni H, Okada M, Teranishi T. Congenital malformations due to antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Research. 1999; 33(2-3): 145–58.
  • Holmes GL, Harden C, Liporace J, Gordon J. Postnatal concerns in children born to women with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2007; 11(3): 270–6.
  • Frisch C, Hu¨ sch K, Angenstein F, Kudin A, Kunz W, Elger CE, Helmstaedter C. Dose-dependent memory effects and cerebral volume changes after in utero exposure to valproate in the rat. Epilepsia. 2009; 50(6): 1432–41.
  • Okada A, Noyori H, Yagen B, Shimshoni JA, Bialer M, Fujiwara M. Anticonvulsant Profile and Teratogenic Evaluationof Potent New Analogues of a Valproic Acid Urea Derivative in NMRI Mice. Birth Defects Research. 2009; 86(5): 394–401.
  • Ikonomidoua C, Turski L. Antiepileptic drugs and brain development. Epilepsy Research. 2010; 88(1): 11-22.
  • Brosh K, Matok I, Sheiner E, Koren G, Wiznitzer A,Gorodischer R, Levy A. Teratogenity determinations of first trimester exposure to antiepileptic medications. J. Popul. Ther.Clin. Pharmacol. 2011; 18: e89-98.
  • Guimaraes FP, Krahe TE, Medina AE. Early valproic acid exposure alters functional organization in the primary visual cortex. Experimental Neurology. 2011; 228(1): 138–48.
  • Kulaga S, Sheehy O, Zargarzadeh AH, Moussally K, Be´rard A. Antiepileptic drug use during pregnancy: Perinatal outcomes. Seizure. 2011; 20(9): 667–72.
  • Sabers A, Dam M, Rogvi-Hansen B, Boas J, Sidenius P, Laue Friis M, Alving J, Dahl M, Ankerhus J, Mouritzen Dam A. Epilepsy and pregnancy: lamotrigine as main drug used. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2004; 109(1): 9-13.
  • Pack AM. Are newer antiepileptic drugs associated with improved safety in pregnancy compared to older antiepileptic drugs? Epilepsy Curr. 2013;13(1): 15-6.
  • Perucca E. Birth defects after prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. Lancet Neurol. 2005; 4(11): 781-6.
  • Morrow J, Russell A, Guthrie E, Parsons L, Robertson I, Waddell R, Irvin B, McGivern RC, Morrison PJ, Craig J. Malformation risks of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2006; 77(2): 193- 8.
  • Ikonomidoua C, Scheerb I, Wilhelmc T, Juenglingd FD, Titzee K, Stoverc B, Lehmkuhlf U, Kochg S, Kassubek J. Brain morphology alterations in the basal ganglia and the hypothalamus following prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. Journel of European Pediatric Neurology. 2007; 1185): 297-301.
  • Almgren M, Källén B, Lavebratt.C. Population-based study of antiepileptic drug exposure in utero-influence on head circumfrence in newborns. Seizure. 2009;18(10): 672-5.
  • Cohen MJ, Meador KJ, Browning N, Baker GA, Smith JC, Kalayjian LA, Kanner A, Liporace JD, Pennell PB, Privitera M,Loring DW. Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure: Motor, adaptive and emotional/behavioral functioning at age 3 years. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2011; 22(2): 240–6.
  • Meador KJ, Baker GA, Browning N, Cohen MJ, Clayton- Smith J, Kalayjian LA, s Kanner A, Liporace JD, Pennell B, Privitera M, Loring DW. Foetal antiepileptic drug exposure and verbal versus non-verbal abilities at three years of age. Brain. 2011: 134(2): 396-404.
  • Shallcross R, Bromley RL, Irwin B, Bonnett LJ, Morrow J, Baker GA. Child development following in utero exposure: levetiracetam vs sodium valproate. Neurology. 2011: 25; 76(4): 383-9.
  • Kim J, Kondratyev A, Gale K. Antiepileptic Drug-Induced Neuronal Cell Death in the Immature Brain: Effects of Carbamazepine, Topiramate, and Levetiracetam as Monotherapy versus Polytherapy. JPET. 2007; 323(1): 165– 73.
  • Vajda FJE, Hitchcock AA, Graham J,O’Brien TJ, Lander CM, Eadie MJ. The teratogenic risk of antiepileptic drug polytherapy. Epilepsia. 2010; 51(5): 805–10.
  • Holmes LB, Mittendorf R, Shen A, Smith CR, Hernandez- Diaz S. Fetal Effects of Anticonvulsant Polytherapies Different Risks From Different Drug Combinations. Arch. Neurol. 2011; 68(10): 1275-81.
  • Morrow JI, Hunt SJ, Russell AJ, Smithson WH, Parsons L, Robertson I, Waddell R, Irwin B, Morrison PJ, Craig JJ. Folic acid and major congenital malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2009; 80(5): 506–11.
  • Jentink J, Bakker MK, Nijenhuis CM, Wilffert B, de Jong-van den Berg LTW. Does folic acid use decrease the risk for spina bifida after in utero exposure to valproic acid? Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. 2010; 19(8): 803–7.
  • Lindhout D. Antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy and cognitive outcomes. Lancet Neurol. 2013; 12(3): 219-20.
  • Nulman I. Carbamazepine in pregnancy. BMJ. 2010; 341: 6582.
  • Hill DS, Wlodarczyk BJ, Palacios AM, Finnell RH. Teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2010; 10(6): 943–59.
  • Beghi E, Annegers JF and Collaborative Group for the Pregnancy. Pregnancy Registries in Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2002; 42(11): 1422–25.
  • Banach R, Boskovic R, Einarson T, Koren G. Long-term developmental outcome of children of women with epilepsy, unexposed or exposed prenatally to antiepileptic drugs: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Drug Saf. 2010; 33(1): 73-9.
  • Nadebaum C, Anderson V, Vajda F, Reutens D, Barton S, Wood A.The Australian brain and cognition and antiepileptic drugs study: IQ in school-aged children exposed to sodium valproate and polytherapy. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2011; 17(1): 133-42.
  • Kalinin VV, Polyanskiy DA. Gender diffrences in risk factrors of suicidal behaviour in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2005; 6(3): 424-9.
  • Babayigit A, Dirik E, Bober E, Cakmakcı H. Adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs on bone mineral density. Pediatr. Neurol. 2006; 35(3): 177-81.
  • Chmielewska B, Lis K, Rejdak K, Balcerzak M, Steinborn B. Pattern of adverse events of antiepileptic drugs: results of the aESCAPE study in Poland. Arch. Med. Sci. 2013; 9(5): 858- 64.
  • Hesdorffer DC, Kanner AM: The FDA alert on suicidality and antiepileptic drugs: fire or false alarm? Epilepsia 2009; 50: 978-86.
  • Sethi NK, Wasterlain A,Harden CL. Pregnancy and epilepsy. The journal of family practice. 2010; 59(12): 675-9.
  • Adedinsewo DA, Thurman DJ, Luo YH, Williamson RS, Odewole OA, Oakley GP Jr. Valproate prescriptions for nonepilepsy disorders in reproductive-age women. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2013; 97(6): 403-8.
  • Meador K, Reynolds MW, Crean S, Fahrbach K, Probst C.Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published pregnancy registries and cohorts. Epilepsy Res. 2008; 81(1): 1-13.
  • Semczuk-Sikora A, Czuczwar S, Semczuk A, Kwaśniewska A, Semczuk M. Valproik acid transfer across human plecantal cotyledon during dual perfusion in vitro. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2010; 17(1): 153–7.
  • Charlton R, Weil J, Cunnington M, Ray S, Vries C. Comparing the General Practice Research Database and the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register as Tools for Postmarketing Teratogen Surveillance: Anticonvulsants and the Risk of Major Congenital Malformations. Drug Safety. 2011; 34(2): 157-71.
  • Meador KJ, Baker GA, Browning N, Smith JC, Cantrell DTC, Chen M, Kalyjian LA, Kanner A, Liporace JD, Pennell PG, Privitera M, Loring DW. Coginitif function at 3 years after fetal exposure to antiepiletic drugs. J. N. Eng. Med. 2009; 360(16): 1597-1605.
  • Filgueiras CC, Pohl-Guimarães F, Krahe TE, Medina AE. Sodium valproate exposure during the brain growth spurt transiently impairs spatial learning in prepubertal rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2013; 103(3): 684-91.
  • Vajda F, Lander C, O’Brien T. Australian pregnanacy registry of women taking antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2004; 45(11): 1466.
  • Ettinger AB, Argoff CE.Use of antiepileptic drugs for nonepileptic conditions: psychiatric disorders and chronic pain. Neurotherapeutics. 2007; 4(1): 75-83.
  • Jentink J, Dolk HD, Loane MA, Morris JK, Wellesley D, Garne E. Intrauterine exposure to carbamazepine and specific congenital malformations: systematic review and case-control study. BMJ. 2010; 341: 6581.
  • Lorente CA, Tassinari MS, Keith DA. The effects of phenytoin on rat development: an animal model system for fetal hydantoin syndrome. Teratology. 1981; 24(2): 169-80.
  • Puho EH, Szunyogh M, Metneki J. Drug treatment during preganancy and isolated orofacial clefts in Hungary. J. Cleft Palate Craniofac. 2007; 44: 194-02.
  • Hernández-Díaz S, Smith CR, Shen A, Mittendorf R, Hauser WA, Yerby M, Holmes LB; North American AED Pregnancy Registry; North American AED Pregnancy Registry. Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. Neurology. 2012; 78(21): 1692-9.
  • Cohen MJ, Meador KJ, Browning N, May R, Baker GA, Clayton-Smith J, Kalayjian LA, Kanner A, Liporace JD, Pennell PB, Privitera M, Loring DW; NEAD study group. Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure: Adaptive and emotional/behavioral functioning at age 6years. Epilepsy Behav. 2013; 29(2): 308-15.
  • Sabers A. Algorithm for lamotrigine dose adjustment before, during, and after pregnancy. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2012; 126(1): e1-4.
  • Clark CT, Klein AM, Perel JM, Helsel J, Wisner KL. Lamotrigine dosing for pregnant patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2013; 170(11):1240-7.
  • Moore JL, Aggarwal P. Lamotrigine use in pregnancy. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2012; 13(8): 1213-6.
  • Vajda FJ, Graham J, Roten A, Lander CM, O'Brien TJ, Eadie M.Teratogenicity of the newer antiepileptic drugs--the Australian experience. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2012; 19(1): 57-9.
  • Dolk H, van den Berg Lde J, Loane M, Wang H, Morris J. Newer anticonvulsants: lamotrigine. Birth Defects Res. A . Mol. Teratol. 2012; 94(11): 959.
  • Tecoma ES. Oxcarbazepine. Epilepsia. 1999; 40 (5): 37–46.
  • Meischenguiser R, Giano CHD, Ferrarob SM. Oxcarbazepine in pregnancy: clinical experience in Argentina. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2004: 5(2): 163-7.
  • Montouris G. Safety of the newer antiepileptic drug oxcarbazepine during pregnancy. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 2005; 21(5): 693-701.
  • Nielsen DM, Hviid A. Newer-Generation Antiepileptic Drugs and the Risk of Major Birth Defects. JAMA. 2011; 305(19): 1996-2002.
  • Uludağ S,Aydın Y,Yılmaz O, Aksoy F, Bakkaoğlu D, Sen C. Multiple fetal anomalies in association with topiramate and oxcarbazepin treatment. Fetal Pediatr. Pathol. 2012; 31(3): 154-8.
  • Rolnitsky A, Merlob P, Klinger G. In utero oxcarbazepine and a withdrawal syndrome, anomalies, and hyponatremia. Pediatr. Neurol. 2013; 48(6): 466-8.
  • De O Guerra M, de Oliveira LE, Peters VM. Pre-embryo development in rats treated with oxcarbazepine in the first four days after insemination. Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. 2000; 46(4): 346-53.
  • Ambrosio AF, Silva AP, Araujo I, Malva JO, Soares-da Silva P, Carvalho AP, Carvalho CM. Neurotoxic/neuroprotective profile of carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine and two new putative antiepileptic drugs, BIA 2-093 and BIA 2-024. J. Eur. Pharmacol. 2000; 406(2): 191-201.
  • Erisgin Z. Sıçanlarda İntrauterin Oxcarbazepin ve Gabapentin Uygulamasının Postnatal Dönemde Substantia Nigra’daki Nöron sayısına etkilerinin araştırılması. Samsun, Doktora Tezi, 2012.
  • McLean MJ. Gabapentin in the Management of Convulsive Disorders. Epilepsia.1999; 40(6): 39-50.
  • Montouris G. Gabapentin exposure in human pregnancy: results fromthe Gabapentin Pregnancy Registry. Epilepsy Behav. 2003; 4(3): 310-7.
  • Spiegel DR, Webb K. A case of treatment refractory hyperemesis gravidarum in a patient with comorbid anxiety, treated successfully with adjunctive gabapentin: a review and the potential role of neurogastroentereology in understanding its pathogenesis and treatment. Innov. Clin. Neurosci. 2012; 9(11-12): 31-8.
  • Fujii H, Goel A, Bernard N, Pistelli A, Yates LM, Stephens S, Han JY, Matsui D, Etwell F, Einarson TR, Koren G, Einarson A. Pregnancy outcomes following gabapentin use: results of a prospective comparative cohort study. Neurology. 2013; 80(17): 1565-70.
  • Nagandla K, De S. Restless legs syndrome: pathophysiology and modern management. Postgrad. Med J. 2013; 89(1053): 402-10.
  • Petrere JA, Anderson JA. Developmental Toxicity Studies in Mice, Rats, and Rabbits with the Anticonvulsant Gabapentin. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1994; 23(4): 585-9.
  • Prakash, Prabhu LV, Rai R,Pai MM, Yadav SK, Madhyastha S, Goel RK, Singh G, Nasar MA. Teratogenic effects of the anticonvulsant gabapentin in mice. J. Singapore Med. 2008; 49(1): 47–53.
  • Guttuso Jr. T, Robinson LK, Amankwah KS. Gabapentin use in hyperemesis gravidarum: A pilot study. Early Human Development. 2010; 86(1): 65–6.

GEBELİK ve EPİLEPSİ

Year 2016, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 35 - 41, 01.03.2016

Abstract

Kadınlar için ayrı bir önem taşıyan ve kronik hastalıklardan biri olan epilepsi, geçmişi üç binyıl öncesi Asur-Babil yazmaları ile Çin ve Hint kaynaklarına dayanmaktadır. Gebelik komplikebir süreçtir. Kadın hayatının vazgeçilmez periyotlarından biri olan bu süreç, epilepsili kadınlariçin ayrıca bir önem kazanmaktadır. Epilepsinin, geçirilen nöbetlerin ve anti epileptik ilaçlarınanne ve fetüs üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini ortaya koyan pek çok çalışma yapılmıştır. Budönem, doktor danışmanlığında planlı gebelik, folik asit kullanımını, nöbetsiz bir süreci veteratojenik etkisi daha az olan bir antiepileptik ilacın seçimini ihtiva etmektedir. Sunulanderleme ile gebelik süreci ve epilepsi hakkında bilgi verilmeye çalışıldı

References

  • Ayyildiz M, Yildirim M, Agar E. The effects of vitamin E on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Exp. Brain Res. 2006; 174(1): 109-13.
  • Ayyildiz M, Yildirim M, Agar E. The involvement of nitric oxide in the anticonvulsant effects of alpha-tocopherol on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Epilepsy Res. 2007; 73(2): 166-72.
  • Kozan R, Ayyildiz M, Yildirim M, Agar E. The effect of alpha- tocopherol in the acute ethanol intake and its withdrawal on penicillin-induced epilepsy. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars). 2009; 69(2): 177-88.
  • Yildirim M, Ayyildiz M, Agar E. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity involves in the protective effect of ascorbic acid against penicillin-induced epileptiform activity. Seizure. 2010; 19(2): 102-8.
  • Hirose G. An overview of epilepsy: its history, classification, pathophysiology and management. Brain Nerve. 2013; 65(5): 509-20.
  • Lozsadi DA, Oertzen JV, Cock HR. Epilepsy: Recent Advance. J. Neurol. 2010; 257(11): 1946-51.
  • Cross HJ. Epilepsy in the WHO European region: Fostering epilepsy care in Europe. Epilepsia. 2011; 52(1): 185–97.
  • Adab N, Tudur Smith C, Vinten J, Williamson PR, Winterbottom JB. Common antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy in women with epilepsy. The Cochrane Collaboration. 2009; 4: 1- 19.
  • Bath KG, Scharfman HE. Impact of early life exposure to antiepileptic drugs on neurobehavioral outcomes based onn laboratory animal and clinical research. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2013; 26(3): 427-39.
  • Weckesser A, Denny E. Women living with epilepsy, experiences of pregnancy and reproductive health: a review of the literature. Seizure. 2013; 22(2): 91-8.
  • Bartolini E, Bell GS, Sander JW. Multicenter challenges in epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2011; 20(3): 428-34.
  • Crawfort P. Best Practice Guidelines for the management of women with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005; 46(9): 117–24.
  • Crawford PM. Managing epilepsy in women of childbearing age. Drug Saf. 2009; 32(4): 293-307.
  • Thomas SV, Sindhu K, Ajaykumar B, Devi PB, Sujamol J. Maternaland obstetric outcome of women with epilepsy. Seizure. 2009; 18(3): 163–6.
  • Holmes LB, Hernandez-Diaz S. Newer anticonvulsants: Lamotrigine, Topiramate and Gabapentin. Birth Defects Research. 2012; 94(8): 599-606.
  • Deepa D,Jayakumari N,Thomas SV. Oxidative stress is increased in women with epilepsy: Is it a potential mechanism of anti-epileptic drug-induced teratogenesis? Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2012; 15(4): 281-6.
  • Koo J, Zavras A. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during pregnancy and risk of congenital jaw and oral malformation. Oral Dis. 2012; 19(7):712-20.
  • Winterbottom J, Smyth R, Jacoby A, Baker G. The effectiveness of preconception counseling to reduce adverse pregnancyoutcome in women with epilepsy: What’s the evidence? Epielpsy & Behaviour. 2009; 14(2):273-9.
  • Jentink J, Boersma C, de Jong-van den Berg LT, Postma MJ. Economic evaluation of anti- epileptic drug therapies with specific focus on teratogenic outcomes. J. Med. Econ. 2012; 15(5): 862-8.
  • Man SL, Petersen I, Thompson M, Nazareth I.Antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy in primary care: a UK population based study. PLoS One. 2012; 7(12): e52339.
  • Yerby MS. Contraception, pregnancy and lactation in women with epilepsy. Baillieres Clin. Neurol. 1996; 5(4): 887-908.
  • O’Brien MD, Guillebaud J. Contraception for women taking antiepileptic drugs. J. Fam. Plann. Reprod. Health Care.2010; 36(4): 239–42.
  • Reedy DS. Clinical pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic drugs and hormonal contraceptives. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 2010; 3(2): 183–92.
  • Guillemette T, Yount SM. Contraception and Antiepileptic Drugs. J. Midwifery Womens Health. 2012; 57(3): 290–5.
  • Tomson T, Landmark CJ, Battino D. Antiepileptic drug trearment in pregnancy: Changes in drug disposition and their clinical implications. Epilepsia. 2013; 54(3): 405-14.
  • Pennell PB. Antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy: what is known and which AEDs seem to be safest? Epilepsia. 2008; 49(9): 43-55.
  • Reisinger TL, Newman M, Loring DW, Pennell PB, Meador KJ. Antiepileptic drug clearance and seizure frequency during pregnancy in women with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2013; 29(1): 13-8.
  • Pennell PB, Hovinga CA. Antiepileptic drug therapy in pregnanacy pharmocokinetics. İnt. Rev. Neurobiology. 2008; 83: 227- 40. effects on AED
  • Chen YH, Chiou HY, Lin HC, Lin HL. Affect of seizures during gestation on pregnanacy outcomes in women with epilepsy. Arch. Neurol. 2009; 66(8): 979-84.
  • Mawer G, Briggs M, Baker GA, Bromley R, Coyle H, Eatock J, Kerr L, Kini U, Kuzmyshcheva L, Lucas SB, Wyatt L, Clayton-Smith J. Pregnancy with epilepsy: Obstetric and neonatal outcome of a controlled study. Seizure. 2010; 19(2): 112-9.
  • Najafi MZ, Sonbolestan F, Sonbolestan SA, Zare M, Mehvari J, Meshkati SN. The course and outcome of pregnancy and neonatal situation in epileptic women. Adv. Biomed. Res. 2012; 1: 4.
  • Battino D,Tomson T,Bonizzoni E, Craig J, Lindhout D, Sabers A, Perucca E, Vajda F, EURAP Study Group. Seizure control and treatment changes in pregnancy: Observations from the EURAP epilepsy pregnancy registry. Epilepsia. 2013; 54(9): 1621–27.
  • Weil S, Deppe C, Noachtar S. The Treatment of Women With Epilepsy. Dtsch Arztebl. Int. 2010; 107(45): 787–93.
  • Thomas SV. Managing epilepsy in pregnancy. Neurol. India. 2011; 59(1): 59-65.
  • Abe K, Hamada H, Yamada T, Obata-Yasuoka M, Minakami H, Yoshikawa H. Impact of planning of pregnancy in women with epilepsy on seizure control during pregnancy and on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Seizure. 2013; pii: 1059- 311(13).
  • Lima DC, do Vale TG, Arganaraz GA, Varella VPP, Filho RF, Cavalheiro EA, Mazzacoratti MGN, Amado D. Behavioral evaluation of adult rat exposed in utero to maternal epileptic seizures. Epilesy and Behavior. 2010; 18(1-2): 45-9.
  • Rauchenzauner M, Ehrensberger M, Prieschl M, Kapelari K, Bergmann M, Walser G, Neururer S, Unterberger I, Luef G. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures and antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy--a matter of importance for the baby? J. Neurol. 2013; 260(2): 484-8.
  • Borthen I, Eide M, Veiby G, Daltveit A, Gilhus N. Complications during pregnancy in women with epilepsy: population-based cohort study. BJOG. 2009; 116(13): 1736- 42.
  • Borthen I, Eide M, Daltveit A, Gilhus N. Obstetric outcome in women with epilepsy: a hospital-based, retrospective study. BJOG. 2011; 118(8): 956-65.
  • Galanti M, Newport JD, Pennell PB, Titchner D, Newmanb M, Knight BT, Zachary NS. Postpartum depression in women with epilepsy: Influence of antiepileptic drugs in a prospective study. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2009; 16(3): 426–30.
  • Turner K, Piazzini A, Franza A, Fumarola C, Chifari R, Marconi AM, Canevini MP, Canger R. Postpartum depression in women with epilepsy versus women without epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2006; 9(2): 293-7.
  • Saramma PP, Sarma PS, Thomas SV. Women with epilepsy have poorer knowledge and skills in child rearing than women without epilepsy. Seizure. 2011; 20 (7): 575-9.
  • Campbell E, Hunt S, Kinney MO, Guthrie E, Smithson WH, Parsons L, Irwin B, Morrison PJ, Morrow J, Craig J, Russell AJ. The effect of socioeconomic status on treatment and pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy in Scotland. Epilepsy Behav. 2013; 28(3): 354-7.
  • Artama M, Gissler M, Malm H, Ritvanen A; Drug and Pregnancy Group.Effects of maternal epilepsy and antiepileptic drug use during pregnancy on perinatal health in offspring: nationwide, retrospective cohort study in Finland. Drug Saf. 2013; 36(5): 359-69.
  • Hauser WA. Antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: refinement of risk estimates. The Lancet Neurol. 2011; 10(7): 592-93.
  • Cragan JD, Fieadman JM, Holmes LB, Uhl K, Green NS, Riley L. Ensuring safe and effective use of medication during pregnanacy: Planning and prevention trough preconception care. J. Maten. Child. Health. 2006; 10(5): 129-35.
  • Moore KL, Persaud TVN. Klinik Yönleriyle İnsan Embriyolojisi. Türkçe 6.İngilizce Baskıdan Çeviri. İstanbul; Nobel Kitabevi. 2002; 181-183.
  • Adab N, Tudur SC, Vinten J, Williamson P, Winterbottom J. Common antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy in women with epilepsy.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; (3): CD004848.
  • Harden CL, Meador KJ, Pennell PB. American Academy of Neurology: American epilepsy society. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy focus on pregnanacy (an evidance based rewiew): teratogenesis and perinatal outcomes. Neurology. 2009; 73(2): 133-41.
  • Etemad L, Moshiri M, Moallem SA. Epilepsy drugs and effects on fetal development: Potential mechanisms. J. Res. Med. Sci. 2012;17(9): 876-81.
  • Bromley RL, Mawer GE, Briggs M, Cheyne C, Clayton-Smith J, García-Fiñana M, Kneen R, Lucas SB, Shallcross R, Baker GA; Liverpool and Manchester Neurodevelopment Group. The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in children prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2013; 84(6): 637-43.
  • Meador KJ, Baker GA, Browning N, Cohen MJ, Bromley RL, Clayton-Smith J, Kalayjian LA, Kanner A, Liporace JD, Pennell PB, Privitera M, Loring DW; NEAD Study Group. Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol. 2013; 12(3): 244-52.
  • Roberts JI, Metcalfe A, Abdulla F, Wiebe S, Hanson A, Federico P, Jetté N. Neurologists’ and neurology residents’ knowledge of issues related to pregnancy for women with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2011; 22(2): 358-63.
  • Tomson T, Battino D, Bonizzoni E, Craig J, Lindhout D, Sabers A, Perucca E, Vajda F. Dose-dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: an analysis of data from the EURAP epilepsy and pregnancy registry. Lancet Neurol. 2011; 10(7): 609–17.
  • Cassina M, Dilaghi A, Di Gianantonio E, Cesari E, De Santis M, Mannaioni G, Pistelli A, Clementi M. Pregnancy outcome in women exposed to antiepileptic drugs: teratogenic role of maternal epilepsy and its pharmacologic treatment. Reprod. Toxicol. 2013; 39: 50-7.
  • Kaneko S, Battino D, Andermann E, Wada K, Kan R, Takeda A, Nakane Y, Ogawa Y, Avanzini G, Fumarola C, Granata T, Molteni F, Pardi G, Minotti L, Canger R, Dansky L, Oguni M, Lopes-Cendas I, Sherwin A, Andermann F, Seni H, Okada M, Teranishi T. Congenital malformations due to antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Research. 1999; 33(2-3): 145–58.
  • Holmes GL, Harden C, Liporace J, Gordon J. Postnatal concerns in children born to women with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2007; 11(3): 270–6.
  • Frisch C, Hu¨ sch K, Angenstein F, Kudin A, Kunz W, Elger CE, Helmstaedter C. Dose-dependent memory effects and cerebral volume changes after in utero exposure to valproate in the rat. Epilepsia. 2009; 50(6): 1432–41.
  • Okada A, Noyori H, Yagen B, Shimshoni JA, Bialer M, Fujiwara M. Anticonvulsant Profile and Teratogenic Evaluationof Potent New Analogues of a Valproic Acid Urea Derivative in NMRI Mice. Birth Defects Research. 2009; 86(5): 394–401.
  • Ikonomidoua C, Turski L. Antiepileptic drugs and brain development. Epilepsy Research. 2010; 88(1): 11-22.
  • Brosh K, Matok I, Sheiner E, Koren G, Wiznitzer A,Gorodischer R, Levy A. Teratogenity determinations of first trimester exposure to antiepileptic medications. J. Popul. Ther.Clin. Pharmacol. 2011; 18: e89-98.
  • Guimaraes FP, Krahe TE, Medina AE. Early valproic acid exposure alters functional organization in the primary visual cortex. Experimental Neurology. 2011; 228(1): 138–48.
  • Kulaga S, Sheehy O, Zargarzadeh AH, Moussally K, Be´rard A. Antiepileptic drug use during pregnancy: Perinatal outcomes. Seizure. 2011; 20(9): 667–72.
  • Sabers A, Dam M, Rogvi-Hansen B, Boas J, Sidenius P, Laue Friis M, Alving J, Dahl M, Ankerhus J, Mouritzen Dam A. Epilepsy and pregnancy: lamotrigine as main drug used. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2004; 109(1): 9-13.
  • Pack AM. Are newer antiepileptic drugs associated with improved safety in pregnancy compared to older antiepileptic drugs? Epilepsy Curr. 2013;13(1): 15-6.
  • Perucca E. Birth defects after prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. Lancet Neurol. 2005; 4(11): 781-6.
  • Morrow J, Russell A, Guthrie E, Parsons L, Robertson I, Waddell R, Irvin B, McGivern RC, Morrison PJ, Craig J. Malformation risks of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2006; 77(2): 193- 8.
  • Ikonomidoua C, Scheerb I, Wilhelmc T, Juenglingd FD, Titzee K, Stoverc B, Lehmkuhlf U, Kochg S, Kassubek J. Brain morphology alterations in the basal ganglia and the hypothalamus following prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. Journel of European Pediatric Neurology. 2007; 1185): 297-301.
  • Almgren M, Källén B, Lavebratt.C. Population-based study of antiepileptic drug exposure in utero-influence on head circumfrence in newborns. Seizure. 2009;18(10): 672-5.
  • Cohen MJ, Meador KJ, Browning N, Baker GA, Smith JC, Kalayjian LA, Kanner A, Liporace JD, Pennell PB, Privitera M,Loring DW. Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure: Motor, adaptive and emotional/behavioral functioning at age 3 years. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2011; 22(2): 240–6.
  • Meador KJ, Baker GA, Browning N, Cohen MJ, Clayton- Smith J, Kalayjian LA, s Kanner A, Liporace JD, Pennell B, Privitera M, Loring DW. Foetal antiepileptic drug exposure and verbal versus non-verbal abilities at three years of age. Brain. 2011: 134(2): 396-404.
  • Shallcross R, Bromley RL, Irwin B, Bonnett LJ, Morrow J, Baker GA. Child development following in utero exposure: levetiracetam vs sodium valproate. Neurology. 2011: 25; 76(4): 383-9.
  • Kim J, Kondratyev A, Gale K. Antiepileptic Drug-Induced Neuronal Cell Death in the Immature Brain: Effects of Carbamazepine, Topiramate, and Levetiracetam as Monotherapy versus Polytherapy. JPET. 2007; 323(1): 165– 73.
  • Vajda FJE, Hitchcock AA, Graham J,O’Brien TJ, Lander CM, Eadie MJ. The teratogenic risk of antiepileptic drug polytherapy. Epilepsia. 2010; 51(5): 805–10.
  • Holmes LB, Mittendorf R, Shen A, Smith CR, Hernandez- Diaz S. Fetal Effects of Anticonvulsant Polytherapies Different Risks From Different Drug Combinations. Arch. Neurol. 2011; 68(10): 1275-81.
  • Morrow JI, Hunt SJ, Russell AJ, Smithson WH, Parsons L, Robertson I, Waddell R, Irwin B, Morrison PJ, Craig JJ. Folic acid and major congenital malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2009; 80(5): 506–11.
  • Jentink J, Bakker MK, Nijenhuis CM, Wilffert B, de Jong-van den Berg LTW. Does folic acid use decrease the risk for spina bifida after in utero exposure to valproic acid? Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. 2010; 19(8): 803–7.
  • Lindhout D. Antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy and cognitive outcomes. Lancet Neurol. 2013; 12(3): 219-20.
  • Nulman I. Carbamazepine in pregnancy. BMJ. 2010; 341: 6582.
  • Hill DS, Wlodarczyk BJ, Palacios AM, Finnell RH. Teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2010; 10(6): 943–59.
  • Beghi E, Annegers JF and Collaborative Group for the Pregnancy. Pregnancy Registries in Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2002; 42(11): 1422–25.
  • Banach R, Boskovic R, Einarson T, Koren G. Long-term developmental outcome of children of women with epilepsy, unexposed or exposed prenatally to antiepileptic drugs: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Drug Saf. 2010; 33(1): 73-9.
  • Nadebaum C, Anderson V, Vajda F, Reutens D, Barton S, Wood A.The Australian brain and cognition and antiepileptic drugs study: IQ in school-aged children exposed to sodium valproate and polytherapy. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2011; 17(1): 133-42.
  • Kalinin VV, Polyanskiy DA. Gender diffrences in risk factrors of suicidal behaviour in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2005; 6(3): 424-9.
  • Babayigit A, Dirik E, Bober E, Cakmakcı H. Adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs on bone mineral density. Pediatr. Neurol. 2006; 35(3): 177-81.
  • Chmielewska B, Lis K, Rejdak K, Balcerzak M, Steinborn B. Pattern of adverse events of antiepileptic drugs: results of the aESCAPE study in Poland. Arch. Med. Sci. 2013; 9(5): 858- 64.
  • Hesdorffer DC, Kanner AM: The FDA alert on suicidality and antiepileptic drugs: fire or false alarm? Epilepsia 2009; 50: 978-86.
  • Sethi NK, Wasterlain A,Harden CL. Pregnancy and epilepsy. The journal of family practice. 2010; 59(12): 675-9.
  • Adedinsewo DA, Thurman DJ, Luo YH, Williamson RS, Odewole OA, Oakley GP Jr. Valproate prescriptions for nonepilepsy disorders in reproductive-age women. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2013; 97(6): 403-8.
  • Meador K, Reynolds MW, Crean S, Fahrbach K, Probst C.Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published pregnancy registries and cohorts. Epilepsy Res. 2008; 81(1): 1-13.
  • Semczuk-Sikora A, Czuczwar S, Semczuk A, Kwaśniewska A, Semczuk M. Valproik acid transfer across human plecantal cotyledon during dual perfusion in vitro. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2010; 17(1): 153–7.
  • Charlton R, Weil J, Cunnington M, Ray S, Vries C. Comparing the General Practice Research Database and the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register as Tools for Postmarketing Teratogen Surveillance: Anticonvulsants and the Risk of Major Congenital Malformations. Drug Safety. 2011; 34(2): 157-71.
  • Meador KJ, Baker GA, Browning N, Smith JC, Cantrell DTC, Chen M, Kalyjian LA, Kanner A, Liporace JD, Pennell PG, Privitera M, Loring DW. Coginitif function at 3 years after fetal exposure to antiepiletic drugs. J. N. Eng. Med. 2009; 360(16): 1597-1605.
  • Filgueiras CC, Pohl-Guimarães F, Krahe TE, Medina AE. Sodium valproate exposure during the brain growth spurt transiently impairs spatial learning in prepubertal rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2013; 103(3): 684-91.
  • Vajda F, Lander C, O’Brien T. Australian pregnanacy registry of women taking antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2004; 45(11): 1466.
  • Ettinger AB, Argoff CE.Use of antiepileptic drugs for nonepileptic conditions: psychiatric disorders and chronic pain. Neurotherapeutics. 2007; 4(1): 75-83.
  • Jentink J, Dolk HD, Loane MA, Morris JK, Wellesley D, Garne E. Intrauterine exposure to carbamazepine and specific congenital malformations: systematic review and case-control study. BMJ. 2010; 341: 6581.
  • Lorente CA, Tassinari MS, Keith DA. The effects of phenytoin on rat development: an animal model system for fetal hydantoin syndrome. Teratology. 1981; 24(2): 169-80.
  • Puho EH, Szunyogh M, Metneki J. Drug treatment during preganancy and isolated orofacial clefts in Hungary. J. Cleft Palate Craniofac. 2007; 44: 194-02.
  • Hernández-Díaz S, Smith CR, Shen A, Mittendorf R, Hauser WA, Yerby M, Holmes LB; North American AED Pregnancy Registry; North American AED Pregnancy Registry. Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. Neurology. 2012; 78(21): 1692-9.
  • Cohen MJ, Meador KJ, Browning N, May R, Baker GA, Clayton-Smith J, Kalayjian LA, Kanner A, Liporace JD, Pennell PB, Privitera M, Loring DW; NEAD study group. Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure: Adaptive and emotional/behavioral functioning at age 6years. Epilepsy Behav. 2013; 29(2): 308-15.
  • Sabers A. Algorithm for lamotrigine dose adjustment before, during, and after pregnancy. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2012; 126(1): e1-4.
  • Clark CT, Klein AM, Perel JM, Helsel J, Wisner KL. Lamotrigine dosing for pregnant patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2013; 170(11):1240-7.
  • Moore JL, Aggarwal P. Lamotrigine use in pregnancy. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2012; 13(8): 1213-6.
  • Vajda FJ, Graham J, Roten A, Lander CM, O'Brien TJ, Eadie M.Teratogenicity of the newer antiepileptic drugs--the Australian experience. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2012; 19(1): 57-9.
  • Dolk H, van den Berg Lde J, Loane M, Wang H, Morris J. Newer anticonvulsants: lamotrigine. Birth Defects Res. A . Mol. Teratol. 2012; 94(11): 959.
  • Tecoma ES. Oxcarbazepine. Epilepsia. 1999; 40 (5): 37–46.
  • Meischenguiser R, Giano CHD, Ferrarob SM. Oxcarbazepine in pregnancy: clinical experience in Argentina. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2004: 5(2): 163-7.
  • Montouris G. Safety of the newer antiepileptic drug oxcarbazepine during pregnancy. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 2005; 21(5): 693-701.
  • Nielsen DM, Hviid A. Newer-Generation Antiepileptic Drugs and the Risk of Major Birth Defects. JAMA. 2011; 305(19): 1996-2002.
  • Uludağ S,Aydın Y,Yılmaz O, Aksoy F, Bakkaoğlu D, Sen C. Multiple fetal anomalies in association with topiramate and oxcarbazepin treatment. Fetal Pediatr. Pathol. 2012; 31(3): 154-8.
  • Rolnitsky A, Merlob P, Klinger G. In utero oxcarbazepine and a withdrawal syndrome, anomalies, and hyponatremia. Pediatr. Neurol. 2013; 48(6): 466-8.
  • De O Guerra M, de Oliveira LE, Peters VM. Pre-embryo development in rats treated with oxcarbazepine in the first four days after insemination. Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. 2000; 46(4): 346-53.
  • Ambrosio AF, Silva AP, Araujo I, Malva JO, Soares-da Silva P, Carvalho AP, Carvalho CM. Neurotoxic/neuroprotective profile of carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine and two new putative antiepileptic drugs, BIA 2-093 and BIA 2-024. J. Eur. Pharmacol. 2000; 406(2): 191-201.
  • Erisgin Z. Sıçanlarda İntrauterin Oxcarbazepin ve Gabapentin Uygulamasının Postnatal Dönemde Substantia Nigra’daki Nöron sayısına etkilerinin araştırılması. Samsun, Doktora Tezi, 2012.
  • McLean MJ. Gabapentin in the Management of Convulsive Disorders. Epilepsia.1999; 40(6): 39-50.
  • Montouris G. Gabapentin exposure in human pregnancy: results fromthe Gabapentin Pregnancy Registry. Epilepsy Behav. 2003; 4(3): 310-7.
  • Spiegel DR, Webb K. A case of treatment refractory hyperemesis gravidarum in a patient with comorbid anxiety, treated successfully with adjunctive gabapentin: a review and the potential role of neurogastroentereology in understanding its pathogenesis and treatment. Innov. Clin. Neurosci. 2012; 9(11-12): 31-8.
  • Fujii H, Goel A, Bernard N, Pistelli A, Yates LM, Stephens S, Han JY, Matsui D, Etwell F, Einarson TR, Koren G, Einarson A. Pregnancy outcomes following gabapentin use: results of a prospective comparative cohort study. Neurology. 2013; 80(17): 1565-70.
  • Nagandla K, De S. Restless legs syndrome: pathophysiology and modern management. Postgrad. Med J. 2013; 89(1053): 402-10.
  • Petrere JA, Anderson JA. Developmental Toxicity Studies in Mice, Rats, and Rabbits with the Anticonvulsant Gabapentin. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1994; 23(4): 585-9.
  • Prakash, Prabhu LV, Rai R,Pai MM, Yadav SK, Madhyastha S, Goel RK, Singh G, Nasar MA. Teratogenic effects of the anticonvulsant gabapentin in mice. J. Singapore Med. 2008; 49(1): 47–53.
  • Guttuso Jr. T, Robinson LK, Amankwah KS. Gabapentin use in hyperemesis gravidarum: A pilot study. Early Human Development. 2010; 86(1): 65–6.
There are 123 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Mustafa Ayyıldız This is me

Züleyha Erişgin This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 18 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ayyıldız, M., & Erişgin, Z. (2016). GEBELİK ve EPİLEPSİ. Duzce Medical Journal, 18(1), 35-41.
AMA Ayyıldız M, Erişgin Z. GEBELİK ve EPİLEPSİ. Duzce Med J. March 2016;18(1):35-41.
Chicago Ayyıldız, Mustafa, and Züleyha Erişgin. “GEBELİK Ve EPİLEPSİ”. Duzce Medical Journal 18, no. 1 (March 2016): 35-41.
EndNote Ayyıldız M, Erişgin Z (March 1, 2016) GEBELİK ve EPİLEPSİ. Duzce Medical Journal 18 1 35–41.
IEEE M. Ayyıldız and Z. Erişgin, “GEBELİK ve EPİLEPSİ”, Duzce Med J, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 35–41, 2016.
ISNAD Ayyıldız, Mustafa - Erişgin, Züleyha. “GEBELİK Ve EPİLEPSİ”. Duzce Medical Journal 18/1 (March 2016), 35-41.
JAMA Ayyıldız M, Erişgin Z. GEBELİK ve EPİLEPSİ. Duzce Med J. 2016;18:35–41.
MLA Ayyıldız, Mustafa and Züleyha Erişgin. “GEBELİK Ve EPİLEPSİ”. Duzce Medical Journal, vol. 18, no. 1, 2016, pp. 35-41.
Vancouver Ayyıldız M, Erişgin Z. GEBELİK ve EPİLEPSİ. Duzce Med J. 2016;18(1):35-41.